9 Genre Text

DISCUSSION MATERIALS
OF
GENRE
Disusun oleh
Drs. NOFRI ANTEN. M.Pd
GURU BAHASA INGGRIS SMA 4 SOLOK
1
DAFTAR ISI
I. Understanding Types of Text..................................................................................................5

1. Analytical Exposition Text..................................................................................................5
What is Analytical Exposition?....................................................................................................5
Example of Analytical Exposition................................................................................................6
A. Is Smoking Good for Us?..................................................................................................6
B. Opportunity in the Global Financial Crisis.......................................................................7
C. Laptop as Students' Friend..............................................................................................7
D. Career in Translation.......................................................................................................8
E. Writing is a Great for Money Online................................................................................9
2. Anecdote Text...................................................................................................................9
What is Anecdote?....................................................................................................................10
Example of Anecdote................................................................................................................10
A. Blessing behind Tragedy................................................................................................10
3. Description Text..............................................................................................................12
What is Descriptive Text?.........................................................................................................12
Example of Description.............................................................................................................13
A. My Friend's New Shoes.................................................................................................13
B. Borobudur Temple........................................................................................................13
4. Narrative Text..................................................................................................................14
What is Narrative?....................................................................................................................14
Example of Narative..................................................................................................................15
A. Queen of Arabia and Three Sheiks................................................................................15
B. The Smartest Parrot......................................................................................................16
C. The Legend of Toba Lake...............................................................................................17
D. Cinderella 1...................................................................................................................18
E. The Smartest Animal.....................................................................................................19
5. Procedure Text................................................................................................................20
What is Procedure?..................................................................................................................20
Example of Procedure...............................................................................................................21
A. Planting Chilies..............................................................................................................21
B. Writing For Business......................................................................................................21
C. How to Make a Cheese Omelet.....................................................................................22
6. News Item Text................................................................................................................22
What is News Item?..................................................................................................................22
Example of Procedure...............................................................................................................23
A. Malaysian Women Suggested to Carry Condoms..........................................................23
B. Indonesian Maid in HK Court after Having Sex..............................................................24
C. Indonesian Maid beheaded...........................................................................................25
7. Discussion Text................................................................................................................25
What is Discussion?..................................................................................................................25
Example of Discussion Text.......................................................................................................26
A. Example of Discussion Text on Nuclear Power..............................................................26
B. Hunting Fox...................................................................................................................28
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8. Explanation Text..............................................................................................................28
What is Explanation?................................................................................................................28
Example of Explanation Text.....................................................................................................29
A. Tsunami.........................................................................................................................29
B. How Day and Night Happen..........................................................................................29
C. Why Summer Daylight is Longger than Winter Daylight................................................30
9. Hortatory Exposition Text................................................................................................30
What is Hortatory Exposition?..................................................................................................30
Example of Hortatory Exposition..............................................................................................31
A. Watch your Kids While Watching TV.............................................................................31
B. More Dust Bins is Cleaner; example of hortatory..........................................................32
C. Where should be after High School?; a hortatory text..................................................33
D. Millions from Property Market; a hortatory exposition text.........................................34
10. Report Text......................................................................................................................34
What is Report?........................................................................................................................34
Example of Report Text............................................................................................................35
A. Platypus; a report text...................................................................................................35
11. Spoof Text.......................................................................................................................36
What is Spoof?..........................................................................................................................36
Example of Spoof text...............................................................................................................37
A. “That Phone is Off”........................................................................................................37
B. Saved by Stilts................................................................................................................38
C. Private Conversation.....................................................................................................39
D. Nasreddin’s Coat...........................................................................................................39
E. Penguin in the Park.......................................................................................................40
12. Recount Text...................................................................................................................41
What is Recount?......................................................................................................................41
Example of Recount text...........................................................................................................41
A. Vacation to London.......................................................................................................41
B. Between Recount and Narrative...................................................................................42
C. Visiting Bali....................................................................................................................42
D. My Horrible Experience.................................................................................................43
E. My Grandpa’s Funeral in Toraja....................................................................................44
13. Review Text.....................................................................................................................45
Example of Review text............................................................................................................46
A. Zenni Optical; a site for eyeglasses................................................................................46
B. Good Translation...........................................................................................................47
C. Recording Mommy Journey...........................................................................................47
D. Good Young Mother......................................................................................................48
E. Recommended Software Applications...........................................................................48
14. Similarities and differenties.............................................................................................48
A. The Differences between Report and Descriptive Text.................................................48
B. Between Explanation and Procedure Text.....................................................................49
C. Between Recount and Narrative...................................................................................49
D. Between Explanation and Procedure Text.....................................................................50
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15. A Complete Overview Of Tex Types.................................................................................50
16. Bentuk Soal Reading........................................................................................................54
II. FUNCTIONAL SKILL...........................................................................................................56

1. Offering Help or Things (menawarkan bantuan / menawarkan sesuatu)Error! Bookmark not
defined.
2. Introducing (memperkenalkan).....................................................................................57
3. Greeting (memberi salam).............................................................................................58
4. Inviting (mengundang/mengajak).................................................................................59
5. Expressing Thanks (terimakasih)...................................................................................60
6. Congratulations (ucapan selamat).................................................................................61
7. Sympathy (menyatakan rasa simpati)...........................................................................62
8. Pleasure, Displeasure (senang & tidak senang).............................................................63
9. Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction ( kepuasan, ketidakpuasan)...............................................64
10. Asking & Giving Opinion (meminta & memberi pendapat)...........................................65
11. Agreement/approval, Disagreement/disapproval (setuju, tidak setuju).......................65
12. Fear, Anciety (ungkapan ketakutan, kegelisahan).........................................................66
13. Pain, Relief (ungkapan kesakitan, kelegaan)..................................................................67
14. Like/Love & Dislike/Hate (suka/cinta & tidak suka/benci).............................................67
15. Embarrassment & Annoyance (Ungkapan rasa malu, kejengkelan)..............................68
16. Request (permintaan)....................................................................................................69
17. Complaint, Blame (keluhan,menyalahkan)....................................................................70
18. Regret, Apology (penyesalan, meminta maaf)..............................................................71
19. Possibility & Impossibility (kemungkinan & ketidakmungkinan)...................................72
III. LANGUAGE USAGE...........................................................................................................73
A. TENSES...........................................................................................................................73
B. DIRECT - INDIRECT (Reported Speech)..........................................................................78
C. PASSIVE VOICE (kalimat pasif).......................................................................................83
D. DEGREES OF COMPARISON (tingkat perbandingan)......................................................86
E. QUESTION TAGS............................................................................................................87
F. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (kalimat pengandaian)........................................................88
G. RELATIVE PRONOUNS (kata ganti penghubung)............................................................89
H. SUBJUNCTIVE WISH.......................................................................................................90
I. CAUSATIVE HAVE/GET...................................................................................................90
J. GERUND........................................................................................................................91
K. PREFERENCES (pilihan/kesukaan)..................................................................................92
L. CONNECTORS (Kata Penghubung).................................................................................92
M. CONJUNCTIONS (Kata Sambung)...................................................................................93
N. ELLIPTIC CONSTRUCTION...............................................................................................94
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I. Understanding Types of Text
Text can be classified into several types. The term of 'type' is sometime stated as 'genre'. These
types of text are;
1. Analytical Exposition 8. Explanation
2. Anecdote 9. Hortatory Exposition
3. Descriptive 10. Report
4. Narrative 11. Spoof
5. Procedure 12. Recount
6. News Items 13. Review
7. Discussion
These classification on type of text are based on analysis of three main elements of
text. These elements of text are:
The purpose of the text; why is the text made?, what is text made for by its writer
The generic structure of the text; analyzing the used structure in composing the text, in
what way is the text constructed by its writer.
The language feature; taking a look at the linguistic characterizations of the text, what
kind of language feature is used to build the text by its writer.
1. Analytical Exposition Text

What is Analytical Exposition?
1. Definition of Analytical Exposition
Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon
surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important
matter.
2. Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition
 Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position
 Argument 1: Explaining the argument to support the writer’s position
 Argument 2: Explaining the other arguments support the writer’s position more
 Reiteration: Restating the writer’s position
3. Language Features of Analytical Exposition
 Using relational process
 Using internal conjunction
 Using causal conjunction
 Using Simple Present Tense
4. Examples and structures of the text
Cars should be banned in the city

