ENGINEERING DRAWING/

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN (CAD)

LABORATORY MANUAL
19MEE101 ENGINEERING DRAWING / 19MEE100 ENGINEERING
GRAPHICS – CAD
Ist year Bachelor of Technology (Common to all Branches)

by
Dr. Shankara
Assistant Professor (SG)
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
August 2023 (Revised)
 Preface
Engineering drawing is a basic engineering course that is taught to all engineering students
irrespective of the branch chosen by the students. Often, it is very difficult or even nearly
impossible to describe verbally the shape, size, appearance of an object or details of a three-
dimensional structure/component. On the other hand, drawings offer far better idea about the
shape, size & appearance of an object or details of solids. Engineering drawing course is
intended to develop analytical skill in every student that is most important to all engineering
students and in almost all fields.

Earlier, drawings were done using pencil on a drafting table but presently, engineering
drawings are done with a computer using CAD (computer Aided Design) software. This
laboratory course book consists of ‘Engineering Drawing/ Computer Aided Design (CAD)
Manual’ prepared to meet the Engineering drawing laboratory requirements of the first year
B.Tech. students. The syllabus is more or less the same for almost engineering degree students
of most universities in India, at the same time, it completely covers the syllabus of
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham. To understand and perform well in this course the students have
to complete the theory course on Engineering drawing of every topic of study as a prerequisite
for this book.

During the conduction of the laboratory classes for over two decades, the author has found the
gap between the theory class and the laboratory class of Engineering Drawing for most
students. This book is aimed to make all the students interested and practice in all most all
engineering branches. Sincere effort has been made to bring this book to the laboratory/students
that can fill that gap in understanding. Students can note that the book contains many questions
and solutions for the same in every chapter to make them learn the methodology of solving any
related questions. The book also contains question bank for students to solve and improve their
confidence.

The salient features of this manual are,

• Every solution has been printed to scale and the same is mentioned in the drawing.
• Pictorial views of the solutions have been drawn to selected problems.
• Directions of all projectors and the order of drawing have been shown to make the
solution self-explanatory.
 About the Author

Shankara holds B.E. degree in Civil Engineering from

Bangalore University, M.Tech. and Ph.D. degrees in Civil
Engineering from Visvesvaraya Technological University.
Presently he is working as Assistant Professor (SG) in the
Department of Civil Engineering at Amrita School of
Engineering, Bengaluru. Dr. Shankara has over 20 years of
teaching experience in Amrita, and his broad areas of interest
include Engineering Mechanics, Engineering Drawing,
Mechanics of Solids, Environmental Science and Building
Design. He has published/presented over 20 research papers in
various international / national journals and conferences.

Send your feedback (any errors, suggestions for improvement, etc.) to

k_shankara@blr.amrita.edu
 INDEX

Sl. No. CONTENTS Page No.

1. Geometrical Constructions 1
Exercises-1
Geometrical Constructions, (2-D Drawing Using CAD Software) 2-4

Exercises-2 2-D Drawings Using CAD Software 5

Exercises-3 2-D Drawings Using CAD Software 6
2. Scales 7
Exercises-4 Plain and Diagonal Scales 8
3. Conic Sections and Engineering Curves 11
Exercises-5 Conic Sections and Engineering Curves 12
4. Orthographic Projection of points 16
Exercises-6 Projections of Points `17
5. Orthographic Projection of lines 19
Exercises-7 Projections of Lines -I 20
Exercises-8 Projections of Lines -II 23
6. Orthographic Projection of Planes 33
Exercises-9 Projections of Planes-I 34
Exercises-10 Projections of Planes-II 40
7. Orthographic Projection of Solids 47
Exercises-11 Projections of Solids-I 48
Exercises-12 Projections of Solids-II 57
8. Sections of solids 65
Exercises-13 Sections of Solids 66
9. Development of surfaces 75
Exercises-14 Development of surfaces 76
10. Orthographic Projections of Isometric Drawings 88
Exercises-15 Orthographic to Isometric 89
11. Isometric Projections and Views 94
Exercises-16 Isometric to Orthographic 95
12. Simple Building Plans 101
Exercises-17 Simple Building Plans 103
Model evaluation Question papers 106
Model Mid-term Question paper 111
Model End Sem Question paper 113
References 114
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

1. Geometrical Constructions
Chapter Objectives
• Constructing 2D geometry using AutoCAD software.
• Examine the standard procedures for developing Geometrical constructions.
• Proper dimensioning using Computer Aided drafting software.

An engineering drawing which is aimed to clearly and accurately capture all geometric
features of a product or component such that a manufacturer or engineer can produce the
required item. The initial step in the process of preparation of any technical drawings involves
construction of a simple geometrical element. Now a days all methods that are used in the
development of any drawing element are incorporated in CAD (Computer Aided Design)
systems and hence, in this Chapter, the focus of all is to understand and draw the basic and
simple geometrical constructions using CAD software. This method starts with coordinate
system in AutoCAD, drawing a set of parallel lines in different orientations, dividing a
line/circle into required number of segments, drawing different polygons in different
orientations and practicing given 2D drawings. With this, students can acquire sufficient skills
to develop/produce any challenging geometrical aspects to initiate all the mechanics of
Engineering Drawing. On completion of this topic students will be able to produce any given
2D geometry with dimensioning using AutoCAD system.

Course Outcomes:

CO1: Apply standard drawing codes and practices to produce engineering drawings
CO2: Construct 2D geometry with proper dimensioning using Computer Aided drafting software
CO3: Create 2D representations of 3D objects using CAD software
CO4: Develop isometric drawings using orthographic views

Page 1
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

EX: 1, GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS

1. Draw 5 straight lines vertically, horizontally and at 30o, of each 50 mm long and at 8
mm offset distance.

2. Draw 10 straight lines vertically, horizontally and at 40o, of each 60 mm long and at 10
mm offset distance.

3. Split the 165 mm length straight line into 10 equal parts.

4. Split the circle of diameter 70 mm into 12 equal parts.

5. Split the 150 mm length straight line into 12 equal parts.

6. Split the 80 mm diameter circle into 12 equal parts.

7. Draw an equilateral triangular lamina of 50 mm sides (with an edge vertical).

8. Draw a regular pentagonal lamina, of 25 mm edges (with an edge vertical).

9. Draw a regular hexagonal lamina of 25 mm edges (with an edge vertical).

10. Draw a regular pentagonal lamina of 40 mm edges (with one of its edges horizontal).

11. Draw a regular hexagonal plate, of 40 mm edges (with one of its edges horizontal).

Page 2
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Exercise-1 Geometrical Constructions

Auto CAD Coordinate System

Absolute Cartesian (X,Y) coordinates Relative X,Y coordinates

(@0,40)
(50,60)

40
40

Y
click any
(20,20) X where (@30,0)
(50,20) 30
30

Relative (R,θ) Polar coordinates Relative R,θ Polar coordinates

(@40<90)
50
(@-50,0)
(@50<180) (@50<30)
(@50<-180)
40

click any
30°
click any where (@30,0)
where
(@30<0) 30 50
30

Draw using ortho-mode Draw by mixing all the methods

20 20 20 30 20 30
20
10
35
50
20

25

°
139 40
60
25 25

Note: Students can practice this exercise without dimensioning. Scale = 1:1.2

Page 3
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Exercise-1 Geometrical Constructions

Offset, Rotate, Divide, Circle and Polygon
1 8
50

8
50
8

30°
50

3
160

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1'
2'
3'
4 J 4'
K I 5'
6'
7'
L H 8'
9'
Ø70 10'

A G

B F
9
C E F
D
E G E
D
8
30

A
B D
C
30

B C

Note: Students can practice this exercise without dimensioning.

Scale = 1:1.2

Page 4
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Exercise-2, 2-D Drawings

Circles, mirror, line types and arrays

Ø40 60

R50

0
0

Ø3
Ø5
Ø30
60

Ø2

20
0

Ø20

0
0
R1
50

10 30 10 10 40 35
R5
4xØ1
10 10 10 10 105

0
12

20
20
12

Chamfer, 10 and 30°

30
Chamfer, 10 and 5

0
R1
30

Scale = 1:1.2

Page 5
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Exercise-3, 2-D Drawings

Circle, mirror, array and hatching
6
0
Ø6
0
Ø3

Ø45

30
2xØ3
0

2xØ15 75
54

30
2x 2xØ2
Ø 4
12

6 holes of Ø10 equally

spaced on PCD 35
0
Ø4 50
Ø 0
Ø7 0
Ø9
24
12

Note: Students need not draw the pictorial view.

Scale = 1:1.2

Page 6
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

2. Scales
Chapter Objectives
• Introduction to Scales in Engineering Drawing
• Construction of Plane Scale
• Construction of Diagonal scale
• Assessment of the real size of an object that is scaled and drawing to fit the given
size of paper.

In engineering drawing scale means the proportion or ratio between the dimensions adopted
for the drawing and the corresponding dimensions of the object. Drawing a big or a small
object on a given size of paper is routine task in engineering drawing. Therefore, depending on
the paper area available, to draw/print the real size drawings, the real sizes have to be converted
to the required size that can fit the given paper area. Full size scale (1:1) is the size of the given
object on paper as well as on ground is same. Similarly, very big objects such as buildings are
drawn/printed by reduction scale i.e., 1:50, 1:100 etc. If the object is very small such as internal
parts of a wrist watch are drawn by enlargement scale i.e., 5:1 20:1 etc.

In this Chapter, the focus is to understand the simple plain scale and diagonal scales that are
used in engineering drawing. Real sizes, Units of measurements, Representative fraction and
Length of scale are the basics to understand and construction of various scales. On completion
of this topic, students can acquire sufficient skills to decide on proper scale to produce any real
size object on given size of paper.

Course Outcomes:

CO1: Apply standard drawing codes and practices to produce engineering drawings
CO2: Construct 2D geometry with proper dimensioning using Computer Aided drafting software
CO3: Create 2D representations of 3D objects using CAD software
CO4: Develop isometric drawings using orthographic views

Page 7
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

EX: 4, SCALES
Plain Scale

1. Draw a scale of 1:60 to mark metres, decimetres and the scale should show a maximum
length of 9 metre. Mark a distance of 6.7 m on the scale.

2. A 4 m real distance has been shown by a line of 1 cm length in the drawing. Calculate
the RF and draw a plain scale to show a maximum length of 70 m. Mark a length of
64 m on it.

3. Draw a scale of 1:4 such that it can show decimetres, centimetres and the scale should
show a maximum length of 1 m. Mark a length of 7.4 dm on the scale.

4. 100 sq. cm of area on a map designates the real area of 49 sq. m on a ground. Construct
the scale to measure a maximum distance of 14 m. Show a distance of 10 m 4 dm on the
scale.

5. A real length of 4 km is represented by a line of 10 cm in a map. Find RF and draw

a plain scale that can show a maximum length of 8 kilometres. Mark any convenient
length showing kilometres and hectometres on the scale.

Diagonal Scale

6. Draw a scale of 1:50 to show metres, decimetres and centimetres, the scale should
show a maximum length of 7 m. Show a distance of 5.77 m on it.

7. In a map a line of length 1 cm denotes a real measurement of 5 m on ground. Find RF and

construct a diagonal scale that can measure a maximum distance of 40 m. Mark a length
of 35.4 m on the scale.

8. A real length of 25 km between two station points has been represented by 15 cm on a

map. Draw a diagonal scale to measure kilometres and hectometres, and also the scale
should show a maximum length of 25 km. Indicate a length of 21.6 km on it.

