AI notes

Artificial Intelligence : The Future Of Programming

Since the invention of computers or machines, their capability to perform various tasks went
on growing exponentially. Humans have developed the power of computer systems in terms
of their diverse working domains, their increasing speed, and reducing size with respect to
time.
A branch of Computer Science named Artificial Intelligence pursues creating the computers
or machines as intelligent as human beings.

​What is Artificial Intelligence?

According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, it is “The science and
engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs”.
Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a
software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think.
AI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks, and how humans learn, decide, and
work while trying to solve a problem, and then using the outcomes of this study as a basis of
developing intelligent software and systems.

​Philosophy of AI
While exploiting the power of the computer systems, the curiosity of human, lead him to
wonder, “Can a machine think and behave like humans do?”
Philosophical AI is AI, not philosophy; but it’s AI rooted in and flowing from, philosophy.

Thus, the development of AI started with the intention of creating similar intelligence in
machines that we find and regard high in humans.
The philosophy of artificial intelligence is a branch of the philosophy of technology that
explores artificial intelligence and its implications for knowledge and understanding of
intelligence, ethics, consciousness, epistemology, and free will. Furthermore, the technology
is concerned with the creation of artificial animals or artificial people (or, at least, artificial
creatures; see artificial life) so the discipline is of considerable interest to philosophers.
These factors contributed to the emergence of the philosophy of artificial intelligence. Some
scholars argue that the AI community's dismissal of philosophy is detrimental.
The philosophy of artificial intelligence attempts to answer such questions as follows:
 ● Can a machine act intelligently? Can it solve any problem that a person would solve
by thinking?
● Are human intelligence and machine intelligence the same? Is the human brain
essentially a computer?
● Can a machine have a mind, mental states, and consciousness in the same sense
that a human being can? Can it feel how things are?
Questions like these reflect the divergent interests of AI researchers, cognitive scientists and
philosophers respectively. The scientific answers to these questions depend on the definition of
"intelligence" and "consciousness" and exactly which "machines" are under discussion.

​Goals of AI
● To Create Expert Systems − The systems which exhibit intelligent behavior,
learn, demonstrate, explain, and advice its users.
● To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines − Creating systems that
understand, think, learn, and behave like humans.

​What Contributes to AI?

Artificial intelligence is a science and technology based on disciplines such as Computer
Science, Biology, Psychology, Linguistics, Mathematics, and Engineering. A major thrust of
AI is in the development of computer functions associated with human intelligence, such as
reasoning, learning, and problem solving.
Out of the following areas, one or multiple areas can contribute to build an intelligent system.
AI is unique, sharing borders with Mathematics, Computer Science, Philosophy, Psychology,
Biology, Cognitive Science and many others
The Elements of AI

One of the simplest and most straightforward definitions of AI was

presented by John McCarthy, a professor of computer science at Stanford
University, as “the science and engineering of making intelligent systems.”
The intelligent systems could be in the form of software, hardware, or a
combination of both
The key elements of AI include:

● Natural language processing (NLP)

● Expert systems
● Robotics
● Intelligent agents
● Computational intelligence

​
​Programming Without and With AI
The programming without and with AI is different in following ways −

Programming Without AI Programming With AI

A computer program without AI can A computer program with AI can answer

answer the specific questions it is the generic questions it is meant to
meant to solve. solve.

AI programs can absorb new

modifications by putting highly
Modification in the program leads to independent pieces of information
change in its structure. together. Hence you can modify even a
minute piece of information of program
without affecting its structure.

Modification is not quick and easy. It

may lead to affecting the program Quick and Easy program modification.
adversely.

​What is AI Technique?
In the real world, the knowledge has some unwelcomed properties −
● Its volume is huge, next to unimaginable.
● It is not well-organized or well-formatted.
● It keeps changing constantly.

AI Technique is a manner to organize and use the knowledge efficiently in such a way that −
● It should be perceivable by the people who provide it.
● It should be easily modifiable to correct errors.
● It should be useful in many situations though it is incomplete or
inaccurate.
AI techniques elevate the speed of execution of the complex program it is equipped with.