Thesis Cars should be banned in the city. As we all know, cars create
pollution, and cause a lot of road deaths and other accidents.
Arguments Firstly, cars, as we all know, contribute to most of the
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pollution in the world.
Cars emit a deadly gas that causes illnesses such as bronchitis,
lung cancer, and ‘triggers’ off asthma. Some of these illnesses are
so bad that people can die from them.
Secondly, the city is very busy. Pedestrians wander
everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrians in the city, which
causes them to die. Cars today are our roads biggest killers.
Thirdly, cars are very noisy. If you live in the city, you may find
it hard to sleep at night, or concentrate on your homework, and
especially talk to someone.
Reiteration In conclusion, cars should be banned from the city for the
reasons listed.
Example of Analytical Exposition

A. Is Smoking Good for Us?
Before we are going to smoke, it is better to look at the fact. About 50
thousands people die every year in Britain as direct result of smoking. This is
seven times as many as die in road accidents. Nearly a quarter of smokers die
because of diseases caused by smoking.
Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking. If we smoke five
cigarettes a day, we are six times more likely to die of lung cancer than a non
smoker. If we smoke twenty cigarettes a day, the risk is nineteen greater. Ninety
five percent of people who suffer of bronchitis are people who are smoking.
Smokers are two and half times more likely to die of heart disease than non
smokers.
Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to develop bronchitis and
pneumonia. In one hour in smoky room, non smoker breathes as much as
substance causing cancer as if he had smoked fifteen cigarettes.
Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because they do make much
money from smoking habit. Smoking however is not good for every body else.
Notes on the generic structure:
From the generic structure, what make big different is that analytical exposition
ends with paragraph to strengthen the thesis while hortatory makes a
recommendation for readers.
Thesis: This pre-conclusive paragraph states the writer’s point of view about the
topic discussed. Writer has show himself in clear position of the discussed topic.
Paragraph 1 is the thesis of this analytical exposition text. It states the fact of the
very fatal impact of the smoking habit. Clearly the writer wants to say that
smoking is not a good habit.
Arguments: Presenting arguments in analytical exposition text is as important as
giving conflict plot in narrative text. The series of argument will strengthen the
thesis stated before. In this example of analytical exposition text, paragraph 2 and
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3 are the detail arguments presented in a reporting fact to support that smoking is
not good even for smokers themselves. Furthermore, people who do not smoke
but they are in smoky area have the bad effect too from the smoking habit.
Reiteration: This end paragraph actually is restating the thesis. It is something like
conclusive paragraph from the previous arguments. The last paragraph of this
example of analytical exposition points again that smoking is not good for smokers
and people around smokers. However smoking is very good for Cigarette
Companies
B. Opportunity in the Global Financial Crisis
US financial crisis and its contagion to Europe and the rest of the world could
also create new opportunity for Indonesia in term of foreign direc investment and
the development of basic infrastructure.
As the US, financial crisis has now spread to Europe, the oil-rich countries
such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Arab Emirate which have accumulated hundreds
of billion of Dollars in their foreign reserve, are now reviewing their holding or
investment vehicle. They are looking for more diversified investment outside the
US and Europe.
Because of unfavorable political developments in Thailand and Malaysia
over the past few months, Indonesia which has largely Muslim population could
become one of these oil-rich countries' favorite place for foreign direct
investment. That wil be true if the conditions, legal and market infrastructures are
conducive for Islamic financial instruments.
The government had improved the legal framework with the recent actment
of laws on sharia banking and bonds. The long term nature of Islamic bonds could
make them the most suitable investment instrument for Indonesia, as these
bonds grant an investor a share in an asset along with the cash flows and risks
commensurate with such ownership.
The financial crisis that has gripped the globe and weakening economic
growth in the rest of the world will serve to the government to accelerate the
investment reform measures in order to grab the hidden opportunity in the global
crisis. (Simplified from the jakartapos.com on Oct 9)
NOTES ON Generic Structure:

 Paragraph 1 is THESIS. It introduces the topic of the text which state the
potential opportunity behind the glogal financial crisis.
 Paragraphes 2 and 3 are the ARGUMENTS which support to the opinios stated
in the above thesis.
 Paragraph 4 is REITERATION which restates the thesis in another phrases to
point the writer'opinion.
C. Laptop as Students' Friend
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Conventionally, students need book, pen, eraser, drawing book, ruler and
such other stuff. Additionally, in this multimedia era, students need more to reach
their progressive development. Students need mobile keyboards to record every
presented subject easily. Of course it will need more cost but it will deserve for its
function.
First, modern schools tend to apply fast transferring knowledge

because the school needs to catch the target of
Small Notes curriculum. Every subject will tend to be given in
Analytical Exposition (Eksposisi demonstrative method. Consequently students
Analitis) need extra media cover the subject. Since there
Ciri Umum: is a laptop on every student’s desk, this method
(a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks: will help student to get better understanding.
Memaparkan dan mempengaruhi
audience (pendengar atau Secondly, finding an appropriate laptop is
pembaca) bahwa ada masalah not difficult as it was. Recently there is an online
yang tentunya perlu mendapat shop which provides comprehensive
perhatian.
information. The best is that the shop has
(b) Struktur Teks/Generic structure
 Thesis; Pernyataan pendapat service of online shopping. The students just
 Argument; terdiri atas need to brows that online shop, decide which
“point” yang dikemukakan computer or laptop they need, and then
dan “elaborasi”;
 Reiteration ; Penguatan
complete the transaction. After that the laptop
pernyataan. will be delivered to the students' houses. That is
(c) Ciri Kebahasaan: Menggunakan: really easy and save time and money.
 General nouns, misalnya car, From all of that, having mobile computer is
pollution, leaded petrol car, dsb.
 Abstract nouns, misalnya policy, absolutely useful for students who want to catch
government, dsb. the best result for their study. Buying laptop
 Technical verbs, misalnya online is advisable because it will cut the price.
species of animals, dsb. This online way is recommended since online
 Relating verbs, misalnya It is
important, dsb. shop also provides several laptop types.
 Action verbs, misalnya She must Students just need to decide which type they
save, dsb. really need.
 Thinking verbs, misalnya Many
people believe, dsb D. Career in Translation
 Modal verbs, misalnya we must Functionally, translation is transferring the
preserve, dsb.
 Modal adverbs, misalnya
message or the meaning and not the word.
certainly, we, dsb. According to Nida, such translation is called
 Connectives, misalnya firstly, dynamic equivalence translation. It tries to bring
secondly,dsb. the precise message in different language.
 Bahasa evaluatif, misalnya
important, valuable, trustworthy, Many people like to watch Hollywood
dsb. movie but many get trouble in understanding to
 Kalimat pasif the actors' dialogue. So the way they get the
understanding about the movie is reading the
translating text running. If Hindi translation is
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provided, it will bring the better understanding for Indian moviegoer. Hollywood
movie spread over other Asia countries. Therefore, Arabic translation, Indonesian
translation and Farsi translation are widely needed and that is a big chance for
English master in that countries.
India is likely being an English speaking country. India translation will grow
better and. It seems Indonesia, Malaysia and Filipina will reach that mark too
soon. Translation job will be great in amount and that is good development for
translating job seekers.
E. Writing is a Great for Money Online
The emergence of the internet has given internet entrepreneurs many ways
to make money. Writers are one group that have benefited from their talents as a
result in the rise of internet based jobs.
Blog writing is an increasingly popular way to earn money online determined
by the owner of the blog. They are very popular because of tBlogs are usually
written on a certain subject area but can vary as its content is heir simplicity to get
up and running. There are many free websites out there that will help you set up
your own blog if you choose to go that route because blog plus advertisement is a
potential money
Article writing is also good money to earn money online. Make sure to gear
your articles to promote and advertise you own business ventures. These articles
are a free way to market the products and services you offer for free. The most
effective advertising with these articles comes from the dialogue box that is
inserted at the end of each article. These dialogue boxes contain links to basically
any website you would like to drive traffic to. For instance, you might have one
link in your dialogue box to a product you are selling and one to a blog where you
are promoting a discussing other products.
Writing takes some time to gain credibility through but once it's done'
earning potential can become very powerful.
Generic Structure Analysis