9. The distance between two points is 20 m on the ground and, on a map, it is shown
by 5 cm. Show a diagonal scale, that should measure the maximum distance of 60
metres and indicate a length of 44.7 m on it.

10. An area of 625 square centimetres in the drawing denotes an area of 36 square kilometres
on the ground. Draw the appropriate scale that should show a maximum length of 6 km
and mark a length of 4.66 km on it.

Page 8
 2
64 m

10 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
METRES METRES
1
R.F. = 400

Length of the scale = 17.5 cm

Page 9
5
Exercise-4 Scales

6.4 km

10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

HECTOMETRES KILOMETRES
1
R.F. = 40000

Full size scale

Length of the scale = 20 cm
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Exercise-4 Scales

5.77 m

10
CENTIMETRES

8
6
4
2
0
10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

DECIMETRES METRES
1
R.F. = 50

Length of the scale = 14 cm

9

44.7 m

10
8
DECIMETRES

6
4
2
0
10 5 0 10 20 30 40 50

METRES DECAMETRES
1
R.F. = 400

Length of the scale = 15 cm

Full size scale

Page 10
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

3. Conic sections and Engineering Curves

Chapter Objectives
• Construction of Ellipse, Parabola and hyperbola
• Cycloids and involutes
• Identifying different curves, their origins; and different methods of their
constructions.

This chapter focuses on different types of curves which are used in Engineering drawing. Conic
sections are the intersecting areas with the section plane when it cuts the right circular cone in
different orientations with respect to axis of cone. Ellipse, Parabola and hyperbola are the three
conic sections which are generally formed based on a geometrical parameter - eccentricity. The
eccentricity is the ratio between distance of the point from the focus and distance of the point
from the directrix, where focus is a fixed point and directrix is a fixed line in the plane of the
conic section. Cycloid is a curve traced by a point which is located on a rolling (in a straight
line without slipping) circle. Whereas epicycloid is a curve traced by a point which is located
on a rolling (without slipping) circle which rolls on another circle and outside of it. Involute is
a curve traced by a point which is the end of a thread that is unwound from a circle or polygon.
On practicing of these, students can acquire sufficient skills to identify different curves, their
origins and different methods of their constructions along with the tangent and normal on the
various curves used in Engineering practice.

Course Outcomes:

CO1: Apply standard drawing codes and practices to produce engineering drawings
CO2: Construct 2D geometry with proper dimensioning using Computer Aided drafting software
CO3: Create 2D representations of 3D objects using CAD software
CO4: Develop isometric drawings using orthographic views

Page 11
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

EX: 5, CONIC SECTIONS AND ENGINEERING CURVES

1. The distance between focus and directrix is 60 mm. Draw an ellipse with eccentricity
2/3. Show a set of tangent-normal on the ellipse at a distance of 90 mm away from the
directrix.

2. An ellipse has a major axis 120 mm and minor axis 80 mm. Find the foci for the
ellipse and draw an ellipse by using the ‘arcs of circles' technique. Show a set of
tangent-normal on the ellipse at any convenient point.

3. The focus of a parabola is at a distance of 60 mm from the directrix line. Construct the
curve and show a set of tangent-normal on the parabola at a point 90 mm from the
directrix.

4. A parabolic arch has a span of 180 mm and a maximum rise of 100 mm. Construct
the curve using the offset method.

5. The focus of hyperbola is at a distance of 60 mm from the directrix line. Draw the
hyperbola with eccentricity 3/2. Show a set of tangent-normal on the hyperbola at a point
50 mm away from the directrix.

6. Construct a cycloid for a point, on the perimeter of the rolling circle, (without
slipping) of diameter 45 mm. Show a set of tangent-normal on the curve at 38 mm
from the base line.

7. Construct an epicycloid for a point on the perimeter of 30 mm radius circle, which in turn
rolling (without slipping), on the circumference of another circle of 90 mm radius and
outside of it. Also show a set of tangent and normal on a suitable point on the epicycloid.

8. Construct an involute curve for a circle of 60 mm diameter. Also show a set of tangent
and normal on a suitable point on the involute.

9. Draw an involute of a regular hexagon of 30 mm edge.

10. Construct an involute of a pentagon of 30 mm edge.

Page 12
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Exercise-5, Conic sections and Engineering Curves

25
N' T'
F2-centre, B1-radius F1-centre, B1-radius
C
F1-center, A1-radius F2-center, A1-radius

2 T
1 2 3 O B
A
F1 F2
N
C-centre, AO radius

40
D

120

T
4
Note: ME=ET
A 3' 2' 1' E D
1 P1 P1' N'

4 P2'
P1
M X
100

9 P1 N P3'

50
T'

B F C
180

Scale = 1:1.5

Page 13
 6
Centre-C7, Radius-R
Cycloid
R=22.5
6 P6 T N'
7 5 P5
Centre-M, Radius-R P7 M
8 4
P4 P8 T'
C C1 3C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C'

Page 14
9 P3 P9
38

P2
10 2 P10
P1 P12
Ø45 11 1
P 1' 2' 3' 4' 5' 6' 7' 8' 9' 10' 11' P'
Center-C1, Radius-R 12 N 12'
πD 141.37
Exercise-5, Conic Sections and Engineering Curves

Scale = 1:1
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Exercise-5, Conic sections and Engineering Curves

a4
INVOLUTE

10 Centre-b, Radius-120
a3

Center-c, Radius-90
Center-a, Radius-150

d b

e a5
a b' c' d' e' a'
a2 a'
Perimeter = 150

a1 Center-e, Radius-30
Centre-d, Radius-30
Scale = 1:1.8

Page 15
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

4. Orthographic Projections of points

Chapter Objectives
• Introduction to different angles of projections
• To understand orthographic projection of points in First, Second, Third and
Fourth angles of projections.

An act of obtaining the image of an object is termed “projection” and the image produced is
termed as “View”. Projections are used to represent graphically 3-dimensonal objects and
structures on a 2-dimensional media/ flat surface. A perspective projection gives
a realistic appearance but does not have the relative proportions. The (horizontal) viewing
angle is either determined by the ratio between the length of the direction vector and the length
of the right vector or by the optional keyword angle, which is the preferred way. The viewing
angle has to be larger than 0 degrees and smaller than 180 degrees.

A point is a geometrical entity having no size. Projections of points is the basic concept behind
representing any geometrical entities such as lines, planes and solids on a flat surface. This
chapter emphasises on projections of points in different quadrants/angles so that it can be
represented on HP (horizontal plane), VP (vertical plane) and PP (profile plane) for a given
location of the point. These are crucial where the point lying on a quadrant plane/planes while
representing their views in different angles students can develop drawing skills that will be
used in the topics covered in subsequent chapters. With this, students can gain sufficient
knowledge to identify and decide on different angles of projections and underlying difficulties
in reading the views and also the same will be used in the coming chapters

Course Outcomes:

CO1: Apply standard drawing codes and practices to produce engineering drawings
CO2: Construct 2D geometry with proper dimensioning using Computer Aided drafting software
CO3: Create 2D representations of 3D objects using CAD software
CO4: Develop isometric drawings using orthographic views

Page 16
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

EX: 6, PROJECTIONS OF POINTS

1. The locations of various points with respect to four quadrants are given below. Draw their
projections.
i. Point A is 20 mm above the H.P. and 30 mm in front of the V.P.
ii. Point B is 35 mm above the H.P and 15 mm behind the V.P.
iii. Point C is 25 mm below the H.P and 15 mm behind the V.P.
vi. Point D is 20 mm below the H.P and 20 mm in front of the V.P.
v. Point E is on the H.P and 25 mm in front of the V.P.

2. A point A is 20 mm in front of the V.P., 30 mm above the H.P. and 35 mm away from
the R.P.P. Draw its projections.

3. Draw projections of point A, 30 mm behind the V.P., 15 mm above the H.P. and 25 mm
away from the L.P.P.

4. The top view of point A is 25 mm above the XY line, 40 mm above the H.P. and 35
mm away from the R.P.P. Draw its projections.

5. Draw projections of point A 30 mm below the H.P., on the V.P. and 40 mm in front of
the R.P.P.

6. Draw projections of point A 20 mm below the H.P., 30 mm behind the V.P. and 40 mm
behind the R.P.P.

7. Draw projections of point A 20 mm above the H.P. on the V.P. and 25 mm in front
of the L.P.P.

8. Draw projections of point A 15 mm below the H.P., 30 mm in front of the V.P. and 40
mm away from the R.P.P.

9. Draw projections of point A 30 mm behind the V.P., lying on the H.P. and 35 mm
away from the R.P.P.

10. Point A is 40 mm in front of the V.P., 20 mm below the H.P. and 30 mm in front of the
L.P.P. Draw its projections.

11. Draw projections of point A, 30 mm in front the V.P., lying on the H.P. and 40 mm away
from the R.P.P.

12. Draw projections of point A lying on the V.P., 30 mm below the H.P. and 40 mm away
from the R.P.P.

13. Draw projections of the point P 30 mm above the H.P., on the V.P. and 30 mm away from
the R.P.P.

14. Draw projections of the point P 15 mm below the H.P., 25 mm in front of the V.P.
and 20 mm in front of the R.P.P.

15. The front view of point P is 25 mm below the xy line, 25 mm in front of the V.P. and 30
mm away from the L.P.P. Draw projections of the point.

Page 17
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Exercise-6 Projection of Points

2
X1
a' a''
Quadrant -I
35 RPP
30

Y VP X
HP
Y1
20

45°
a

X1
4
a' a''
RPP
a
Quadrant -II
40

35
25

HP
45°

VP Y
X

Note: This point can also be

Y1
7 projected in II nd quadrant.

X1
a'' a'
Quadrant -I
LPP 25
20

X VP Y 14 20 Quadrant -IV
a HP
Y1 X1
X Y
VP
HP RPP
45°
15

Note: This point can also be

9 p' p''
25

projected in II nd quadrant.
a
m
p
Quadrant -III Y1
30

45°

X1
HP
Y X
VP a' a''
35
RPP
Y1 Scale = 1:2

Page 18
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

5. Orthographic Projections of Lines

Chapter Objectives
• Introduction to basic positions of a line in first angle projection
• Understanding the line which is inclined to both HP and VP
• Drawing the orthographic projections of lines in first angle projection.

A line is a geometrical entity which is defined as the shortest distance between two points. This
chapter focuses on projections of lines in first quadrant with basic positions and also in its
general positions. For various positions in different conditions, projections have been drawn
and the sequence of projection is mentioned in every solution. The principles of drawing have
been followed using the change of position method to arrive all the solutions and represented
their views on HP and VP. On completion of this topic, students can gain sufficient knowledge
to identify and decide on different positions of lines and also draw their orthographic
projections.

Course Outcomes:

CO1: Apply standard drawing codes and practices to produce engineering drawings
CO2: Construct 2D geometry with proper dimensioning using Computer Aided drafting software
CO3: Create 2D representations of 3D objects using CAD software
CO4: Develop isometric drawings using orthographic views.

Page 19
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

EX: 7, PROJECTIONS OF LINES -I

Lines in basic positions

1. A line which is perpendicular to the H.P. and 30 mm in front of the V.P. and its
length is 50 mm. The end which is nearer to the H.P. is 20 mm above the H.P., Draw
its projections.

2. A line which is perpendicular to the V.P. and 20 mm above the H.P. and its length is 50
mm. The end which is nearer to observer in F.V. is 65 mm in front of the V.P. and 35 mm
from PP. Draw its projections.

3. A line which is perpendicular to PP, the line is 20 mm above the H.P. and 30 mm in
front of the V.P. The line is 50 mm in length and the end nearer to PP is 20 mm from
PP. Draw its projections.