Machine Learning (ML)

Machine learning focuses on applications that learn from experience and improve their
decision-making or predictive accuracy over time.
Natural Language Processing (NLP)
Natural language processing strives to build machines that understand and respond to text
or voice data — and respond with text or speech of their own — in much the same way
humans do.
Automation and Robotics
Expert systems or applications that are able to perform tasks given by a human. They have
sensors to detect real-world data such as temperature, movement, sound, heat, pressure,
light that is processed to exhibit intelligence with the capability to adapt in accordance to its
inputs and learn from it’s mistakes.
AutoPilot | Some Industrial Production…
Machine Vision (MV)
Is the technology and methods used to provide imaging-based automatic inspection and
analysis for such applications as automatic inspection, process control, and robot guidance,
usually in industry
Data Mining
Learn about data mining, which combines statistics and artificial intelligence to analyze large
data sets to discover useful information

​Applications of AI
AI has been dominant in various fields such as −
● Gaming − AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker,
tic-tac-toe, etc., where machine can think of large number of possible positions
based on heuristic knowledge.
● Natural Language Processing − It is possible to interact with the computer
that understands natural language spoken by humans.
● Expert Systems − There are some applications which integrate machine,
software, and special information to impart reasoning and advising. They
provide explanation and advice to the users.
● Vision Systems − These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual
input on the computer. For example,
o A spying aeroplane takes photographs, which are used to figure
out spatial information or map of the areas.
o Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.
o Police use computer software that can recognize the face of
criminal with the stored portrait made by forensic artist.
● Speech Recognition − Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and
comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a
human talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the
background, change in human’s noise due to cold, etc.
● Handwriting Recognition − The handwriting recognition software reads the
text written on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the
shapes of the letters and convert it into editable text.
● Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human.
They have sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light,
heat, temperature, movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They have efficient
processors, multiple sensors and huge memory, to exhibit intelligence. In
addition, they are capable of learning from their mistakes and they can adapt to
the new environment.
​History of AI
Here is the history of AI during 20th century −

Year Milestone / Innovation

Karel Čapek play named “Rossum's Universal Robots” (RUR) opens in

1923
London, first use of the word "robot" in English.

1943 Foundations for neural networks laid.

1945 Isaac Asimov, a Columbia University alumni, coined the term Robotics.

Alan Turing introduced Turing Test for evaluation of intelligence and

1950 published Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Claude Shannon
published Detailed Analysis of Chess Playing as a search.

John McCarthy coined the term Artificial Intelligence. Demonstration of

1956
the first running AI program at Carnegie Mellon University.

1958 John McCarthy invents LISP programming language for AI.

Danny Bobrow's dissertation at MIT showed that computers can

1964 understand natural language well enough to solve algebra word problems
correctly.

Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT built ELIZA, an interactive problem that

1965
carries on a dialogue in English.

Scientists at Stanford Research Institute Developed Shakey, a robot,

1969
equipped with locomotion, perception, and problem solving.

The Assembly Robotics group at Edinburgh University built Freddy, the

1973 Famous Scottish Robot, capable of using vision to locate and assemble
models.

1979 The first computer-controlled autonomous vehicle, Stanford Cart, was

 built.

1985 Harold Cohen created and demonstrated the drawing program, Aaron.

Major advances in all areas of AI −

● Significant demonstrations in machine learning
● Case-based reasoning
● Multi-agent planning
1990
● Scheduling
● Data mining, Web Crawler
● natural language understanding and translation
● Vision, Virtual Reality
● Games

The Deep Blue Chess Program beats the then world chess champion,
1997
Garry Kasparov.

Interactive robot pets become commercially available. MIT

2000 displays Kismet, a robot with a face that expresses emotions. The
robot Nomad explores remote regions of Antarctica and locates meteorites.

● What is Intelligence?
The ability of a system to calculate, reason, perceive relationships and analogies, learn from
experience, store and retrieve information from memory, solve problems, comprehend
complex ideas, use natural language fluently, classify, generalize, and adapt new situations.

● Types of Intelligence
As described by Howard Gardner, an American developmental psychologist, the Intelligence
comes in multifold −

Intelligence Description Example

Linguistic The ability to speak, recognize,

Narrators, Orators
intelligence and use mechanisms of
 phonology (speech sounds),
syntax (grammar), and
semantics (meaning).

The ability to create,

communicate with, and
Musical Musicians, Singers,
understand meanings made of
intelligence Composers
sound, understanding of pitch,
rhythm.

The ability of use and

Logical-mathe understand relationships in the
Mathematicians,
matical absence of action or objects.
Scientists
intelligence Understanding complex and
abstract ideas.