 Thesis; Writing is good in making money online
 Argument 1; blog is a potentially earning money
 Argumant 2; writing articles is good in earning money
 Conclusion; credible writer is powerful to make money online
Language Feature Analysis
 Simple present tense; Blog writing is an increasingly popular way to earn
money online, Writing takes some time to gain credibility, etc
 Causal conjunction ; because, etc
2. Anecdote Text
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What is Anecdote?
1. Definition and Social Function of Anecdote
Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its
purpose is to entertain the readers.
2. Generic Structure of Anecdote
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Incident.
3. Language Feature of Anecdote
1. Using exclamation words; it's awful!, it's wonderful!, etc
2. Using imperative; listen to this
3. Using rhetoric question; do you know what?
4. Using action verb; go, write, etc
5. Using conjunction of time; then, afterward
6. Using simple past tense
Snake in the Bath

Abstract How would you like to find a snake in your bath? A nasty one
too!
Orientation We had just moved into a new house, which had been empty
for so long that everything was in a terrible mess. Anna and I
decided we would clean the bath first, so we set to, and turned on
the tap.
Crisis Suddenly to my horror, a snake’s head appeared in the plug-
hole. Then out slithered the rest of his long thin body. He twisted and
turned on the slippery bottom of the bath, spitting and hissing at us.
Incident For an instant I stood there quite paralysed. Then I yelled for
my husband, who luckily came running and killed the snake with the
handle of a broom. Anna, who was only three at the time, was quite
interested in the whole business. Indeed I had to pull her out of the
way or she’d probably have leant over the bath to get a better look!
Coda Ever since then I’ve always put the plug in firmly before
running the bath water.
Example of Anecdote
A. Blessing behind Tragedy
There was a black family in Scotland years ago. They were Clark family with
nine children. They had a dream to go to America. The family worked and saved.
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They were making plan to travel with their children to America. It had taken
several years but finally they had saved enough money. They had gotten passport.
They had booked seats for the whole family member in a new liner to America.
The entire family was full of anticipation and excitement with their new life
in America. However few days before their departure, the youngest son was
bitten by a dog. The doctor sewed up the boy.
Because of the possibility of getting rabies, there Small Notes
were being quarantined for long days. They were in 2. Anecdote (Cerita Lucu)
quarantine when the departure time came. The
Ciri Umum:
family dreams were dashed. They could not make
(a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks:
the trip to America as they had planned.
Menceritakan kejadian/peristiwa lucu
The father was full of disappointed and anger. berdasarkan khayalan atau peristiwa
He stomped the dock to watch the ship leaved nyata yang bertujuan menghibur.
without him and his family. He shed tears of (b) Struktur Teks/Generic structure
disappointment. He cursed both his son and God  Abstrak (Abstract)
 Pengenalan (Orientation)
for the misfortune.  Krisis (Crisis)
Five days latter, the tragic news spread  Tindakan (Incident)
throughout Scotland. The ship, the mighty Titanic,  Koda (Coda)
had shank. It took hundreds of passenger and crew (c) Ciri Kebahasaan: Menggunakan:
 seruan/kata seru, pertanyaan retorik
with it. Titanic which had been called the dan kata-kata seperti Listen to this!
unsinkable ship had sunk. It was unbelievable but it And do you know what? It’s awful,
was. isn’t it? dsb.
The Clak family should have been on that  action verbs, misalnya go, write,
dsb.
ship, but because of the bitten son by a dog, they
 conjunctions yang berhubungan
were left behind. When the father heard the news, dengan waktu, seperti then,
he hugged the son and thanked him for saving the afterwards, dsb.
family. He thanked God for saving their lives. It was
a blessing behind a tragedy. (Adapted from Look Ahead 2)

Abstract: Everybody has a dream. You have and so do I. When the dream will come
true, there is something wrong last minute before it. What will we feel? What will we
do?
Orientation: the Clak family lived in Scotland. They had dream to travel to America.
They prepared well for their plan
Crisis: few days before they went to America, his youngest son was bitten by a dog. It
made they were being quarantined. They had to forget their plan.
Incident: the family was full of disappointment and anger. The father was angry with
his son and God. The family failed to travel to America and the father could not
accept it.
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Coda: the father thank to his son when he hear the ship sank. He thank to God
because of saving the family from sinking. He thought leaving behind the ship was
not a tragedy but a blessing.
3. Description Text
What is Descriptive Text?

1. The Definition and Purpose of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text is a text which says what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to
describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.
2. The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text has structure as below:
 Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described.
 Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.
3. The Language Feature of Descriptive Text
 Using attributive and identifying process.
 Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group.
 Using simple present tense
MacQuarie University
Identification Macquarie University is one of the largest universities in
Australia. This year, in 2004, it celebrates its 40th anniversary.
Description The university is located at the North Ryde Greenbelt, Sydney,
where the New South Wales government sets aside 135 hectares for
the institution. In 1964, Macquarie area was a rural retreat on the
city fringe, but today the campus and its surroundings have evolved
beyond recognition. The North Ryde District has grown into a district
of intensive occupation anchored by a vibrant and growing
university.
Blessed with a fortunate location and room to breathe,
Macquarie can be proud of that careful planning that retains and
enrich the university’s most attractive natural features. A pleasing
balance between buildings and plating is evident across the campus.
This emphasis on the importance of landscape has created images of
Macquarie as a place that members of the university are most likely
to pleasurably recollect.
One of the highlights of the landscape is the Mars Creek zone. It
comprises landscaped creek sides and valley floor, a grass
amphitheatre, and artificial lake… surrounded by rocks and pebbles,
native plants and eucalypts.
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Today, a railway station is under construction. In three years1
time, Macquarie will be the only university in Australia with a railway
station on site. Macquarie is poised to be the most readily accessible
in Sydney region by rail and motorway, yet retaining its beautiful
site.
Example of Description
A. My Friend's New Shoes
I have a close Friend. She is beautiful, attractive and trendy. She always want
to be a trend setter of the day. She always pays much attention on her
appearance. Recently, she bought a new stylist foot legs from blowfish shoes
products. This shoes really matches on her.
Her new blowfish women's shoes are wonderful. When she are walking on
that shoes, all her friends, including me watch and admire that she has the most
suitable shoes on her physical appearance. The style, bright color, and brand
represent her as a smart woman of the day. She really have perfect appearance.
She is really mad on that shoes. She said that the products covered all
genders. The blowfish men's shoes are as elegant as she has. The products provide
varieties of choice. Ballet, casual, boot athletic shoes are designed in attractive
way. The products are international trader mark and become the hottest trend.
B. Borobudur Temple
Borobudur is Hindu - Budhist temple. It was build in the nineth century under
Sailendra dynasty of ancient Mataram kingdom. Borobudur is located in
Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia.
Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by
the Gupta architecture of India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and
consist of eight step like stone terrace. The first five terrace are square and
surrounded by walls adorned with Budist sculpture in bas-relief. The upper three
are circular. Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. The entire adifice is
crowned by a large stupa at the centre at the centre of the top circle. The way to
the summit extends through some 4.8 km of passage and starways. The design of
borobudur which symbolizes the structure of universe influences temples at
Angkor, Cambodia.
Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983
is a valuable treasure for Indonesian people.

 Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described in general; Borobudur
temple
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Small Notes  Description; describing the Borobudur
Description (Deskripsi)
temple in parts; eight terraces of
Borobudur temple and its
Ciri Umum:
characteristics
Mendeskripsikan ciri-ciri seseorang, benda
 Using adjective and classifiers;
atau tempat tertentu secara spesifik.
valuable
 Using simple present tense; Borobudur
 Identification; Identifikasi tentang topik
yang akan dideskripsikan, is well-known,The temple is
Misalnya: I have many pets, but my constructed, etc
favourite one is a cat.
 Description; berisi deskripsi tentang bagian-
bagiannya. 4. Narrative Text
Misalnya tampilan fisik (physical
appearance), kualitas, perilaku umum, What is Narrative?
sifat-sifat (characteristic). 1. Definition of Narrative
(c) Ciri Kebahasaan: Narrative is a text focusing specific
Menggunakan: participants. Its social function is to tell
 nouns tertentu, misalnya teacher, house,my stories or past events and entertain the
cat, dsb.
readers.
 simple present tense.
 detailed noun phrase untuk memberikan
2. Generic Structure of Narrative
informasi tentang subjek, misalnya It was a A narrative text consists of the following
large open rowboat, a sweet young lady, structure:
dsb.
1. Orientation: Introducing the
 berbagai macam adjectives, yang bersifat
describing, numbering, classifying, misalnya, participants and informing the time
two strong legs, sharp white fangs, dsb. and the place
 relating verbs untuk memberikan informasi 2. Complication: Describing the rising
tentang subjek, misalnya, My mum is realy
cool, It has very thick fur, dsb.
crises which the participants have to
 thinking verbs dan feeling verbs untuk do with
mengungkapkan pandangan pribadi penulis 3. Resolution: Showing the way of
tentang subjek, misalnya Police believe the participant to solve the crises, better
suspect is armed, I think it is a clever animal, or worse
dsb.
 action verbs, misalnya Our new puppy bites
3. Language Features of Narrative
our shoes, dsb.  Using processes verbs
 abverbials untuk memberikan informasi  Using temporal conjunction
tambahan tentang perilaku tersebut,  Using Simple Past Tense
misalnya fast, at the tree house, dsb.
 bahasa figurative, seperti simile, metafor,
misalnya John is white as chalk, sat tight,dsb
Snow White
Orientation Once upon a time there lived a little girl named Snow
14
White. She lived with her Aunt and Uncle because her parents
were dead.
Complication 1 One day she heard her Uncle and Aunt talking about
leaving Snow White in the castle because they both wanted to
go to America and they didn’t have enough money to take
Snow White.
Resolution 1 Snow White did not want her Uncle and Aunt to do this
so she decided it would be best if she ran away. The next
morning she ran away from home when her Aunt and Uncle
were having breakfast. She ran away into the woods.
Complication 2 Then she saw this little cottage. She knocked but no one
answered so she went inside and fell asleep.
Resolution 2 Meanwhile, the seven dwarfs were coming home from
work. They went inside. There they found Snow White sleeping.
Then Snow White woke up. She saw the dwarfs. The dwarfs
said, “what is your name?” Snow White said, “My name is Snow
White.”
Doc, one of the dwarfs, said, “If you wish, you may live
here with us.” Snow White said, “Oh could I? Thank you.” Then
Snow White told the dwarfs the whole story and Snow White
and the 7 dwarfs lived happily ever after.
Example of Narative
A. Queen of Arabia and Three Sheiks
Maura, who like to be thought of as the most beautiful and powerful queen of
Arabia, had many suitors. One by one she discarded them, until her list was reduced to
just three sheiks. The three sheiks were all equally young and handsome. They were also
rich and strong. It was very hard to decide who would be the best of them.
One evening, Maura disguised herself and went to the camp of the three sheiks. As
they were about to have dinner, Maura asked them for something to eat. The first gave
her some left over food. The second Sheik gave her some unappetizing camel’s tail. The
third sheik, who was called Hakim, offered her some of the most tender and tasty meat.
After dinner, the disguised queen left the sheik’s camp.
The following day, the queen invited the three sheiks to dinner at her palace. She
ordered her servant to give each one exactly what they had given her the evening before.
Hakim, who received a plate of delicious meat, refused to eat it if the other two sheiks
could not share it with him.
This Sheik Hakim’s act finally convinced Queen Maura that he was the man for her.
“Without question, Hakim is the most generous of you” she announced her choice to the
sheiks. “So it is Hakim I will marry”.
15
Narrative Complication in Generic Structure
As it is said many times that, the heart of narrative text is the existence of
the complication. It will drive the plot of the story to keep amusing. The
existence of conflict inside the
Small Notes Queen Maura is what builds the
Narrative (Naratif, dongeng) story keep running. The
Ciri Umum: psychological conflict inside Maura,
(a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks: which she strikes against herself, is
Menghibur pendengar atau pembaca (yang arousing the reader’s attention to
bertalian dengan pengalaman nyata, khayal continue reading the story. They
atau peristiwa pelik yang mengarah ke want to know what next will
suatu krisis, yang pada akhirnya
menemukan suatu penyelesaian).
happen, who will be chosen by
Queen Maura; in what way she will
decide who the best is. Keeping
 Orientation; Pengenalan tokoh, waktu,
dan tempat terjadinya peristiwa. knowing them really entertaining as
 Complication; Masalah, konflik dalam well increasing the moral value
cerita. added.
 Resolution; Penyelesaian masalah. Orientation: the text introduces the
 Koda: perubahan yang terjadi pada Queen Maura and three sheiks in
tokoh dan pelajaran yang dapat dipetik
Arabia once time.
dari cerita.
(c) Ciri Kebahasaan: Complication: Queen Maura finds
Menggunakan: out that it was very difficult to
 nouns tertentu sebagai kata ganti orang, choose one as the best among them
hewan dan benda tertentu dalam cerita,
Resolution: finally Queen Maura has
misalnya, stepsisters, housework, dsb.
a convincing way to choose one and
 adjectives yang membentuk noun phrase,
misalnya, long black hair, two red apples, he is Sheik Hakim
dsb.
B. The Smartest Parrot
 time connectives dan conjunctions untuk
Once upon time, a man had a wonderful
mengurutkan kejadian-kejadian, misalnya
then, before that, soon, dsb. parrot. There was no other parrot like it. The
 adverbs dan adverbial phrases untuk
parrot could say every word, except one
menunjukkan lokasi kejadian atau peristiwa, word. The parrot would not say the name of
misalnya here, in the mountain, happily ever the place where it was born. The name of
after,dsb. the place was Catano.
 action verbs dalam past tense; stayed, The man felt excited having the
climbed, dsb. smartest parrot but he could not understand
 saying verbs yang menandai ucapan seperti: why the parrot would not say Catano. The
said, told, promised, dan thinking verbs yang
man tried to teach the bird to say Catano
menandai pikiran, persepsi atau perasaan
tokoh dalam cerita, misalnya thought, however the bird kept not saying the word.
understood, felt, dsb. At the first, the man was very nice to
the bird but then he got very angry. “You
16
stupid bird!” pointed the man to the parrot. “Why can’t you say the word? Say Catano!
Or I will kill you” the man said angrily. Although he tried hard to teach, the parrot would
not say it. Then the man got so angry and shouted to the bird over and over; “Say Catano
or I’ll kill you”. The bird kept not to say the word of Catano.
One day after he had been trying so many times to make the bird say Catano, the
man really got very angry. He could not bear it. He picked the parrot and threw it into the
chicken house. There were four old chickens for next dinner “You are as stupid as the
chickens. Just stay with them” Said the man angrily. Then he continued to humble; “You
know, I will cut the chicken for my meal. Next it will be your turn, I will eat you too, stupid
parrot”. After that he left the chicken house.
The next day, the man came back to the chicken house. He opened the door and
was very surprised. He could not believe what he saw at the chicken house. There were
three death chickens on the floor. At the moment, the parrot was standing proudly and
screaming at the last old chicken; “Say Catano or I’ll kill you”.
Analysis the Generic Structure

Orientation: It sets the scene and introduces the participants/characters. In that
parrot story, the first paragraph is the orientation where reader finds time and
place set up and also the participant as the background of the story. A man and
his parrot took place once time.
Complication: It explores the conflict in the story. It will show the crisis, rising
crisis and climax of the story. In the parrot story, paragraph 2, 3, 4 are describing
the complication. Readers will find that the man face a problem of why the
parrot can not say Catano. To fix this problem, the man attempted to teach the
bird. How hard he tried to teach the bird is the excitement element of the
complication.
Resolution: It shows the situation which the problems have been resolved. It
must be our note that “resolved” means accomplished whether succeed or fail.
In the last paragraph of the smartest parrot story, readers see the problem is
finished. The parrot could talk the word which the man wanted. The parrot said
the word with higher degree than the man taught the word to it. That was the
smartest parrot.
C. The Legend of Toba Lake