4. A line AB is 50 mm in length, is 30o to the V.P. and parallel to the H.P. Its end A is 20
mm in front of the V.P. and the line is 15 mm above the H.P., Draw its projections.

5. A line PQ is 50 mm in length is lying in the H.P. and 45o to the V.P. Its end P is 20 mm
in front of the V.P., Draw its projections.

6. A line AB is 50 mm in length, parallel to the V.P. and 45o to the H.P. The end A is
20 mm above the H.P. and the line is 15 mm in front of the V.P. Draw projections.
Assume PP at any convenient distance.

7. A line PQ is 60 mm in length is in the V.P. and inclined at 45o to the H.P. Its end P is 20
mm above the H.P. Draw its projections.

8. A line AB 50 mm long is 30 mm above the H.P. The F.V. measures 30 mm and is parallel
to the XY line. The end A is 20 in front of the V.P. Draw its projections.

9. A line 60 mm in length, 30 mm in front of the V.P. and one of its ends is 20 mm above
the H.P. The T.V. of the line is 40 mm in length and parallel to the XY line. Draw its
projections.

10. A line of length 50 mm which is 60o to the H.P. and its side view is in true length. one of
its ends is 20 mm in front of the V.P. and 15 mm above the H.P., Draw its projections.

Page 20
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Exercise-7 Projection of Lines-I

p'

50
q'
20

x VP y
HP
30

p(q)

x1
3
50 20 RPP

p' q' p''(q'')

20

x VP y
HP
45°

y1
30

p q

Scale = 1:1

Page 21
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Exercise-7 Projection of Lines-I

x1

6 20

q' q''

50 RPP

45°
p' p''
20

x VP y
HP
y1
15

45°
p q

b'
0

9
6
L.
T.

a' θ= 48°
20

x VP y
HP
30

a b
40 Scale = 1:1

Page 22
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

EX: 8, PROJECTIONS OF LINES -II

Lines inclined to both the H.P. and the V.P.

1. A line AB of 70 mm long, has its end A at 10 mm above the H.P. and 15 mm in front
of the V.P. The line is inclined at an angle of 30o to the H.P. and 45o to the V.P. Draw
the top and front views of AB and determine their respective apparent inclinations.

2. A line PQ of length 90 mm appears to be 75 mm in F.V. and 60 mm in T.V. The end P is

15 mm in front of the V.P. and 20 above the H.P. Draw the top and front views of PQ and
determine their respective inclinations with the H.P. and the V.P.

3. A line AB of 80 mm length is inclined at 30° to the V.P. Its end A is 15 mm above the
H.P. and 20 mm in front of the V.P. The length of T.V. is 60 mm, Draw the
projection of the line AB and find the inclination with the H.P.

4. Line AB of 80 mm length, the end A is 10 mm above the H.P. and 20 mm in front of the
V.P. The other end is 65 mm above the H.P. and 60 mm in front of the V.P. Draw the
projection of the line and determine their respective inclinations with the H.P. and V.P.

5. A line AB of 80 mm in length, the end A is 15 mm above the H.P and 15 mm in front of

the V.P. The front view length is 70 mm and is inclined at 50o to the xy line. Draw the
projection of the line and determine their respective inclinations with the H.P. and V.P.

6. A line AB of 80 mm in length, the end A is 15 mm above the H.P and 20 mm in front

of the V.P. Its top view length is 60 mm and is inclined at 40o to the xy line. Draw the
projection of the line and determine their respective inclinations with the H.P. and
the V.P.

7. The distance between the end projectors of a straight-line AB is 40 mm. The end A is 10
mm above the H.P. and 15 mm in front of the V.P. Its end B is 50 mm above the H.P. and
the line is inclined at 30o to the H.P. Draw the top and front views of AB and determine
T.L., their respective inclinations with the H.P. and the V.P.

8. Draw the projections of the line AB of 70 mm long, when one of its ends touching
the V.P. and the other end touching the H.P. The true inclinations with the H.P. and
the V.P. are 60o and 30o respectively.

9. A straight-line AB is inclined at 50o to the H.P. and 25o to the V.P. The point A is in the
H.P. and 15 mm in front of the V.P. and the length of the line is 80 mm. Draw the top and
front views of AB.

10. A line AB of 80 mm length, the end A is 15 mm above H.P. and the other end is 10 mm
in front of V.P. The line is inclined at 30o to the H.P. and 45o to the V.P. Draw the
projections of the line and determine their respective apparent inclinations.

11. A line AB 75 mm in length, the end A is 50 mm in front of the V.P. and 15 mm above
the H.P. The other end is 15 mm in front of the V.P. and the length of T.V. is 50 mm.
Draw the projection of the line and determine their respective true inclinations with
the H.P. and the V.P.

Page 23
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

12. The front view and top view of a 70 mm long line PQ measures 60 mm and 50 mm
respectively. End P is in the H.P. and Q in the V.P. Draw the projections and
determine true inclinations with H.P. and V.P.

Page 24
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

VP
1

'
b1
b' B1
70

3 0° 2'
θ= b
4 5° B
α=
b1
a'
B2
A 45°
5° φ
=
20 β= 5
a b2
15 b HP
70

Page 25
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Exercise-8 Projection of Lines-II

0
. L .7
T
Locus of B
b' b 1'

α= 45° θ= 30°
b2'
a'
10

VP y
x
HP
20

a b1
β= 55°
φ= 45°

Locus of B
T.
L.

b b2
70

Projection sequence

· a' and a
· a b2 (45° and 70)
· Draw locus at b2
· a'b2'
· a' b1' (30° and 70)
· Draw locus at b1'
· ab1
· a b1=ab
· ab
· a'b2'=a'b'
· a'b'

Note: Students can see its pictorial view. Scale = 1:1

Page 26
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Exercise-8 Projection of Lines-II

Locus of B
b' b 1'

.28
69
L.

80
V.

.
F.

T.L

α= 50°

b2'
a'
15

VP y
x
HP
60
20

a b1
30°

Projection sequence
Locus of B
· a' and a
· a b2 (30° and 80) b b2
T.L
· Draw locus at b2 .8
0
· a'b2'
· a' b1' (projector and 80)
· Draw locus at b1'
· ab1
· a b1=ab
· ab
· a'b2'=a'b'
· a'b'
Scale = 1:1

Page 27
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Exercise-8 Projection of Lines-II

80 Locus of B
.L. b'
T b1'

θ= 41°

b2'
a'
15

VP y
x
HP
20

a T.V. Length = 60 b1

φ= 29°

β= 40°

Locus of B

b b2
T.L
. 80
Projection sequence

· a' and a
· a b1 (parallel to xy line 60)
· a b (40° and 60)
· Draw locus at b
· a b2
· a' b1' (projector and 80)
· Draw locus at b1'
· a'b2'
· a'b2'=a'b'
· a'b' Scale = 1:1

Page 28
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Exercise-8 Projection of Lines-II

8

Locus of B
b' b1'

60°

Locus of B
VP a' b2' b2
x y
HP b
30°

a b1
=80
TL

Projection sequence

· Take any point b2 on xy line

· a b2 (30° and 80)
· a' and a
· Draw locus at b2
· a'b2'
· a' b1' (60° and 80)
· Draw locus at b1'
· ab1
· a b1=ab
· ab
· a'b2'=a'b'
· a'b' Scale = 1:1

Page 29
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Exercise-8 Projection of Lines-II

11

es)
ur Locus of B
b' b 1'
eas
(m
66

75
L.
T.

b2'
a'
15

VP y
x
HP
Locus of B

15
b b2
)
v en
(gi
50

0
.5
.L
V
T.

a b1

Projection sequence 75
T.L
· a' and a
· a b2 (15 and 75)
· Draw locus at b2
· ab (T.V. 50 given)
· a'b2'
· ab1
· a' b1' (projector and 75)
· Draw locus at b1'
· a'b2'=a'b'
Scale = 1:1

Page 30
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Exercise-8 Projection of Lines-II

12

q' q1'

70
60 θ= 4
4°

q q2'
x VP p' y
HP q2

50 70 Ans: θ = 44°
φ=3

φ = 31°
1°

p q1

DBEP at first position = 50 (T.V. length)

PROJECTION SEQUENCE

1. p' on xy line (anywhere)

2. Draw DBEP at first position as 50 (given as T.V. length)
3. p'q1' (T.L. 70 given) and locus in F.V.
4. p'q' (F.V. 60 given)
5. p'q2' (p'q'- rotating back) and locus in T.V.
6. q2p (T.L. 70 given) Note: q2' and q2 are same point
7. pq1 (pq- rotating back)

Note: Students can see its pictorial view. Scale = 1:1

Page 31
 q1'
'
Qq
Q1
12
e is

70
rc l 2'
s ci 2 q
2 q
o

60
l
is .P
cu . Q
Th he V
t is 4
in q 31° l e
i r c in4 P.

44°
q1 us c 70xS H.
c

Page 32
i s l o nd ove
a b

50
p' Th el to m a
a ll m
pa r
Pp

VP P
H
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

6. Orthographic Projections of Planes

Chapter Objectives
• Introduction to basic positions of a plane in first angle projection
• Understand the plane which is inclined to both HP and VP
• Understand and draw the orthographic projections of planes in first angle
projection.

The topic of PROJECTIONS OF PLANES, various plane figures are the objects. A plane is a
geometrical entity it has got only two dimensions (length and breadth) and the thickness is
neglected. Various shapes of plane figures such as square, rectangle, circle, pentagon, hexagon,
etc., are covered. This chapter focuses on projections of planes in first quadrant with basic
positions and also in its general positions. For various positions and different conditions,
projections have been drawn and the order of projection is mentioned in every solution. The
principles of drawing have been followed using the change of position method to arrive all the
solutions and represented their views on HP and VP. On completion of this topic, students can
gain sufficient knowledge to identify and decide on different positions of planes and also draw
their orthographic projections.

Course Outcomes:

CO1: Apply standard drawing codes and practices to produce engineering drawings
CO2: Construct 2D geometry with proper dimensioning using Computer Aided drafting software
CO3: Create 2D representations of 3D objects using CAD software
CO4: Develop isometric drawings using orthographic views.

Page 33
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

EX:9, PROJECTIONS OF PLANES-I

1. An equilateral triangular plate of 40 mm sides which is kept in first quadrant, lies on

one of its edges on the H.P. with its plane 30o to the H.P. Draw projections when the
resting edge is 45o to the V.P.

2. An equilateral triangular plate of 30 mm sides which is kept in first quadrant, lies on one of
its corners on the V.P. such that the plane is 30 deg. to the V.P. The edge opposite to the
corner on which the lamina rests is inclined to the H.P. at 60o. Draw its projections.

3. An isosceles triangular lamina having 40 mm base and 60 mm altitude is resting on the H.P.
on its base such that it appears as an equilateral triangle of 40 mm sides in the top view. Draw
the projection of the triangular lamina when the resting side is 45o to the V.P.

4. A 45o set square of longest side 90 mm is resting on the H.P. and inclined at 45o to the V.P.
Draw projections of the set square when the plane/surface makes an angle of 30o with the
H.P.

5. A rectangular plate of 40 mm X 20 mm lies on the V.P. on a shorter edge such that it

appears as a square in the front view. Draw projections when the resting edge is 45o to
the H.P.

6. A square lamina of 30 mm sides lies on a side on the H.P. The plane makes 45o to the H.P.
Draw projections when the resting side is 30o to the V.P.