The ability to perceive visual or

spatial information, change it,
Map readers,
Spatial and re-create visual images
Astronauts,
intelligence without reference to the objects,
Physicists
construct 3D images, and to
move and rotate them.

The ability to use complete or

part of the body to solve
Bodily-Kinesth problems or fashion products,
Players, Dancers
etic intelligence control over fine and coarse
motor skills, and manipulate the
objects.

The ability to distinguish

Intra-personal
among one’s own feelings, Gautam Buddhha
intelligence
intentions, and motivations.

The ability to recognize and

Mass
Interpersonal make distinctions among other
Communicators,
intelligence people’s feelings, beliefs, and
Interviewers
intentions.

You can say a machine or a system is artificially intelligent when it is equipped with at least
one and at most all intelligences in it.

● What is Intelligence Composed of?

The intelligence is intangible. It is composed of −
● Reasoning
● Learning
● Problem Solving
 ● Perception
● Linguistic Intelligence

Let us go through all the components briefly −

● Reasoning − It is the set of processes that enables us to provide basis for
judgement, making decisions, and prediction. There are broadly two types −

Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning

It starts with a general statement

It conducts specific
and examines the possibilities to
observations to makes broad
reach a specific, logical
general statements.
conclusion.

Even if all of the premises are If something is true of a class of

true in a statement, inductive things in general, it is also true
reasoning allows for the for all members of that class.
conclusion to be false.

Example − "All women of age

Example − "Nita is a teacher. above 60 years are
Nita is studious. Therefore, grandmothers. Shalini is 65
All teachers are studious." years. Therefore, Shalini is a
grandmother."
● Learning − It is the activity of gaining knowledge or skill by studying,
practising, being taught, or experiencing something. Learning enhances the
awareness of the subjects of the study.
The ability of learning is possessed by humans, some animals, and AI-enabled
systems. Learning is categorized as −
 o Auditory Learning − It is learning by listening and hearing. For
example, students listening to recorded audio lectures.
o Episodic Learning − To learn by remembering sequences of
events that one has witnessed or experienced. This is linear and
orderly.
o Motor Learning − It is learning by precise movement of
muscles. For example, picking objects, Writing, etc.
o Observational Learning − To learn by watching and imitating
others. For example, child tries to learn by mimicking her
parent.
o Perceptual Learning − It is learning to recognize stimuli that
one has seen before. For example, identifying and classifying
objects and situations.
o Relational Learning − It involves learning to differentiate
among various stimuli on the basis of relational properties,
rather than absolute properties. For Example, Adding ‘little less’
salt at the time of cooking potatoes that came up salty last time,
when cooked with adding say a tablespoon of salt.
o Spatial Learning − It is learning through visual stimuli such as
images, colors, maps, etc. For Example, A person can create
roadmap in mind before actually following the road.
o Stimulus-Response Learning − It is learning to perform a
particular behavior when a certain stimulus is present. For
example, a dog raises its ear on hearing doorbell.
● Problem Solving − It is the process in which one perceives and tries to arrive
at a desired solution from a present situation by taking some path, which is
blocked by known or unknown hurdles.
Problem solving also includes decision making, which is the process of
selecting the best suitable alternative out of multiple alternatives to reach the
desired goal are available.
● Perception − It is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and
organizing sensory information.
Perception presumes sensing. In humans, perception is aided by sensory
organs. In the domain of AI, perception mechanism puts the data acquired by
the sensors together in a meaningful manner.
● Linguistic Intelligence − It is one’s ability to use, comprehend, speak, and
write the verbal and written language. It is important in interpersonal
communication.

● Difference between Human and Machine Intelligence

● Humans perceive by patterns whereas the machines perceive by set of rules
and data.
● Humans store and recall information by patterns, machines do it by searching
algorithms. For example, the number 40404040 is easy to remember, store, and
recall as its pattern is simple.
● Humans can figure out the complete object even if some part of it is missing or
distorted; whereas the machines cannot do it correctly.
S.
No Feature Artificial Intelligence Human Intelligence
.

AI is an advancement
On the other hand,
made by human insights;
human creatures are
its early improvement is
1. Emergence made with the intrinsic
credited to Norbert Weiner
capacity to think,
who theorized on criticism
reason, review, etc.
mechanisms.