Once upon time, there was a handsome man. His name was Batara Guru Sahala. He
liked fishing. One day, he caught a fish. He was surprised to find out that the fish could
talk. The fish begged him to set it free.
Batara Guru could not bear it. He made the fish free. As soon as it was free, the fish
changed into a very beautiful woman. She attracted Batara Guru so much. He felt in love
with that fish-woman. The woman wanted to marry with him and said that Batara Guru
had to keep the secret which she had been a fish. Batara Guru aggreed and promised that
he would never tell anybody about it.
17
They were married happily. They had two daughters. One day Batara Guru got very
angry with his daughter. He could not control his mad. He shouted angrily and got the
word of fish to his daugters. The daughters were crying. They found their mother and
talked her about it.
The mother was very annoyed. Batara Guru broke his promise. The mother was
shouting angrily. Then the earth began to shake. Volcanoes started to erupt. The earth
formed a very big hole. People believed that the big hole became a lake. Then this lake is
known as Toba Lake.
D. Cinderella 1
Once upon a time, there was a young girl named Cinderella. She lived with her step
mother and two step sisters.
The step mother and sisters were conceited and bad tempered. They treated
Cinderella very badly. Her step mother made Cinderella do the hardest works in the
house; such as scrubbing the floor, cleaning the pot and pan and preparing the food for
the family. The two step sisters, on the other hand, did not work about the house. Their
mother gave them many handsome dresses to wear.
One day, the two step sister received an invitation to the ball that the king’s son was
going to give at the palace. They were excited about this and spent so much time
choosing the dresses they would wear. At last, the day of the ball came, and away went
the sisters to it. Cinderella could not help crying after they had left.
“Why are crying, Cinderella?” a voice asked. She looked up and saw her fairy
godmother standing beside her, “because I want so much to go to the ball” said
Cinderella. “Well” said the godmother,”you’ve been such a cheerful, hardworking,
uncomplaining girl that I am going to see that you do go to the ball”.
Magically, the fairy godmother changed a pumpkin into a fine coach and mice into a
coachman and two footmen. Her godmother tapped Cinderella’s raged dress with her
wand, and it became a beautiful ball gown. Then she gave her a pair of pretty glass
slippers. “Now, Cinderella”, she said; “You must leave before midnight”. Then away she
drove in her beautiful coach.
Cinderella was having a wonderfully good time. She danced again and again with the
king’s son. Suddenly the clock began to strike twelve, she ran toward the door as quickly
as she could. In her hurry, one of her glass slipper was left behind.
A few days later, the king’ son proclaimed that he would marry the girl whose feet
fitted the glass slipper. Her step sisters tried on the slipper but it was too small for them,
no matter how hard they squeezed their toes into it. In the end, the king’s page let
Cinderella try on the slipper. She stuck out her foot and the page slipped the slipper on. It
fitted perfectly.
Finally, she was driven to the palace. The king’s son was overjoyed to see her again.
They were married and live happily ever after.
Notes on Generic Structure
18
Orientation: They were Cinderella her self as the main character of the story, her
step mother which treated Cinderella badly, and her steps sister which supported
her mother to make Cinderella was treated very badly. Cinderella was introduced
as a hero in this story. She struggled against the bad treatment from her step
mother and sisters.
Complication: In this Cinderella story, we can see clearly that there are Major
Complication and Minor Complication.
The second paragraph is the major complication of this Cinderella story. Cinderella
got bad treatment from her stepmother. It is the bad crisis which drives into
several minor complications which Cinderella has to overcome.
Resolution: Like complication, there are Major Resolution and Minor Resolution.
In the last paragraph, it is said that finally Cinderella lived happily. It is the happy
resolution of the bad treatment.
E. The Smartest Animal.

Once there was a farmer from Laos. Every morning and every evening, he ploughed
his field with his buffalo.
One day, a tiger saw the farmer and his buffalo working in the field. The tiger was
very surprised to see a big animal listening to a small animal. The tiger wanted to know
more about the big animal and the small animal.
After the man went home, the tiger spoke to the buffalo; “you are so big and strong.
Why do you do everything the man tells you?” The buffalo answered; “oh, the man is
very intelligent”.
The tiger asked; “can you tell me how intelligent he is?”. “No, I can’t tell you”, said
the buffalo; “but you can ask him”
So the next day the tiger asked to the man; “Can I see your intelligence?”. But the
man answered; “it at home”. “Can you go and get it?” asked the tiger. “Yes” said the
man; “but I am afraid you will kill my buffalo when I am gone. Can I tie you to a tree?”
After the man tied the tiger to the tree, he didn’t go home to get his intelligence. He
took his plough and hit the tiger. Then he said; “Now you know about my intelligence
even you haven’t seen it.

1. Orientation; introducing specific participants; farmer and his buffalo, once in
Laos
2. Complication; revealing a series of crisis: the tiger wanted to know more about
the farmer and the buffalo, the tiger wanted to know about the farmer’s
intelligence.
3. Resolution; the crisis is resolve: the farmer hit the tiger

 Using saying verb; answered
19
 Using thinking verb; saw, was surprised to
 Using action verb; tie, hit
 Using time conjunction; once, one day
 Using connectives; after, the next day
 Using past tense; there was a farmer, the man tied the tiger.
5. Procedure Text
What is Procedure?
1. Definition of Procedure
Procedure is a text that shows a process in order. Its social function is to describe how
something is completely done through a sequence of series
2. Generic Structure of Procedure
1. Goal: showing the purpose
2. Material: Telling the needed materials
3. Step 1-end: Describing the steps to achieve the purpose
3. Language Feature of Procedure
 Using temporal conjunction
 Using action verb
 Using imperative sentence
 Using Simple Present Tense
Tujuan How to Make a Cheese Omelet

(Goal)
Bahan Ingredients
(Material) 1 egg, 50 g cheese, ¼ cup milk, 3 tablespoons cooking oil, a pinch
of salt and pepper
Utensils
Frying pan, fork, spatula, cheese grater, bowl, plate
Langkah- Method
langkah 1. Crack an egg into a bowl
(Step) 2. Whisk the egg with a fork until it is smooth
3. Add milk and whisk well
4. Grate the cheese into the bowl and stir
5. Heat the oil in a frying pan
6. Pour the mixture into the frying pan
7. Turn the omelet with a spatula when it browns
8. Cook both sides
9. Place on a plate; season with salt and pepper
20
10. Eat while warm.
Example of Procedure
A. Planting Chilies
Planting is a nice activity in our spare time. The
Small Notes
following is guided information on how to plant a chili-
Procedure (Prosedur)
plant easily. Here are the steps.
Ciri Umum:
Firstly, dry a handful seeding under the sunlight
Secondly, put the seeding on the soil. It should be
Memberi petunjuk tentang cara
in open area melakukan sesuatu melalui
Next, wait it. There will come out the sprout after serangkaian tindakan atau
that let it be bigger. langkah.
Finally, put it in another big pot. It will soon grow (b) Struktur Teks/Generic structure
bigger and bigger and yield us some fresh chilies soon.  Aim/Goal; Tujuan kegiatan
 Materials; Bahan-bahan
Generic Structure Analysis Note: Materials are
not required for all
 Goal; informing on how to plant chillies. Procedure text
 Material; excluded  Steps; Langkah-langkah.
 Steps; showing the steps or method in planting (c) Ciri Kebahasaan:
chillies; from drying seed to putting the sprout in Menggunakan:
big pot.  pola kalimat imperative,
 Language Feature Analysis misalnya, Cut, Don’t mix,
Imperative sentences; dry a handful seeding, put dsb.
it, etc  action verbs, misalnya turn,
 Action verb; put, dry, etc put, don’t, mix, dsb.
 Temporal conjunction; next, finally, firstly,  connectives untuk
mengurutkan kegiatan,
secondly misalnya then, while, dsb.
 Simple present tense pattern; planting is a nice  adverbials untuk
activity, the following is a guided information menyatakan rinci waktu,
tempat, cara yang akurat,
misalnya for five minutes, 2
B. Writing For Business centimetres from the top,
Writing something for your business can be pretty dsb.
intimidating. Well, you don't have to.
Here's a simple checklist to follow. I'm not saying that following these rules will
make your company the next Google, but it will help.
Firstly, take the topic of benefits, not features. Your customers don't care about you.
They want to know "What's in it for me?"
Secondly, write your benefit like you talk it. Use regular words. Read aloud what
you've written. How does it sound?
Thirdly, lose the weak words. Don't describe how your company may, might or
should help customers but talk about how your company will.
21
Fourthly, Use a nice rhythm. Some sentences are long and some are short. Mix them
up and keep things interesting.
Fifthly,re-read what you've done before publishing. Edit it necesarily. It's so easy to
make mistakes which you don't notice the first time through.
Simplified from: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Daniel_F_O'connor