7. A square lamina ABCD of 40 mm sides rests on a corner on the H.P. The diagonal AC
is inclined at 45o to the H.P. and the diagonal BD 30o to the V.P. Draw its projections.

8. A rhombus of diagonals of 70 mm and 40 mm lengths respectively. The top view of the

rhombus appears as square of diagonals 40 mm length. The shorter diagonal makes an
angle of 45o to the V.P. Draw its projections.

9. A square plate of 40 mm sides lies on a side on the V.P. such that it appears as a rectangle of
size 40X20 in the front view. Draw projections when the resting edge is 45o to the H.P.

Page 34
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Page 35
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Page 36
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Exercise-9 Projection of Planes-I

1
VI
III
c' c'
II

b'

30°
VP (a') b' c'
x (a') a' b' y
HP
a a c

45°
a
60°
c c
60°
40

V
I
e shape
r e in sam
them a

b
b b both of
IV

5
Note: Size of the lamina has been reduced as compared to original question in order to
fit the page.
40 IV 20
a' d' a' d' V
a'
20

20

I
b'

d'

b' c' b' c'

45°

c'

VP a(b) y
x a
HP a(b) d(c) b
II φ= 60°
40

III
d(c) c d
VI

Scale = 1:1.2

Note: Students can see their pictorial views.

Page 37
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Exercise-9 Projection of Planes-I

y
d
d'

V
c
c'
VI

30°
a

shape
a'

e
in sam
b'

m a re
of the
c

c'
45°

both
d

b
')
'b (d
III

IV
a'

a
c
c'

40
b'(d')

b
II
7

40

I
a'

a
HP
VP

Scale = 1:1.2
x

Page 38
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Exercise-9 Projection of Planes-I

V
d'
c'

c
VI

45°
b'

a'

b
a 40
c'
c

55°

40
b

III
')
d

d
b'(
IV

70
a'

a
c
c'
b'(d')

b
d

70
8

II

I
a'

a
HP
VP

40

Scale = 1:1.2
x

Page 39
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

EX: 10, PROJECTIONS OF PLANES-II

1. A pentagonal plate of 30 mm sides lies on a side on the H.P. and its plane is at 30° to
H.P. Draw its projections when the resting side is 45o to the V.P. Consider the resting
side to be nearer to the observer in third position.

2. A pentagonal plate of 30 mm sides lies on a corner on the H.P. and its plane is inclined at 30°
to H.P. Draw its projections when the side opposite to the corner on which plane rests is 50°
to the V.P. Consider the resting corner to be nearer to the observer in third position.

3. A pentagonal plate of 30 mm sides lies on a corner on the H.P. and its plane is inclined
at 30° to H.P. Draw its projections when the side opposite to the corner on which plate
rests is parallel to the V.P. Consider the resting corner to be nearer to observer in third
position.

4. A hexagonal plate of 30 mm sides lies on a side on the H.P. and its plane is at 30° to H.P.
Draw its projections when the resting side is 45o to the V.P. Consider the resting side to be
nearer to the observer in third position.

5. A hexagonal plane of 30 mm sides lies on a corner on the H.P. and its plane is inclined
at 30° to H.P. Draw its projections when the diagonal passing through the resting corner
is 45o to the V.P. Consider the resting corner to be nearer to the V.P. in third position.

6. A regular hexagonal plate of side 30 mm has a side on both the H.P. and the V.P. While the
lamina makes an angle of 50 with the V.P. Draw projections.

7. A circular plate of 25 mm radius lies on the H.P. on a point with its plane inclined at 30o
to the H.P. Draw the projections when the top view of the diagonal passing through the
resting point is 45o to the V.P.

8. A circular plate of 25 mm radius appears as an ellipse in the top view with its major axis 50
mm and minor axis 30 mm. Draw the projections when the top view of the minor axis of the
ellipse is perpendicular to the V.P.

9. A semicircular lamina of diameter 50 mm has its diametrical edge in the H.P. with its plane
30o to the H.P. and the diametrical edge which is in the H.P. is at 45o to the V.P. Draw its
projections.

Page 40
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Page 41
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Exercise-10 Projection of Planes-II

V
c'

c
d'

d
VI

b'

b
e'

e
a'

a
45° d
d'

e
')

c
c'(e

IV
30°
III

')
b'(a

b
a

d
d'
c'(e')

c
II

I
1

b'(a')

b
a

30
HP
VP
x

Note: Students can see its pictorial view. Scale = 1:1.2

Page 42
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Exercise-10 Projection of Planes-II

y
b'

V
c
c'
VI

a'

a
d'

d
e'

e
')

c
c'(d

30°

IV
')
b'(e

b
III

a'

a
c'(d')

I
b'(e')
II

b
e
3

30
a'

a
HP
VP
x

Scale = 1:1.2

Page 43
 5 Note: The diagonal referred for the third position is already inclined to H.P. (in apparent length)

VI

III d' d'

') e'
II c'(e c'
f') f'
b'(

30°
c'(e') b'
VP a' b'(f') d' a' a'
x y
HP
f e f e φ= 45° Locus of D

Page 44
β= 55° e d

30
f
a d
d a c
Exercise-10 Projection of Planes-II

,96

a
51

b c b c b
60 51,96 60

IV V

Scale = 1:1.2
I
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
 7

VI

III
II ') g'
f'(h g' h' f'
e'(i') i' e'
j') j'
d'(
) d'
c'(k' k'

30°
VP l') b' c'
b'(l') c'(k') d'(j') e'(i') f'(h') b'(
x l' y
HP a' g' a' a'
45°

j j

Page 45
k i k i
l h l h
h

i
j
Exercise-10 Projection of Planes-II

a a g g
g
Ø50 k f

Note: Students can see its pictorial view.

b f b f
l e
c e c e
d d
a d
I IV b c
V

Scale = 1:1.2
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Page 46
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

7. Orthographic Projections of Solids

Chapter Objectives
• Introduction to basic positions of a solid in first angle projection
• Understanding the axis of the solid which is inclined to both HP and VP
• Understand and draw the orthographic projections of solids in first angle
projection.

A solid is a three-dimensional object with length, breadth and thickness. It is completely

bounded by a surface or surfaces which may be curved or plane. The shape of the solid is
described by drawing its two/three orthographic views usually on the two principal planes i.e.,
Horizontal and Vertical Planes.
This chapter focuses on projections of solids in first quadrant with basic positions and also in
its general positions. For various positions and different conditions, projections have been
drawn and the order of projection is mentioned in every solution. The principles of drawing
have been followed using the change of position method to arrive all the solutions and
represented their views on HP and VP. On completion of this topic, students can gain sufficient
knowledge to identify and decide on different positions of solids and also draw their
orthographic projections.

Course Outcomes:

CO1: Apply standard drawing codes and practices to produce engineering drawings
CO2: Construct 2D geometry with proper dimensioning using Computer Aided drafting software
CO3: Create 2D representations of 3D objects using CAD software
CO4: Develop isometric drawings using orthographic views.

Page 47
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

EX:11, PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS-I

Prisms and Cylinders

1. A triangular prism of base side 40 mm and 60 mm long is lying on a base side on the H.P.
Draw the projections of the solid when the axis is inclined at 45o to the H.P.

2. A triangular prism of base side 40 mm and 70 mm long is lying with a corner on the
H.P. with the base inclined at 50o to the H.P. (axis is inclined at 40o to the H.P.). Draw
the projections of the solid when the axis is 45o to the V.P. in the top view. Consider
the resting corner to be nearer to the V.P. in third position.

3. A triangular prism of base side 40 mm and 70 mm long is lying on the H.P on a side of
its base. Draw its projections, when the base is inclined at 50° to the H.P and the axis
appears to be inclined at 45o to the V.P.

4. A square prism of base side 30 mm and 60 mm long is lying on a base side on the
H.P. with its axis inclined at 40o to the H.P. Draw the projections of the solid when
resting edge is 60o to the V.P. Consider the top to be nearer to the observer in third
position.

5. A square prism of base side 40 mm and axis length 70 mm is lying on the H.P. on a corner
of its base. Draw the projections of the solid, when the base is inclined at 45° to H.P. and
the axis is perpendicular to the V.P. in the top view. Consider the top to be nearer to the
V.P. in third position.

6. A cube of 45 mm sides lies on the H.P. on a side such that the one of the square surfaces
contained by the resting side is 30° to the H.P. Draw the projections of the solid when
the resting side is 45o to the V.P. Consider the resting side to be nearer to the V.P. in third
position.

7. A cube of 45 mm sides lies on the H.P. on a corner with a solid diagonal

perpendicular to the V.P. Draw its projections.

8. A pentagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 70 mm is lying on the H.P. on a
corner of its base. Draw the projections of the solid, when the axis is 60° to the H.P. and
appears to be 40° to the V.P. in the top view. Consider the top to be nearer to the observer
in third position.

9. A pentagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 70 mm is lying on the H.P.
on a side of its base. Draw the projections of the prism, when the base is inclined at
40° to H.P and the resting edge is at 30o to the V.P. Consider the top to be nearer to
the V.P. in third position.

10. A pentagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 70 mm is lying on the H.P. on a
side of its base. Draw the projections of the solid, when the base is 30° to H.P and the
resting edge is parallel to both the H.P. and V.P. Consider the top to be nearer to the
observer in third position.

11. A hexagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 70 mm is resting on H.P on a base
side. Draw the projections of the solid, when the axis is 50° to H.P and the resting side is
40o to the V.P. Consider the top to be nearer to the V.P. in third position.

Page 48
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

12. A hexagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 70 mm is lying on H.P. on a
corner. Draw the projections of the solid, when the base is inclined at 50° to the H.P.
and the axis is 30° to the V.P. in the top view. Consider the top to be nearer to the
observer in third position.

13. A hexagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 70 mm is lying on H. P on a base
side such that the axis is 30o to the H.P. and appears to be 45° to the V.P. Draw its
projections considering the resting side to be nearer to the observer in third position.

14. A cylinder with a base 60 mm diameter and 80 mm long is lying on a point of its base
on the H.P. such that the axis is inclined at 30o to the H.P. Draw the projections of
the solid when the axis is 45o to the V.P. in the top view. Consider the top to be nearer
to the observer in third position.

15. A cylinder with a base 60 mm diameter and 80 mm long is lying on a point of its base on
the H.P. such that the base is 60o to the H.P. Draw the projections of the solid when the
axis is perpendicular to the V.P. in the top view. Consider the top to be nearer to the V.P.
in third position.

16. A cylinder with base 50 mm diameter and 60 mm long is lying on a point of its base on
the H.P. such that the base is 45o to the H.P. and the top view of the axis making an angle
of 45 with the V.P. Draw the projections of the solid considering the base to be nearer
to the observer in third position.