 Goal; informing on how to write for business
 Material; excluded
 Steps/ method; showing the method in writing for business;
choosing the advantageous topic, writing the topic like the way it is
talked, re-reading what have been written .
 Imperative sentences; write like you talked, re-read what you have
done, etc
 Action verb; write, read, etc
 Temporal conjunction, firstly, secondly, etc
C. How to Make a Cheese Omelet

Well, to make a cheese omelet, you need an egg, fifty gram cheese, a quarter cup of
milk, three tablespoons cookin oil, a pinch of satlt and pepper. Next, you need some tools,
such as; frying pan, fork, spatula, cheese grater, bowl and plate.
Listen carefully,
First, crack an egg into a bowl and whisk the egg with a fork until it is smooth. Next, add
First,
6. News Item Text

What is News Item?
1. Definition of News Item
News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are
considered newsworthy or important.
2. Generic Structure of News Item
1. Main event
2. Elaboration (background, participant, time, place)
3. Resource of information
22
3. Language Feature of News Item
1. Focusing on circumstances
2. Using material process
Town ‘Contaminated
Newsworthy Moscow – A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of
events another Soviet nuclear catastrophe, which killed 10 sailors and
contaminated an entire town.
Background Yelena Vazrshavskya is the first journalist to speak to people
Events who witnessed the explosion of a nuclear submarine at the naval
base of shkotovo – 22 near Vladivostock.
The accident, which occurred 13 months before the
Chernobyl disaster, spread radioactive fall-out over the base and
nearby town, but was covered up by officials of the Soviet Union.
Residents were told the explosion in the reactor of the Victor-class
submarine during a refit had been a ‘thermal’ and not a nuclear
explosion. And those involved in the clean up operation to remove
more than 600 tones of contaminated material were sworn to
secrecy.
Sumber A board of investigators was later to describe it as the worst
Informasi accident in the history of the Soviet Navy.
Sources
Example of Procedure
A. Malaysian Women Suggested to Carry Condoms
Malaysian Deputy Health Ministry urged every woman to carry a condom to protect
against HIV, a news report said.
“This is not to debate them but to protect them. Women are the first ones to get
exploited by their partners (whom are infected by HIV-positive)” Abdul Latiff Ahmad was
quoted as saying by Sunday Star Newspaper. “But this just a suggestion, it’s up to them”.
Abdul latiff made remark to coincide with the International Aids Memorial day,
which was celebrated openly for the first time in Malaysia, in bid to reduce stigma for
HIV-victim. In the past the event was held behind closed door.
Last year, 745 Malaysian women were identified as HIV-positive and 193 were
diagnosed with AIDS, he said in the report. Officials have said nearly 81000 Malaysian
have been infected with HIV, less then 10 percent are woman, but the number is steadily
rising.
23
Small Notes Malaysian Aids Council president, Adeebah
Kamarulzaman, was quoted as saying besides sex
News Item (Berita) workers, many women who contract HIV are
Ciri Umum: housewives, were infected unknowingly by their
(a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks: husbands. “It’s not that people don’t know that condoms
Memberitakan kepada can protect them. But there are some men who don’t
pembaca, pendengar atau care to take precaution, even though they know they
penonton tentang peristiwa- have HIV” she said.
peristiwa atau kejadian- (Source The Jakarta Post, June 01, 2008)
kejadian yang dipandang
penting atau layak diberitakan.
(b) Struktur Teks/Generic
News worthy event: Malaysian women is
structure
urged to carry condoms to protect HIV.
 Newsworthy events;
Kejadian inti. Background event 1: International
 Background Events; Latar Memorial Day was held openly in Malaysia
belakang kejadian, orang to reduce stigma for HIV victims.
yang terlibat, tempat Background event 2: The number of
kejadian dsb. Malaysian women who are infected with
 Sources; komentar saksi HIV is steadily rising.
kejadian, pendapat para Source: Malaysian Aids Council president
ahli, dsb.
said that there were some men who did
(c) Ciri Kebahasaan:
not care to take precaution even though
 Informasi singkat tertuang
they knew they had HIV
dalam headline
 Menggunakan action verbs B. Indonesian Maid in HK Court after Having Sex
 Menggunakan saying A 45-year old Indonesian maid admitted having sex
verbs, misalnya say, tell, with her Hong Kong employer’s 14-year old son after
dsb. watching internet porn together.
 Menggunakan kata The maid is a divorcee and a mother of two
children. The maid, named Suwartin, had worked with
the boy family for 11 years.
A court heard how the maid had sex with the boy in relationship that lasted five
months. The boy tried to end the affair but she refused. The teenager eventually
confessed to the relationship to the leader of Christian group he belonged to.
Then the maid was arrested. She pleaded guilty to five charges of committing an
indecent act with underage partner. She will be sentenced in two week’s time.
She later apologized and said that she would live with the shame of what she had
done for the rest of life. “She had acted out of loneliness” the maid’s lawyer said.
(Adapted from Reuters, Hong Kong, May 6, 2008)

News worthy event: Indonesian maid court and admitted having sex with
her young employer
24
Background event: The maid is a divorcee. She had worked in the boy
family for 11 years. She had relationship the boy for five months. She
apologized and felt guilty
Source: The maid lawyer said that the maid had acted out of loneliness
C. Indonesian Maid beheaded
An Indonesian housemaid has been executed in Saudi Arabia after being convicted of
killing her employer, the Saudi Interior Minister said.
The woman was beheaded in the Southern Asir province in what was the second
execution in the country.
The maid was earlier found of suffocating her female boss and stealing her
jewellery. Rape, murder and other serious crimes can carry the death penalty in the
conservative desert kingdom.
Last year, Saudi Arabia, which follow a strict intepretation of Syaria, Islamic law
executed more than 130 people.
(Taken from: www.news.bbc.co.id)
Main event; an Indonesian maid was beheaded in Saudi Arabia.
Background 1; the maid was found guilty of suffocating her bos.
Background 2; serious crimes can carry death penalty in Saudi Arabia.
Background 3; Saudi Arabia executed more than 130 people last year.
Resource; the Saudi Interior Minister statement.
Focussing circumtances; law of serious crimes.
Using material process; behead, execute, carry, etc
7. Discussion Text
What is Discussion?
1. Definition of Discussion
Discussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem will be
discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical,
historic, and social text.
2. Generic Structure of Discussion
 Statement of issue; stating the issue which is to discussed
 List of supporting points; presenting the point in in supporting the presented issue
 List of contrastive point; presenting other points which disagree to the supporting
point
 Recommendation; stating the writer' recommendation of the discourse
3. Language Feature of Discussion
 Introducing category or generic participant
25
 Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc
 Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the hand,
however, etc
 Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc
 Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc
Homework
Issue I have been wondering if homework is necessary.
Statement I think we should have homework because it helps us to learn and
of issue and revise our work.
Preview Homework helps people who aren’t very smart to remember what
they have learned. Homework is really good because it helps with
our education.
Statement But, many times, doing homework is not a great idea. I think we
of various shouldn’t have homework because I like to go out after school to a
viewpoints restaurant or the movies. Sometimes homework is boring and not
important.
I think homework is bad because I like to play and discuss things
with my family.
Example of Discussion Text