Page 49
 2
VI
II

b'(
a')
b'(a') (o') c' a' b'
III (o')
(o')

c'

c'

b1
'(

70
a1
')
a1 b1

50°
(o1') o1'

Page 50
VP b1'(a1') c1'
x y

c1
(o1') c1

'
HP

a c

a(a1) a1 a o
45°
Exercise-11 Projection of Solids-I

40
c 1)
o(o1) c(c1) (o1) (c1) o (c
a1
1)
(o
b(b1) b1 b
V
I
b1

Scale = 1:1.5
IV
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
 II VI

b'(
4

')a
b'(a') (o') c'(d') b' a'
III

(o
')
o'
c' d'

b1
c'(

'(a
d')

60
1')
b1' a1'

50°
(o
(o1')

1')

Page 51
VP b1'(a1') c1'(d1')
x y

c1
c1' d1'

'
HP (o1')

( d1
')
d(d1) a1
60

a(a1) a1 (d1) a
°

d (d1
)
Exercise-11 Projection of Solids-I

(o1)

30
o(o1) (o1) o a
b1
c d
b(b1) c(c1) b1 (c1) b (c1
) o
30
IV b
I c
V

Scale = 1:1.5
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
 7

VI Body diagonal is
III perpendicular to VP
II c' c'

Body diagonal d') d'

b'( b'
a' b'(d') c'
a' c' c1'
c1'

45
d1'
') b1'

Page 52
' (d1
b1
VP
x y
HP a1' b1'(d1') c1' a1' a1'
d(d1) d d1 c1
90°

d1 c b1
a(a1) c c1
Exercise-11 Projection of Solids-I

c(c1) a a1

d a1 b

45
b(b1) b b1
I IV
V
Body diagonal a

Scale = 1:1.5
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Page 53
 II VI
III a' a'

b'(e') c'(d') b'(e') e' b'

a'
9 (o') (o') (o')
c'(d')
d' c'

70
a1' a1'
b1'(e1') e1' b1'
(o1') o1'

40°
(o1')

Page 54
VP
x d1' c1' y
HP a1' b1'(e1') c1'(d1') c1'(d1')

d
30°

e(e1) e1 e
d(d1) d1 d e c
Exercise-11 Projection of Solids-I

a (a1)
o(o1) a1 (o1) a o
d1 a b
c1 c

30
c(c1)
e1 c1
b(b1) b1 b

I IV V

Scale = 1:1.5
a1 b1
Note: Students can see its pictorial view.
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
 VI
12

a'
II a'
III

b'(
b' f'

f')
a' b'(f') c'(e') d'
o'
(o')

(o
')
c'(
c' e'

e')
a1'

a1
d'

'
d'
b1' f1'

70
1'(
f1
(o1')

')
1
e1'

50°
(o c'1
c1'

') (e1'
VP

)
(o1')
x y

Page 55
HP a1' b1'(f1') c'1(e1') d1' d1'

d1
'
30°

f1
f(f1) e(e1) f1 e1 f e
e1
a1
Exercise-11 Projection of Solids-I

f
a (a1) d
a1 a o (o 1
o(o1) d(d1) (o1) d1 ) e
d1

30
b1 a
b(b1) c(c1) b1 c1 b c c1 o
d
IV
b
I
V c

Scale = 1:1.5
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
 VI
14 II a'
b'( b' l'
a' l')
III c'(k
') k'
d'( c' j'
j')
b'(l') c'(k') d'(j') e'(i') f'(h') e'(i d'
a' g' ') i'
f'(h
') e'
g' f' g' h'

80
a1'
b1' a1' l1'
b1 c1'
'(l1
')
(k1 k1'
') c1' j1'

30°
d1'
(j1 e1' d1'
') (i1
')

Page 56
i1'
VP c1'(k1') e1'(i1') f1' e1'
x (h1 f1' h1' y
HP a1' b1'(l1') d1'(j1') f1'(h1') g1' ') g
1' g1'
45°

k(k1) j(j1) j1 j l1 k1
i(i1) k1 i1 k i
j1
a1

l(l1) h(h1) l1 l h1 h
i1

b1

k
l

a(a1) a1 a g1 g
g(g1)
Exercise-11 Projection of Solids-I

o(o1)
j

h1
c1

b(b1) f(f1) b f1 f
b1 g1 i
e(e1) d1 b
c(c1) c1 e1 c e e1 f1
d(d1) d1 d c h

Ø6
0
g
V d
f

e
I IV
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

EX: 12, PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS-II

Pyramids and cones

1. A triangular pyramid of base sides 25 mm and axis length 50 mm is lying on a base

edge on the H.P. such that the base is inclined at 60o to the H.P. Draw the projections
of the solid when the resting edge is 45o to the V.P. Consider the base to be nearer to
the observer in third position.

2. A triangular pyramid of base sides 25 mm and axis length 60 mm is lying on a base corner
on the H.P. such that the base is inclined at 40o to the H.P. Draw the projections of the
solid when the side opposite to the resting corner is 30o to the V.P. Consider the apex to
be nearer to the V.P. in third position.

3. A square pyramid of base sides 40 mm and axis length 60 mm is lying on a base edge
on the H.P., such that the base is 60o to the H.P. and the resting edge is 45o to the V.P.
Draw the projections considering the base to be nearer to the V.P. in third position.

4. A rectangular pyramid of base sides 40 mm X 50 mm and axis length 70 mm lies on the

H.P. on a larger triangular face. The longer edge of the base, which is in the H.P. is
inclined at 600 to the V.P. Draw the projections, considering the apex to be nearer to the
V.P. in third position.

5. A pentagonal pyramid with side of base 25 mm and axis length 50 mm is lying with a
base side on the H.P. such that the base is 60o to the H.P. and the resting edge is 45o to the
V.P. Draw the projections, considering the apex to be nearer to the observer in third
position.

6. A pentagonal pyramid of base sides 25 mm and height 70 mm is lying on a base corner

on the H.P. with its axis 30 to the H.P. Draw the projection of the solid if the base edge
opposite to the corner on the H.P. makes an angle of 45 to the V.P. Consider the apex to
be nearer to the V.P. in third position.

7. A pentagonal pyramid of base sides 25 mm and axis length 60 mm is lying on a

triangular face on the H.P. such that its axis is 45o to V.P. in the top view. Draw the
projections of the solid, considering the apex to be nearer to the observer in third
position.

8. A pentagonal pyramid of base sides 25 mm and axis length 60 mm is freely

suspended from a base corner and the top view of the axis is inclined at 40o to the
V.P. Draw the projections of the solid, considering the apex to be nearer to the V.P.
in third position.

9. A hexagonal pyramid of base sides 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is lying with a base
edge on the H.P. such that the axis is 50o to the H.P. Draw the projections of the solid
when the resting edge is 45o to the V.P. Consider the base to be nearer to the observer in
third position.

10. A hexagonal pyramid of base sides 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is lying with a base
corner on the H.P. such that the axis is 45o to the H.P. and the top view of the axis is
inclined at 45o to the V.P. Draw the projections of the solid, considering the apex to be
nearer to the V.P. in third position.

Page 57
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

11. A hexagonal pyramid of base sides 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is lying with a base
edge on the H.P. such that the triangular face contained by the resting edge is
perpendicular to the H.P. and also parallel to the V.P. Draw the projections of the
solid, considering the resting edge to be nearer to the V.P. in third position.

12. A cone with base 25 mm radius and axis length 70 mm lies on a point of its base on the
H.P. such that the base is 60o to the H.P. Draw the projections of the solid when the axis
is 45o to the V.P. in the top view. Consider the base to be nearer to the observer in third
position.

13. A cone with base 25 mm radius and axis length 70 mm lies on one of its generators
on the H.P. such that its axis is 50o to the V.P. in the top view. Draw the projections
of the solid, considering the base to be nearer to the observer in third position.

Page 58
 1
II

o'
VI
III

o' o'

50
a' c'
(o1')

60°

Page 59
VP a' b'(c') o1'
x y
HP (o1') b'(c') a' b'
c c 45° o

a a o
o(o1) (o1) c
Exercise-12 Projection of Solids-II

25
b b (o1)
IV V
a b
I

Scale = 1:1.2
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Exercise-12 Projection of Solids-I

y
o'

o
d'

d
VI

(a')

V
')

1)
(o1

(o
c' 45°

c
b'

b
o
o'

)
(d'
III

c'
IV
d

')
c
(o1
(o1)

a')
b

°
a

b' (
60
c'(d')

c
II

(o1')

o (o1)
o'

40

I
b
b'(a')

60 40
3

HP
VP

Scale = 1:1.2
x

Page 60
 II
o'

7 III
a' a' VI

60
b' (e') b'
e'
(o1')
(o1')
VP (o1') c' (d') o' o'
x y
HP a' b' (e') c' (d') c' d'

Page 61
e e d e
45°

d d
o1
a o c a
Exercise-12 Projection of Solids-II

o (o1) o1 a
c c b

25
b b
IV o
I V

Scale = 1:1.2
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
 VI
III
II

d'
d'
8

e')
b' (a') c' (e') d' e' c'

c' (
(o')

15
(o')

')
G b' G
G

b' (a
a'

60
o1'
d'

VP
x y
HP o1'

Page 62
e e o
a a
e
40°

o (o1) d d

25
o
d
Exercise-12 Projection of Solids-II

o1 a o1
b b
c c c
b
I
IV

Scale = 1:1.2
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
 11 VI
o' o'
o' III
II

60
b'(a') a' b'
(o1') 90
° c'
(o1') c'(f') f' o1
VP
x y
HP b'(a') c'(f') d'(e') d'(e') e' d'

Page 63
f f
e o d

a e a e
Exercise-12 Projection of Solids-II

o f (o1) c
o(o1) (o1)

b b
d d
a b
30 c c
V
I

Scale = 1:1.2
IV
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
 13
o' II

VI
III

a' a'
b'(l') b'
l'
c'(k') k c'

70
d'(j') j' d'
(o1') o1'
e'(i') e'
i'
VP (o1') f'(h') o'
x a' g' h' f' y
HP b'(l') c'(k') d'(j') e'(i') f'(h') g' o' g'

Page 64
j j
k i i k
50°

h l
o'

l h

a g g a o'
o(o1) o1
Exercise-12 Projection of Solids-II

b f f b
c j k l
c e e

0
d d i a

Ø5
h b
I IV
o1

g c

Scale = 1:1.2
V
f e d
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

8. Sections of Solids

Chapter Objectives
• Introduction to basics of sections and cut views.
• Understanding the concept of Auxiliary planes/horizontal and vertical traces.
• Understanding the drawing standards used in section of solids.

To understand the hidden details of a given object, generally the solid will be cut through a
predetermined place that can reveal the required feature that is necessary for the manufacturing
the object. It is possible to identify the location of passing the cutting plane after analysing the
multi-views (orthographic views) where the interior details of the object will be shown in
dashed lines. So, whenever the orthographic views of the given object under consideration are
not fully describing all the interiors of the object, the proper section will reveal the hidden
feature of the object. Cutting plane is an imaginary plane that cuts the given object in to two
parts, the part under consideration will be shown in thick continuous lines whereas the other
part that is removed is shown in continuous thin lines. The section plane trace (section line)
will be shown by using chain line with thick at ends. The sections (cut views) are always
hatched using 45o lines (thin).

This chapter focuses on sections of regular solids at different positions for various solids. The
principles of drawing have been followed using standard procedures to arrive all the solutions
and represented their cut F.V., T.V. and true shape of the sections on VP, HP and auxiliary
vertical plane or auxiliary horizontal plane. On completion of this topic, students can gain
sufficient knowledge to identify and decide on appropriate positions of section plane and also
draw their sections.

Course Outcomes:

CO1: Apply standard drawing codes and practices to produce engineering drawings
CO2: Construct 2D geometry with proper dimensioning using Computer Aided drafting software
CO3: Create 2D representations of 3D objects using CAD software
CO4: Develop isometric drawings using orthographic views.

Page 65
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

EX: 13, SECTIONS OF SOLIDS

Prisms and cylinders

1. A square prism of base side 40 mm and axis length 60 mm is lying on the H.P. on its base
such that a rectangular face is 45o to the V.P. A section plane perpendicular to the V.P.,
inclined at 50o to the H.P. and cuts the prism at a point on the axis 20 below its top end.
Draw the sectional top view and true shape of the section.

2. A hexagonal prism of base side 25 and axis length 60 mm, is resting on its base on
the H.P., such that an edge of the base is parallel to the V.P. It is cut by section plane
which is perpendicular to the H.P., 45o to the V.P. and 10 mm away from the axis.
Draw the sectional F.V. and true shape of the section.

3. A pentagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 80 mm is resting on the H.P.
on its base such that a rectangular face parallel to the V.P. It is cut by a section plane
perpendicular to the V.P., inclined at 45o to the H.P. and passing through the top
right corner of the F.V. Draw the front view, sectional top view and the true shape
of the section.

4. A pentagonal prism of base side 30 mm and height 80 mm is resting on the H.P. on its
base such that a rectangular face perpendicular to the V.P. A section plane perpendicular
to the V.P., inclined at 60o to the H.P. and cuts the prism through a point on the axis 10
below its top end. Draw the front view, sectional top view and the true shape of the
section.

5. A hexagonal prism of base sides 30 mm and height 80 mm is resting on the H.P. on its
base such that a rectangular face perpendicular to the V.P. It is cut by a sectional plane
perpendicular to the V.P., inclined at 30o to the H.P. and bisecting the axis. Draw the
projections of the prism and show the true shape of the section.

6. A cylinder with base 50 mm diameter and 80 mm long, is resting on its base on the
H.P. A section plane perpendicular to the V.P. and inclined at 60 o to the H.P. passes
on the axis at a point 20 mm below its top end. Draw the front view, sectional top
view and the true shape of the section.

7. A cylinder of diameter of base 50 and axis 60 long is resting on its base on the H.P. It is
cut by an auxiliary inclined plane making an angle of 45o with the H.P. and passing
through the top end of an extreme generator of the cylinder. Draw the projections of the
cylinder and show the true shape of the section.

8. A cylinder with base 60 mm diameter and 80 mm long is lying on a point of its base
on the H.P. such that the axis is inclined at 45o to the H.P. A cutting plane,
perpendicular to the H.P., 30 o to the V.P. and passes through the axis at 30 mm from
the top end. Draw the sectional F.V. and true shape of the section.

Page 66
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Pyramids and Cones

9. A square pyramid of base sides 40 mm and axis length 75 mm is lying on the H.P. on its
base such that all the base edges are equally inclined to the V.P. It is cut by a section
plane, perpendicular to the V.P., inclined at 45 degrees to the H.P. and bisects the axis.
Draw the sectional top view and true shape of the section.

10. A pentagonal pyramid of base sides 30 mm and axis length 70 mm, is resting on the
H.P. on its base with a base edge perpendicular to the V.P. It is cut by a section plane
perpendicular to the H.P., inclined at 60 degrees to the V.P. and at a distance of 10
mm from the axis. Draw the sectional F.V. and true shape of the section.

11. A hexagonal pyramid of base sides 30 mm and axis 60 mm long is resting on its base
on the H.P. with an edge of the base perpendicular to the V.P. It is cut by an auxiliary
inclined plane, which is 45o to the H.P. and passing through the axis at 18 mm from
the base. Draw the sectional top view and true shape of the section.

12. A hexagonal pyramid of side of base 25 and axis 60 long, rests on a triangular face on the
H.P. with its axis parallel to the V.P. A section plane perpendicular to H.P. inclined at 30
degrees to the V.P., intersects the axis at 25 from the apex of the pyramid. Draw the
projections of the cut solid and show the true shape of the section.

13. A cone with diameter of base 50 mm and axis 60 mm long is resting on its base on the
H.P. It is cut by a section plane perpendicular to V.P., 40 degrees to the H.P. and passing
through the axis at a point 30 mm above the H.P. Draw the projections of the cut solid.

14. A cone of base 30 mm radius and height 70 mm stands with its base on the H.P. A
cutting plane perpendicular to the V.P., parallel to an extreme generator and bisects
the axis. Draw the sectional T.V. and true shape of the sections.

15. A cone of 50 diameter and 80 long is resting on its base on the H.P. It is cut by a section
plane perpendicular to the V.P., inclined at 60o to the H.P. and passes through a point on
the axis at 30 from one end. Draw the sectional top view and true shape of the section.

Page 67
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Exercise-13 Sections of Solids

Sectional front view

2 a' 1' b'(f') 4'c'(e') d'
(o')

60

(o1') 3' d1'

x VP a1' 2' b1'(f1') c1'(e1')
y
HP
45°

f(f1) e(e1)
S

R10
1(2)
x1 A

d(d1)
H VP

a(a1)
P

o(o1)
2'' 25
c(c1)
b(b1) 4(3) S

3''

1''
y1

True Shape of
the section (Auxiliary
4'' FV)

PICTORIAL VIEW

1 4

2 3
Scale = 1:1.4

Page 68
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Exercise-13 Sections of Solids

3''
True Shape of the section

3 2''

y1
4''
1''

S
5''
a' e' b' d' c'
3'
PICTORIAL VIEW
(4')

2'
V P
I
x1 A
P

(5') 80

1'
S

45°
x VP y
3 HP a1' e1' b1' d1' c1'

4 2 e(e1) d(d1)
5 4

3
a(a1) c(c1)
5 1
1
2
b(b1) 30
Sectional top view
Scale = 1:1.5

Page 69
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Exercise-13 Sections of Solids

6

5'' True shape of the section

4'' 6''

y1
3'' 7''

S
a' d'(j') 5'(6') g'
2'' 8'' (o')

20
1'' 9''
4'(7')

80
3'(8')
IP

2'(9') 60°
VP
x1 A

1'
S

VP
x y
HP a1' d1'(j1') g1'

j(j1)
7 6
8
9

a(a1) 1 g(g1)
o(o1)
2
3 5
Sectional T.V. 4 Ø50
d(d1)

Scale = 1:1.2

Page 70
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Exercise-13 Sections of Solids

8 Sectional F.V.
II III

30
b'(
l

a'
')

c'(
k')
b'(l') c'(k') d'(j') e'(i') f'(h')
a' g'

d'(
j')
e'(
i')

f'(
h')
g'
a1
'
80

b1
45°

'(l
c1
1

'(k d
')

1') 1'(
e1

j1
'(i

')
1')
VP c1'(k1') e1'(i1')
x

f1
y

'(h
HP a1' b1'(l1') d1'(j1') f1'(h1') g1' g1

1
'

')
30°

S
k(k1) j(j1) i(i1)
k1 j
i1 k i
6
l(l1) h(h1) l1 h1 l h
6 5
a(a1) a1 a g
o(o1) g(g1) g1 1 (4)

b(b1) f(f1) f1 b f
b1 3
e(e1) 2
Ø60 c(c1) c1 e1 c e S
d(d1) d1 d
x1

I IV

5''

6''

4''

HP
True shape AV y
P 1
1

3''
V

2'' Scale = 1:1.5

1''

Page 71
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

10

o'

3'
70 2'
Sectional F.V.

xVP 1' o1' d' y

HP b',a' c',e' 4'
S
60°
R10 e
P y1
a
AVHP

30 o,(o1) d 4''
3
2
b
1 c
3''
1''
2''
S

x1

True shape

Scale = 1:1

Page 72
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

11

True shape

3''
2''

4''

y1
1''

o'
5''

s
6''

3'(4')
45°
60
2'(5')
V IP
A
P
x1

18
1'(6')
x VP
(o1') m' y
HP a'(f') b'(e') c'(d')

e
s

6 5
f d
4
m
o(o1)
3
a c
1 2
Sectional T.V.
b 30

Scale = 1:1

Page 73
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Exercise-13 Sections of Solids

14 True shape

1'' 2'' 3''

9''

x1
AIP
4''

VP
o' 8''
S

7''

1'
2'(9')
3'(8')
5''
70 4'(7')

35 6''
y1
VP (o1') 5'(6') g'
x a'
b'(l') d'(j')
y
c'(k') e'(i') f'(h')
HP
j
S

Ø60 k 6i

7 h
8
9
a 1 o(o1) g
2
3
b 4 f
c 5e
d

Sectional T.V.

Scale = 1:1

Page 74
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

9. Development of Surfaces
Chapter Objectives
• Introduction to basics of development of surfaces in sheet metal works.
• Examine the dimensions used in development of surfaces.
• Understand the methods of development of surfaces.

There are various objects such as funnel, tray and bucket etc., are made of metal sheets. Before
their fabrication normally the layout of complete surface of these objects are made on a plane
surface this layout is known as development of surfaces. The steps followed in the fabrication
of sheet metal objects as follows.
• Multi-views drawing (orthographic views) of the sheet metal object in full size scale.
• Development drawing on a sheet of paper
• Shifting the development on to plane sheet metal
• Cutting the sheet metal through the outlines of the development.
• Bending the sheet metal along the folding edges (marked on paper)
• Joining of closing edges.
The methods used in development of surfaces are i) parallel line development and ii) radial line
development. Parallel line development is used to develop prisms and cylinders as the lateral
edges or generators are parallel to each other. The radial line development is used to develop
pyramids and cones in which the apex is considered as centre and slant edge or generator is
used as radius in the development as it represents the true length. On completion of this topic,
students can gain sufficient knowledge to identify and decide on method of development to be
used for the given problem and also draw their developments.

Course Outcomes:

CO1: Apply standard drawing codes and practices to produce engineering drawings
CO2: Construct 2D geometry with proper dimensioning using Computer Aided drafting software
CO3: Create 2D representations of 3D objects using CAD software
CO4: Develop isometric drawings using orthographic views.

Page 75
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

EX: 14, DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES

Pyramids and cones

1. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cut pyramid shown below.

2. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cut pyramid shown below.

Page 76
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

3. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cut pyramid shown below.

4. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cut pyramid shown below.

Page 77
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

5. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cut cone as shown in fig.

6. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cut cone as shown in fig.

7. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cut cone as shown in fig.

Page 78
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

8. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cut cone as shown in fig.

Prisms and cylinders

9. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cut prism shown below.

Page 79
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

10. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the retained prism below.

11. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cut prism shown below.

Page 80
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

12. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cut prism shown below.

13. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cut prism shown below.

Page 81
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

14. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cut cylinder shown in fig below.