A. Example of Discussion Text on Nuclear Power
The Advantage and Disadvantage of Nuclear Power
Nuclear power is generated by using uranium which is a metal mined in various part
of the world. The first large scale of nuclear power station was opened at Calder Hall in
Cumbria, England in 1956.
Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plant for engine. Nuclear
power produces around 11% of the world's energy needed, and produces huge amounts
of energy. It cause no pollution as we would get when burning fossil fuels. The
advantages of nuclear plant are as follow:
 It costs about the same coal, so it is not expansive to make.
 It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the
greenhouse effect.
 It produces huge amounts of energy from small amount of uranium.
 It produces small amount of waste.
 It is reliable.
26
On the other hand, nuclear power is
Small Notes
very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up
Discussion (Pembahasan)
and buried for many years to allow the
radioactivity to die away. Furthermore, Ciri Umum:
although it is reliable, a lot of money has to be (a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks:
spent on safety because if it does go wrong, a Mengetengahkan suatu masalah (isu)
yang ditinjau paling tidak dari 2 (dua)
nuclear accident ca be a major accident.
sudut pandang, sebelum sampai pada
People are increasingly concerned suatu kesimpulan atau rekomendasi.
about this matter. In the 1990's nuclear (b) Struktur Teks/Generic structure
power was the fastest growing source of  Isu;(statement of issue and Preview)
power in many parts of the world.
 Pendapat yang mendukung:
 Gagasan Pokok 1,
Note on the Generic Structure of
 Elaborasi (uraian),
Discussion Text
 Gagasan Pokok 2,
Discussion is a process to find the meet
 Elaborasi (uraian).
point between two different ideas. It is
 Pendapat yang menentang:(Statement of
important to to get the understanding various viewpoints)
between the two differences. In many
 Gagasan Pokok,
social activities, discussion is the
 Elaborasi (uraian),
effective way to calm down any friction
 Kesimpulan.(conclusion or
and difference in thought, perception recomendation)
and recommendation. (c) Ciri Kebahasaan:
This example of discussion text present Menggunakan:
the two poles, between the advantage
 general nouns untuk menyatakan kategori,
and disadvantage of using nuclear plant misalnya uniforms, alcohol, dsb,
to fulfill the energy needed. It is a case  relating verbs untuk memberi informasi
which need to be talked and discussed tentang isu yang didiskusikan, misalnya
from two points. They are represented in smoking is harmful, dsb.
the generic structure which is used:  thinking verbs untuk mengungkapkan
Stating the Issue: In the first paragraph, pandangan pribadi penulis, misalnya feel,
it is stated that using nuclear power can believe, hope, dsb.
be the choice in fulfilling the needed  additives, contrastives dan causal
connectives untuk menghubungkan
energy. argumen, misalnya similarly, on the hand,
Supporting Point: In the second however, dsb.
paragraph, it is presented the  detailed noun groups untuk memberikan
advantages of nuclear power plant to be informasi secara padu, misalnya the
used as the source of the world's energy dumping of unwanted kittens, dsb.
needed  modalities, seperti perhaps, must, should,
Contrastive Point: The third paragraph should have been, could be, dsb.
shows the balance. It gives the  adverbials of maner, misalnya deliberately,
hopefully, dsb.
contradictory idea in using nuclear
power plant as the resource of energy.
27
Recommendation: This text is ended with a similar recommendation on how people
should concern in the matter of nuclear energy.
B. Hunting Fox
Foxhunting is a subject that provokes very strong feelings. Many people believe
that it is cruel to hunt a fox with dogs and totally agree with its ban.
Many farmer and even conservationists, however, have always argue that the fox is
a pest which attacks livestock and must be controlled.
(Taken from: www.bbc.co.uk)

Stating the issue; hunting fox.
Supporting point; farmers and conservationists agree to hunt fox because they
attack livestok.
Contrastive point; many people disagree hunting fox with dog because it is cruel.
Recommendation; Do not be cruel in hunting fox just control it in safe way.
Introducing category participant; farmer, conservationists.
Using thinking verb; believe.
Using connectives;
Using modalities; must, always
8. Explanation Text
What is Explanation?
1. Definition and purposes of Explanation
Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific and
cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say 'why' and 'how' of the forming of the
phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history text books.
2. Generic structure of Explanation
 General statement; stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.
 Sequenced explanation; stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena.
3. Language Feature
 Featuring generic participant; sun, rain, etc
 Using chronological connection; to begin with, next, etc
 Using passive voice pattern
 Using simple present tense
Making Paper from Woodchips
28
A general Woodchipping is a process used to obtain pulp and paper
statement products from forest trees.
The woodchipping process begins when the trees are cut
down in a selected area of the forest called a coupe.
A sequenced Next the tops and branches of the trees are cut out and then
explanation of the logs are taken to the mill.
why or how At the mill the bark of the logs is removed and the logs are
something taken to a chipper which cuts them into small pieces called
occurs woodchips.
The woodchips are then screened to remove dirt and other
impurities.
At this stage they are either exported in this form or changed
into pulp by chemicals and heat.
The pulp is then bleached and the water content is removed.
Closing Finally the pulp is rolled out to make paper.
Example of Explanation Text

A. Tsunami
The term of “tsunami” comes from the Japanese which means harbour ("tsu") and
wave ("nami"). A tsunamigk is a series of waves generated when water in a lake or the
sea is rapidly displaced on a massive scale.
A tsunami can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically
displaces the overlying water. Such large vertical movements of the earth's crust can
occur at plate boundaries.
Subduction of earthquakes are particularly effective in generating tsunamis, and
occur where denser oceanic plates slip under continental plates.
As the displaced water mass moves under the influence of gravity to regain its
equilibrium, it radiates across the ocean like ripples on a pond.
Tsunami always bring great damage. Most of the damage is caused by the huge
mass of water behind the initial wave front, as the height of the sea keeps rising fast and
floods powerfully into the coastal area.
(simplified from www.panda.org)
B. How Day and Night Happen

The sun seems to rise in the morning, crosses the sky during the day and sets at
night. However the sun does not actually move around the earth. Earth's turning on its
axis makes it look as if the sun is moves.
The earth makes a complete turn on its axis for 24 hours. It is called as rotation. It
causes day and night. The earth also moves around the sun. It takes 365 days or a year.
29
Small Notes This process is called revolution. The revolution
process causes the changes of the season
Explanation Text
Ciri Umum:
Tujuan Komunikatif Teks: C. Why Summer Daylight is Longger than Winter
 Menerangkan proses-proses yang Daylight
terjadi dalam pembentukan atau In the summer, the amount of daylight
kegiatan yang terkait dengan that we get is more than we get in winter. This is
fenomena alam, dunia ilmiah, sosial- not because as much people think we are closer
budaya, atau lainnya yang bertujuan
menjelaskan.
to the sun but because of the tilt of the earth.
Struktur Teks/Generic structure
The earth is actually closer to the sun in
winter than it is in summer but you would be
 A general statement; Penjelasan umum
forgiven for thinking that this can not be true
 A sequenced explanation of why or
how something occurs; Penjelasan after looking out of your window on a cold and
proses frosty morning.
 Penutup. It seems strange that as the earth get
Ciri Kebahasaan: closer to the sun during its orbit then the
Menggunakan; amount of daylight that we get decrease. But
 general dan abstract nouns, misalnya that is the case. It is the tilt of the earth that
word chopping, earthquakes; determine the amount of daylight that we get
 action verbs; and so the length of time that for us the sun is
 simple present tense; above the horizon.
(Taken from: www.ictteachers.co.uk)
 passive voice;
 conjunctions of time dan cause;
General statement; stating the
 noun phrase, misalnya the large cloud;
phenomenon whic daylight in summer is
 abstract nouns, misalnya the
temperature; longer than in winter.
 adverbial phrases;
Explanation; it is the tilt of the earth that
 complex sentences;
determines the amount of daylight not the
distance of the earth from the sun.
 bahasa teksni;
 kalimat pasif
Focusing generic participant; daylight.
Using chronological connection; then, so, but.
Using pasive voice; you would be forgiven.
Using present tense; the earth is actually closer to the sun.
9. Hortatory Exposition Text
What is Hortatory Exposition?