15. Draw the development of the cut cylinder as shown in the figure below.

Page 82
 Exercise-14 Development of Surfaces

o' O

4' 4
3'(5') 45° 3,5

76,1
6
70 2'(6') 2,6
9' O
9
8'(10') 8,10 R76,16
40 1' 1

Page 83
R30
1'' 1''
3'' 4'' 5''
a' b',f' 7'(11') c',e' d' 2'' 6''
A A

8'' 9'' 10''

f 11 e

10 B F
6
5 7'' 11''
a 4 d C E
1 o,o1 9 D
3
2 8
R76
b 7 c
30 Scale = 1:1.2
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
 Exercise-14 Development of Surfaces

A
6
L
°
142 7''
6'' K
5''
38 4''
1'' 2'' 3'' J
R38
76 4' A I
70 1'(7') 2'(6')
3'(5')
H
B
35 C G R76
D F

Page 84
E
g' y
x VP a' b'(l') c'(k') d'(j') e'(i') f'(h')
HP

j
k i
l 7 6 h
5

a 4 g
3
b 1 2 f
c e Ø60 Scale = 1:1.2
d1
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
 Exercise-14 Development of Surfaces

11

a' e' b' d' c' A B C D E A

3' 3''
4'
4''

2' 2''
5'
5''
70 1''
1' 1''
7' 7''
35 8''
45°

Page 85
8'

x VP 6',9' y 6''
HP a1' e1' A1 C1 D1 A1
b1' d1' c1' B1 9'' E1
150
e,e1 d,d1 Development

a,a1 c,c1

30 b,b1 Scale = 1:1.2

Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
 Exercise-14 Development of Surfaces

12
a' e' b' d' c' A B C D E A
1' 1''
5' 5''
12'' 12''
12' 2' 11'' 17''
11',17' 2''
10',16' 4' 10'' 4'' 16''
9',15' 3' 9''
70 3'' 15''
R20 8',14' 8'' 14''
35 7''
7',13' 6'' 13'' 6''
6'

x VP y

Page 86
HP a1' e1' b1' d1' c1' A1 E1 A1
B1 C1 D1 8
12
11
11 21
8
e,e1 d,d1 25

150

a,a1 c,c1
Development

12

b,b1
21 30
25
Scale = 1:1.3
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
 Exercise-14 Development of Surfaces
15

g'
a' d'(j') 8' A D G J A
19'' 9''
9',19'
14' 13',15' 10',18' 14'' 15'' 18'' 10'' 13'' 14''
16''
12',16' 12''
11',17' 70 17'' 1'' 11''
1' 2''
55 7''
40 2',7'
6'' 3''
3',6' 30
4',5' 5'' 4''

Page 87
xVP a1'
y A1
HP d1'(j1') g1' A1 D1 G1 J1
2
j(j1) 4

a(a1) g(g1) 10

12
Ø60
π 188.5

d(d1) Development Scale = 1:1.4

Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

10. Orthographic Projections of Isometric Drawings

Chapter Objectives
• Introduction to multi-views (6 orthographic views) of a given pictorial view in first
angle projection.
• Understanding the hidden edges and sloped surfaces of a three-dimensional
object.
• Drawing the orthographic projections of a given pictorial view.

In Orthographic Projections different views of an object are projected on different reference

planes. The orthographic or parallel projection enables to create single/multiple views of the
object in question and gives the true shape and dimension. So sometimes it's also called multi-
view drawing. In orthographic projections, all the principal views viz., Front view, Top view,
and Side views of an object are drawn by the direct observation.

This chapter focuses on the representation of three-dimensional object with has got various
hidden profiles on HP, VP and PP using the principles of orthographic projections. The length,
breadth and thickness of the given object are to be carefully noted in order to reveal the full
details of the object and shown every detail in the principal views. The position of the observer
for F.V will be mentioned in the question the views are drawn with respect to the F.V. position.
In the process of developing the related views, the knowledge gained in the previous
chapters/sections will be useful in this chapter. On completion of this topic, students can gain
sufficient knowledge to identify and decide on different hidden profiles of the three-
dimensional object and also draw their orthographic projections.

Course Outcomes:

CO1: Apply standard drawing codes and practices to produce engineering drawings
CO2: Construct 2D geometry with proper dimensioning using Computer Aided drafting software
CO3: Create 2D representations of 3D objects using CAD software
CO4: Develop isometric drawings using orthographic views.

Page 88
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

EX: 15, ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS OF ISOMETRIC

DRAWINGS
1. Draw the F.V., T.V. and R.S.V. for the pictorial view given in the figure. Use the
direction F for the front view. Use the first angle projection.

.
2. Draw the F.V., T.V. and R.S.V. for the pictorial view given in the figure. Use the
direction F for the front view. Use the first angle projection.

3. Draw the F.V., T.V. and R.S.V. for the pictorial view given in the figure. Use the
direction F for the front view. Use the first angle projection.

.
4. Draw the F.V., T.V. and R.S.V. for the pictorial view given in the figure. Use the
direction F for the front view. Use the first angle projection.

Page 89
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

5. Draw the F.V., T.V. and R.S.V. for the pictorial view given in the figure. Use the
direction F for the front view. Use the first angle projection.

6. Draw the F.V., T.V. and R.S.V. for the pictorial view given in the figure. Use the
direction F for the front view. Use the first angle projection.

7. Draw the F.V., T.V. and L.S.V. for the pictorial view given in the figure. Use the
direction F for the front view. Use the first angle projection.

Page 90
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

8. Draw the F.V., T.V. and R.S.V. for the pictorial view given in the figure. Use the
direction F for the front view. Use the first angle projection.

Page 91
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Exercise-15, Orthographic Projections of Isometric Drawings

y
HP
VP
25 10 25
70

70
45°
30

30
15 30 15
y1
x1
15
30
15
5

30 20
Scale = 1:1.2
x

Page 92
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Exercise-15, Orthographic Projections of Isometric Drawings

VP y
HP
30 20 20 20 30 10 60
15
30
30
30
15

y1
x1
LPP

R3
0
40

Scale = 1:1.5
7

Page 93
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

11. Isometric Projections and Views

Chapter Objectives
• Introduction to isometric projection.
• Understand of hidden edges and sloped surfaces of a three-dimensional object.
• Understand and draw the isometric projections/views of a given set of multi-views.

In order to understand the given three-dimensional object pictorial views are more convenient
than multi-views drawing. This chapter focuses on the representation of pictorial view of an
object. For this a set of multi-views are given to generate the pictorial drawing using the
principles of isometric projections. The length, breadth and thickness of the given object are to
be carefully noted from the principal views in order to show the full details in the pictorial
view. View position for a particular direction of isometric projections/views should also be
noted in a pictorial view. In the process of developing the related view, the knowledge gained
in the previous chapters/sections will be useful in this chapter. The two methods that are used
are BOX method and OFF-SET method.

In the BOX method the maximum length, height and breadth are noted and a box is constructed
using them. According to isometric projection these dimensions of the box are represented and
with the horizontal line these make angles of 30, 30 and 90 degrees and all parts of the object
are shown after this. In the OFF-SET method the side, length and breadth of the object to the
isometric axes are drawn parallel and according to the dimensions the other isometric and non-
isometric lines are drawn.
On completion of this lab course, the students can gain sufficient knowledge to identify and
decide on different hidden profiles of the three-dimensional object and also draw its pictorial
view.

Course Outcomes:

CO1: Apply standard drawing codes and practices to produce engineering drawings
CO2: Construct 2D geometry with proper dimensioning using Computer Aided drafting software
CO3: Create 2D representations of 3D objects using CAD software
CO4: Develop isometric drawings using orthographic views.

Page 94
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

EX: 16, ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS AND VIEWS

1. The orthographic projections of square prism, hexagonal prisms and a cylinder are as
shown below, Draw their isometric projections.

2. Draw the isometric projection of the given orthographic views.

3. An object is shown in terms of its orthographic views. Draw the isometric view.

Page 95
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

4. An object is shown in terms of its orthographic views. Draw the isometric view.

5. An object is shown in terms of its orthographic views. Draw the isometric view.

Page 96
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

6. An object is shown in terms of its orthographic views. Draw the isometric view.

7. An object is shown in terms of its orthographic views. Draw the isometric view.

Page 97
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

8. An object is shown in terms of its orthographic views. Draw the isometric view.

9. An object is shown in terms of its orthographic views. Draw the isometric view.

Page 98
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

9. Draw the isometric view of the following sketch.

Page 99
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Exercise-16, Isometric Projections and Views

30°
4

30°

30°

30°
6

Scale = 1:1.5

Page 100
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

12. Simple Building Plans

Chapter Objectives
• Introduction to floor plans drawing.
• Understand the different partitions in building drawing
• Drawing the floor plans (top view) of a given line diagrams.

Building plans are sectional top views of buildings at sill level (900 mm above floor level).
These drawings are prepared by keeping the minimum areas required for various parts of
building and also total available area. They are the set of drawings consisting of floor plan, site
plan, cross sections, elevations, electrical, plumbing and landscape drawings for the ease of
construction at site. These drawings are the medium of passing the views and concepts of an
architect or designer into reality.
The steps involved are:
1. Select an area and determine the area in terms of length and breadth and provide
setbacks.
2. Directions of the house: the direction of north is the best to get an idea about the four
cardinal directions (east, west, and north, south) which may help in understanding the
local climatic conditions throughout the year. Climatic informations helps to make the
house responsive to climatic conditions.
3. Location and width of the road will help to assign a dedicated space for car entry,
parking & exit along with entrance gate.
4. Need to take measurements, if the building exists, measure the walls, doors, and
pertinent furniture so that the floor plan will be accurate.
5. The requirements to be ready and mark the areas for each one of them such as living
room, kitchen, bath rooms, bed room. Then add details.
6. To draw walls with 9”/4.5” and convert single line to double lines.
7. Adding architectural features.
8. Adding furniture.
Floor plan convey the various information regarding various partitions, wall thickness, door
size, ventilator size and window size and their position depending on the type of building
(residential, public, industrial etc.). Sunshade of 600 mm projection is shown above all door,
window and ventilator by dashed line. On completion of this topic, students can gain sufficient
knowledge to identify and decide on type of building, positions of various elements of floor

Page 101
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

plan, size of various partitions and draw conventional floor plan for a given line diagram of a
floor plan.

Course Outcomes:

CO1: Apply standard drawing codes and practices to produce engineering drawings
CO2: Construct 2D geometry with proper dimensioning using Computer Aided drafting software
CO3: Create 2D representations of 3D objects using CAD software
CO4: Develop isometric drawings using orthographic views.

Page 102
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

EX: 17, SIMPLE BUILDING PLANS

1. The line diagram of a single room is as shown, Draw the floor plan at sill level with the
following specifications.
• Thickness of walls 230 mm
• Door size 1200 mm X 2100 mm
• Window size 1000mm X 1200 mm
• Floor level above GL 450 mm
• Sunshade overhang 600 mm
• Plinth projection 50 mm, Draw plan at window sill level.

2. The line diagram of a small house is as shown, Draw the floor plan with the following
specifications.
• Thickness of walls 230 mm
• Door size 1200 mm X 2100 mm (D)
• Door size 1200 mm X 2100 mm (D1)
• Window size 1000mm X 1200 mm
• Ventilator size 750mm X 600 mm
• Floor level above GL 450 mm
• Sunshade overhang 600 mm
• Plinth projection 50 mm, Draw plan at window sill level.

3. The line diagram of an office building is as shown, Draw the floor plan with the following
specifications.

Page 103
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

• Thickness of walls 230 mm

• Door size 1200 mm X 2100 mm (D)
• Door size 1200 mm X 2100 mm (D1)
• Window size 1000mm X 1200 mm
• Ventilator size 750mm X 600 mm
• Floor level above GL 450 mm
• Sunshade overhang 600 mm
• Plinth projection 50 mm, Draw plan at window sill level.

4. The line diagram of a small house is as shown, Draw the floor plan at sill level and
consider the following specifications.
• Thickness of walls 230 mm
• Door size 1200 mm X 2100 mm (D)
• Door size 1200 mm X 2100 mm (D1)
• Window size 1000mm X 1200 mm
• Ventilator size 750mm X 600 mm
• Floor level above GL 450 mm.
• Sunshade overhang 600 mm
• Plinth projection 50 mm, Draw plan at window sill level.

Page 104
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

4
Exercise-17, Simple building plan

W W

Kitchen
4mx2.5m
W Living D
5mx5m
D

D Bed room
4mx4.5m
Toilet
2.8mx2m
D1

V W

Scale = 1:100

Page 105
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Department of Mechanical Engineering

19MEE100 - Engineering Graphics - CAD
Evaluation -1, 2-D Drawings (20 Marks)
Section- CSE-B

I.. Draw the following figures using basic Auto Cad commands
1a Ø40 1b

Ø30
Ø50
Ø20
80

80
30°

Completeness of the drawing- 3

30°
0
10 100
Line types used- 1
1a 1b
Dimensioning- 2

3
R120
15 45
2 7.
5 2xØ15
2R
4XØ
15
15

30
15

2xØ10

40
50
15

4R10
15

4xR5
15

10
Completeness of the drawing- 3+3
20
Chamfer, 15 and 30° Line types used- 1+1
35
Chamfer, 15 and 10 Dimensioning- 2+2 2 3

60
4

Completeness of the drawing- 2

4
60

15

Page 106
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
Set A
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
19MEE100 - Engineering Graphics - CAD
Evaluation -2, Projection of Points (20 Marks)
Section- CSE-B

CO Description
CO1 Understand the engineering drawing standards and their usage
CO2 Interpret engineering drawings
CO3 Construct 2-D geometries using CAD software
CO4 Improve coherent visualization skills
CO5 Inculcate with the concept of developing orthographic projections

Rubrics for evaluation:

Set of Principal views: 14 Marks

Dimensioning: 3 Marks
Line types and line weights: 3 Marks

1. Projection of various points is given in Fig. below. State the position of each point
with respect to the planes of projection. (CO1, CO2, CO3, CO4, CO5) BTL3

2. Point H is on the H.P., 40 mm behind the V.P. and 40 mm away from the LPP.
Draw its projections. (CO1, CO2, CO3, CO4, CO5) BTL3

3. A point A is 25 mm above the H.P., 40 mm in front of the V.P. and 40 mm away

from the LPP. Draw the top, front and right-side views. (CO1, CO2, CO3, CO4,
CO5) BTL3

4. A Point E is on the V.P., 40 mm below the H.P. and 50 mm away from the LPP.
Draw its projections. (CO1, CO2, CO3, CO4, CO5) BTL3

5. A point B is 20 mm below the H.P., 40 mm behind the V.P. and 35 mm away

from the RPP. Draw the top, front and profile views. (CO1, CO2, CO3, CO4,
CO5) BTL3

Page 107
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
Set B
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
19MEE100 - Engineering Graphics - CAD
Evaluation -3, Projection of Lines (20 Marks)
Section- CSE-B

CO Description
CO1 Understand the engineering drawing standards and their usage
CO2 Interpret engineering drawings
CO3 Construct 2-D geometries using CAD software
CO4 Improve coherent visualization skills
CO5 Inculcate with the concept of developing orthographic projections

Rubrics for evaluation:

Set of Principal views: 16 Marks (2+2+4+4+4)

Dimensioning: 2 Marks
Line types and line weights: 2 Marks

1. A 70 mm long line AB is parallel to both the H.P. and V.P. The line is 30 mm in
front of the V.P. and 25 mm above the H. P. Draw its projections. (CO1, CO2,
CO3, CO4, CO5) BTL3

2. A line AB is inclined at 45º to V.P. and its front view length is 60 mm. One end
of the line is 25 mm above the H.P. and 15 mm in front of the V.P. Draw the
projections of the line and determine its true length. (CO1, CO2, CO3, CO4,
CO5) BTL3

3. A line AB having length 70 mm has its end A, at 10 mm above the H.P. and 15
mm in front of the V.P. The line is inclined at 37º to the H.P. and 53º to the V.P.
Draw the projections of the line. (CO1, CO2, CO3, CO4, CO5) BTL3

4. A 70 mm long line PQ is inclined at 45º to the V.P. Its end P is 20 mm in front of

the V.P. and 20 mm above the H.P. The top view of the line measures 55 mm.
Draw the projections of the line and determine true inclination with H.P. (CO1,
CO2, CO3, CO4, CO5) BTL3

5. A line AB has its point A in HP and 30 mm in front of VP and point B is in VP

and 60 mm above HP. The distance between the end projectors is 70 mm. Draw
its projections. Find the true length of the line and its inclinations with HP and
VP. (CO1, CO2, CO3, CO4, CO5) BTL3

Page 108
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
Set A

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

19MEE100 - Engineering Graphics - CAD
Evaluation -4, Projection of Planes (20 Marks)
Section- ECE-F

CO Description
CO1 Understand the engineering drawing standards and their usage
CO2 Interpret engineering drawings
CO3 Construct 2-D geometries using CAD software
CO4 Improve coherent visualization skills
CO5 Inculcate with the concept of developing orthographic projections

Rubrics for evaluation:

Set of Principal views: 16 Marks (4+4+4+4)

Dimensioning: 2 Marks
Line types and line weights: 2 Marks

1. A thin 30–60-degree set-square has its longest edge in the H.P. and inclined at 30º to the
V.P. Its surface makes an angle of 40º with the H.P. Draw its projections. Take longest
edge length as 80 mm. (CO1, CO2, CO3, CO4, CO5) BTL3

2. A rectangular plate of size 70 mm × 30 mm rests on its shorter side in the V.P. and the
surface makes 40o with the V.P. and the side on which it rests is making 30o to HP. Draw
its projections. (CO1, CO2, CO3, CO4, CO5) BTL3

3. A pentagonal lamina of 30 mm side rests on the HP on an edge such that the surface is
inclined at 40o to the H.P. and the edge on which it rests is inclined at 40o to the VP.
Consider the resting edge is nearer to the VP. Draw its projections. (CO1, CO2, CO3,
CO4, CO5) BTL3

4. A hexagonal plane of 30 mm side rests on the VP on an edge such that the surface of the
plane is inclined at 30º to the V.P. and the edge opposite to the resting edge is inclined at
45o to the HP. Consider the resting edge is nearer to the observer. Draw its projections.
(CO1, CO2, CO3, CO4, CO5) BTL3

Page 109
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
Set B

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

19MEE100 - Engineering Graphics - CAD
Evaluation -5, Projection of Solids (20 Marks)
Section- ECE-F

CO Description
CO1 Understand the engineering drawing standards and their usage
CO2 Interpret engineering drawings
CO3 Construct 2-D geometries using CAD software
CO4 Improve coherent visualization skills
CO5 Inculcate with the concept of developing orthographic projections

Rubrics for evaluation:

Set of Principal views: 16 Marks (5+5+6)

Dimensioning: 2 Marks
Line types and line weights: 2 Marks

1. A triangular prism, 30 mm edge of base and 60 mm long axis, rests on one of its base
corners on the ground with axis inclined at 45º to the ground. Draw its projections when
the top view of the axis is inclined at 30º to the V.P. (CO1, CO2, CO3, CO4, CO5) BTL3

2. A right regular pentagonal prism, 25 mm edge of base and 60 mm height rests on an edge
of its base in H.P. such that its base is inclined at 45° to the H.P. and an edge on which
the prism rests is inclined at 35º to the V.P. Draw the projections of the solid. (CO1,
CO2, CO3, CO4, CO5) BTL3

3. A hexagonal pyramid, base 25 mm side and axis 60 mm long has an edge of its base on
the ground (H.P.), such that its base is inclined at 40° to the ground. Draw its projections
when the top view of the axis is inclined at 40º to the V.P. (CO1, CO2, CO3, CO4, CO5)
BTL3

Page 110
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

Reg. No. : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Set B

_
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
Amrita School of Engineering, Bengaluru
B.Tech. Mid Term Exam – Dec. 2022
Electronics & Communication Engineering
First Semester (ECE- F)
19MEE100 - Engineering Graphics - CAD
Time: Two hours Maximum marks: 50

CO Description
CO1 Understand the engineering drawing standards and their usage
CO2 Interpret engineering drawings
CO3 Construct 2-D geometries using CAD software
CO4 Improve coherent visualization skills
CO5 Inculcate with the concept of developing orthographic projections

Answer all questions

1 Draw the following figure using CAD (computer Aided Design) software. [20] CO1,
CO3
BTL2

2 . A point F is 20 mm above the HP 30 mm in front of the VP, and 50 mm [05] CO1,

away from the LPP. Draw its projections. CO2,
CO3,
CO4,
CO5
BTL3

Page 1 of 2
Page 111
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

3 A point B is 25 mm above the HP, on the VP and 30 mm away from the RPP. [05] CO1,
Draw its projections. CO2,
CO3,
CO4,
CO5
BTL3
4 A line MN of 70 mm long has its end point M, 15 mm above the HP and 25 [10] CO1,
mm in front of the VP. The line is parallel to HP and inclined at 45o to the CO2,
CO3,
VP. The end N is 30 mm from the LPP. Draw the projections of the line. CO4,
CO5
BTL3
5 The distance between the end projectors of a straight-line AB is 35 mm. End [10] CO1,
A is 15 mm above the HP and 20 mm in front of the VP, while end B is 45 CO2,
CO3,
mm above the HP and 70 mm in front of the VP. Draw the projections of the CO4,
line and determine its true length and true inclinations with HP and VP. CO5
BTL3

Course Outcome / Bloom’s Taxonomy Level (BTL) Mark Distribution Table

CO Marks BTL Marks

CO1 10 BTL 1 0
CO2 10 BTL 2 20
CO3 10 BTL 3 30
CO4 10 BTL 4 -
CO5 10 BTL 5 -
BTL 6 -

Page 2 of 2
Page 112
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
Set C

Reg. No.: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
School of Engineering, Bengaluru Campus
B.Tech. Degree End Semester Examination – January 2023
Electronics & Communication Engineering
First Semester (ECE- F)
19MEE100 ENGINEERING GRAPHICS – CAD
Time: Two hours Maximum marks: 50

CO Description
CO1 Understand the engineering drawing standards and their usage
CO2 Interpret engineering drawings
CO3 Construct 2-D geometries using CAD software
CO4 Improve coherent visualization skills
CO5 Inculcate with the concept of developing orthographic projections

Answer all questions

1. A point P is 40 mm below the HP, 20 mm behind the V.P. and 30 [05] CO1, CO2,
mm away from the LPP. Draw its projections. CO3, CO4,
CO5
BTL3
2. Line AB has its end point A, 10 mm above the H.P. and 20 mm in [10] CO1, CO2,
front of the VP. End B is 55 mm above the HP and the line is inclined CO3, CO4,
at 35° to the HP. The distance between end projectors is 45 mm. CO5
BTL3
Draw the projections of the line and determine true length and true
inclination with the V.P.

3. A pentagonal lamina of 30 mm side rests on the V.P. on an edge such [15] CO1, CO2,
that the surface is inclined at 30o to the V.P. and the edge on which it CO3, CO4,
CO5
rests is inclined at 40o to the H.P. Consider the resting edge is nearer BTL3
to the H.P. Draw its projections.

4. A hexagonal pyramid, base 30 mm side and axis 70 mm long has an [20] CO1, CO2,
edge of its base on the H.P. such that its axis is inclined at 40º to the CO3, CO4,
H.P. Draw its projections when the edge on which the pyramid rests CO5
BTL3
is inclined at 30º to the V.P.

*****

Course Outcome / Bloom’s Taxonomy Level (BTL) Mark Distribution Table

CO Marks BTL Marks

CO1 10 BTL1
CO2 10 BTL2
CO3 10 BTL3 50
CO4 10 BTL4
CO5 10 BTL5
BTL6
Page 1 of 1
Page 113
 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham

REFERENCES

1. Bhat N.D. and Panchal V.M., “ Engineering Drawing Plane and Solid Geometry , 42e,
Charoatar Publishing House , 2010

2. K.R. Gopalakrishna, “Engineering Drawing”, 2014, Subhas Publications.

3. James D. Bethune, “Engineering Graphics with AutoCAD”, Pearson Education, 2014

4. Narayan K.L. and Kannaiah P, Engineering Drawing, SciTech Publications, 2003 John
K.C., “Engineering Graphics for Degree”, 1e, Prentice Hall India, 2009.

5. Basant Agarwal and C M Agarwal., “Engineering Drawing”, 2e, McGraw Hill

Education, 2015

Page 114