1. Definition of Hortatory Exposition
Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt of the writer to have the
addressee do something or act in certain way.
30
2. Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Recommendation
3. Language Feature of Hortatory Exposition
1. Focusing on the writer
2. Using abstract noun; policy, advantage, etc
3. Using action verb
4. Using thinking verb
5. Using modal adverb; certainly, surely, etc
6. Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly, etc
7. Using evaluative words; important, valuable, trustworthy, etc
8. Using passive voice
9. Using simple present tense
Thesis In all discussion over the removal of lead from petrol ( and the
atmosphere), there doesn’t seem to have been any mention of
the diffence between driving in the city and in the country.
Arguments While I realise my leaded petrol car is polluting the air wherever
I drive, I feel that when you travel through the country,where
you only see another car every five to ten minutes,the problem
is not as severe as when traffic is concentrated on city roads.
Those who want to penalise older , leaded petrol vehicles and
their owners donn’t seem to appreciate thet in the country
there is no public transport to fall back upon and ones own
vehicle is the only way to get about.
Recomendation I feel that country people, who often have to travel huge
distances to the nearest town and who already spend a great
deal of money on petrol,should be treated differently to the
people who live in the city
Example of Hortatory Exposition

A. Watch your Kids While Watching TV
Television becomes one of the most important devices which takes place in almost
houses. It can unite all members of the family as well as separate them. However, is it
important to know what your kids are watching? The answer is, of course, absolutely
"Yes" and that should be done by all parents. Television can expose things you have tried
to protect the children from, especially violence, pornography, consumerism and so on.
31
Recently, a study demonstrated that spending too much time on watching TV
during the day or at bedtime often cause bed-time disruption, stress, and short sleep
duration.
Another research found that there is a significant relationship between the amount
of time spent for watching television during adolescence and early adulthood, and the
possibility of being aggressive.
Meanwhile, many studies have identified a relationship between kids who watch TV
a lot and being inactive and overweight.
Considering some facts mentioning above, protect your children with the following
tips:
 Limit television viewing to one-two hours each day
 Do not allow your children to have a TV set in their own bedrooms
 Review the rating of TV shows which your children watch
 Watch television with your children and discuss what is happening in the show
Notes on the Generic Structure of this Hortatory Exposition example

Firstly, we have to always remember that the social function of hortatory
exposition text is driving the readers to act like the writer thought as stated in
the text. Then the purpose of this hortatory is influencing and persuading the
readers by presenting the supporting arguments. In many social activities,
hortatory is applied for writing recommended thought, sales letter,
advertising, speech campaign, and news advertorial.
Thesis: The writer's thought is presented as thesis which is proven with
several arguments. In the first paragraph, the writer points his thought about
the importance of accompanying children while they are watching TV show. It
is important to protect the children from the bad influences of TV show.
Arguments: The next paragraphs show the writer arguments in supporting his
thesis. It is supported by various researches that there are a great relationship
between watching TV and the watcher's personality. One study describes that
much time in watching TV can cause bed-time disruption. The others show the
possibility of becoming an aggressive character because of watching television
too much.
Recommendation: After stating the thesis and proving with various
arguments, the text is completed with the writer's recommendation on how
the parents should protect the children from the bed effect of watching TV.
Basically, both hortatory and analytical exposition have the similar position.
Both take place as argumentative essays. Both show how important idea of
the writer to be known. However the last paragraph of the essay usually make
the difference from hortatory and analytical exposition. If it is a hortatory text,
it will be ended with a strong recommendation while for analytical exposition,
it will be closed with restatement of the writer's first paragraph.
B. More Dust Bins is Cleaner; example of hortatory
32
To improve comfort and cleanliness at the school, there should be an increasing
number of dust bins.
When we look at classroom, school corridors and schoolyard, there papers, mineral
water cops, straws, and napkin everywhere. The condition of unseemliness really hinders
learning and teaching environment. They can be filled out with water coming from the
rain. This can be placed for mosquito to spread out.
Anyway I notice that most of the students have responsibilities for their school
environment. They put their litter on the proper place but some of them are not diligent
enough to find the dust bins. The numbers of the dust bins in the school are not enough.
More dust bins should be put beside each step, outside of the classrooms and some along
of the corridors. Probably one dust bin should be in every ten meters. So when students
want to throw away their litters, they can find the dust bins easily.
When school is equipped with sufficient dust bins, students do not have problem of
discomfort any more. So provide more dust bins and school will be very clean and
become a very nice place to study.
C. Where should be after High School?; a hortatory text

The National examination result will be publicly enounced in next short time.
Euphoria will flood for those who get success. In the other hand, It will be sorry to hear
that there are some of them do not succeed in their national final examination. For those
who succeed soon will think to decide; where will they be after graduating high school?
Actually it will be easy to decide for those has been arranged and thought earlier but for
those have not planed yet, it will be quite confusing.
Continuing study or looking for work is the primary choice among them. When they
think about continuing study, they will think hard about the time and cost. How long the
higher study will last? And how high is about the cost. In the same way, when they think
about straightly seeking job, what skill and competence they have got is a big matter of
questioning. So, doing both choices in the same time is an alternative.
Continuing study as well as seeking job is possibly done but it will be hard for them.
Conventionally studying in the university needs much time to spend especially in the first
year. It is true because they have to do and adapt a lot of things in their new higher
school. it will be very hard to looking for job. Therefore it should come to their mind of
continuing studying at higher school from their own home. As result, the available time
will be more flexible for them. Then it will be very possible to seek job and get the
appropriate one. This type of studying is publicly known as distance learning.
As the alternative method of studying, besides the conventional studying which
students and the lecturer have to meet in the fixed time and place regularly, distance
learning provides possibility to grow better. Possibly working and studying surely will
create high quality graduate. Distance learning should appear as a considerable choice for
them.
33
D. Millions from Property Market; a hortatory
Small Notes exposition text
Hortatory Exposition (eksposisi Dear friend,
hortatory) Are you tired of the daily grind? Sick of working
Ciri Umum: all hours of the day for litle reward? Tired of having
(a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks enough money to really enjoy yourself? Well, now
(Communicative Purpose) there is a way out.
Memaparkan dan mempengaruhi We can show the way to give up work. Sit back
audience (pendengar/pembaca) and make millions for yourself and your loved ones
bahwa seharusnya demikian atau on property market.
tidak demikian . Albert Smith felt just like you untill he read our
(b) Struktur Teks/Generic structure leaflet. Now he drives a sport car arround the South
 Thesis; Pernyataan isu yang of France and his wife has one of her own too.
dipersoalkan
Generic Structure Analyse
 Arguments: berupa alasan mengapa
ada keprihatinan, dan mengarah ke
Thesis; there is a way out of financial problem.
rekomendasi Argument; Albert Smith is the proof.
 Recomendation: pernyataan Recommendation; Join property market !
tentang bagaimana seharusnya atau Language Feature Analysis
tidak seharusnya Using abstract noun; reward
(c) Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan: Using action verb; give up, make, etc
 Abstrac nouns,misalnya Using thinking verb; felt
policy,government dsb. Using simple present tense; are you tired?, he
 Technical verbs, misalnya species of drives a sport car, etc
animals,dsb.
 Relating verbs, misalnya should be,
doesn’t seem to have been , dsb.
 Action verbs, misalnya, we must
save, dsb.
 Thinking verbs, misalnya I believe ,
dsb.
 Modal verbs, misalnya We must
preserve, dsb.
 Modal adverbs, misalnya
certainly,we, dsb.
 Connectives, misalnya firstly,
secondly, dsb.
 Simple present tense
 Bahas evaluatif, misalnya important,
valuable, dsb.
 Kalimat pasif (passive voice)
34

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DISCUSSION MATERIALS

I. Understanding Types of Text..................................................................................................5

II. FUNCTIONAL SKILL...........................................................................................................56

1. Analytical Exposition Text

Cars should be banned in the city

Example of Analytical Exposition

NOTES ON Generic Structure:

First, modern schools tend to apply fast transferring knowledge

Generic Structure Analysis

Snake in the Bath

Generic Structure Analysis

What is Descriptive Text?

Generic Structure Analysis

Analysis the Generic Structure

C. The Legend of Toba Lake

Notes on Generic Structure

E. The Smartest Animal.

Generic Structure Analysis

Language Feature Analysis

Tujuan How to Make a Cheese Omelet

Generic Structure Analysis

C. How to Make a Cheese Omelet

6. News Item Text

Generic Structure Analysis

Example of Discussion Text

 It produces huge amounts of energy from small amount of uranium.

 It produces small amount of waste.

(Taken from: www.bbc.co.uk)

Generic Structure Analysis

Example of Explanation Text

B. How Day and Night Happen

9. Hortatory Exposition Text

What is Hortatory Exposition?

Example of Hortatory Exposition

Notes on the Generic Structure of this Hortatory Exposition example

C. Where should be after High School?; a hortatory text

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