Artificial intelligence (AI) Human intelligence

strives to build machines seeks to adapt to new
2. Nature that can mimic human situations by combining
behavior and carry out a variety of cognitive
human-like tasks. processes.

The human brain is

3. State Machines are digital.
analogous.

Humans use their

AI-powered machines rely
brains’ memory,
4. Function on input of data and
processing power, and
instructions.
cognitive abilities.
 As compared to people,
computers can handle
more data at a speedier
In terms of speed,
rate. For occurrence, in
Pace/Rate of humans cannot beat the
5. the event that the human
AI and human speed of AI or
intellect can solve a math
machines.
problem in 5 minutes, AI
can solve 10 problems in a
minute.

As machines are unable to

reason abstractly or draw
conclusions from the past. Learning from various
They can only acquire events and prior
Learning
6. knowledge through experiences is the
ability
information and frequent foundation of human
training, but they will never intelligence.
develop a human-specific
thinking process.

AI is profoundly objective Human choices may be

in choice making because affected by subjective
Decision
7. it analyzes based on components which are
Making
absolutely accumulated not based on figures
data. alone.

For human insights,

AI frequently produces there’s more often than
precise comes about not room for “human
8. Perfection because its capacities are error” as certain subtle
based on a set of modified elements may be
rules. missed at one point or
the other.
 The modern computer On the other hand,
Energy
9. generally uses 2 watts of human brains uses
Consumption
energy. about 25 watts

Human insights can be

adaptable in reaction to
Modification AI takes much more time the changes in their
10. of AI and to adjust to unused environment. This
Human changes. makes individuals able
to memorize and ace
different skills.

AI can as it were perform The human judgment

fewer assignments at the skills underpin
11. Versatility same time as a framework multitasking as proven
can as it were learn duties by differing and
one at a time. concurrent roles.

On the other hand, as

social creatures, people
are much way better at
AI has not aced the
social interaction since
Social capacity to choose up on
12. they can prepare
Networking related social and
theoretical data, have
enthusiastic cues.
self-awareness, and are
delicate to others’
feelings.

It does optimization of the It is innovative or

13. Task
system. It cannot be creative.
creative or innovative as
 humans can only think and
machines cannot.

----;

The domain of artificial intelligence is huge in breadth and width. While proceeding, we
consider the broadly common and prospering research areas in the domain of AI −
 ● Speech and Voice Recognition
These both terms are common in robotics, expert systems and natural language processing.
Though these terms are used interchangeably, their objectives are different.

Speech Recognition Voice

Recognition

The speech recognition The objective of

aims at understanding and voice recognition
comprehending WHAT was is to
spoken. recognize WHO is
speaking.

It is used in hand-free It is used to

computing, map, or menu identify a person
navigation. by analysing its
 tone, voice pitch,
and accent, etc.

Machine does not need This recognition

training for Speech system needs
Recognition as it is not training as it is
speaker dependent. person oriented.

Speaker independent Speaker dependent

Speech Recognition Speech
systems are difficult to Recognition
develop. systems are
comparatively
easy to develop.

Working of Speech and Voice Recognition Systems

The user input spoken at a microphone goes to sound card of the system. The converter turns
the analog signal into equivalent digital signal for the speech processing. The database is used
to compare the sound patterns to recognize the words. Finally, a reverse feedback is given to
the database.
This source-language text becomes input to the Translation Engine, which converts it to the
target language text. They are supported with interactive GUI, large database of vocabulary,
etc.

● Real Life Applications of Research Areas

There is a large array of applications where AI is serving common people in their day-to-day
lives −

Sr.No. Research Real Life Application

Areas

1 Expert
Systems
Examples −
Flight-tracki
ng systems,
Clinical
systems.
2 Natural
Language
Processing
Examples:
Google
Now
feature,
speech
recognition,
Automatic
voice
output.

3 Neural
Networks
Examples −
Pattern
recognition
systems
such as face
recognition,
character
recognition,
handwriting
recognition.

4 Robotics
Examples −
Industrial
robots for
moving,
spraying,
painting,
precision
checking,
drilling,
cleaning,
coating,
carving, etc.
 5 Fuzzy
Logic
Systems
Examples −
Consumer
electronics,
automobiles
, etc.

● Task Classification of AI
The domain of AI is classified into Formal tasks, Mundane tasks, and Expert tasks.

Task Domains of Artificial Intelligence

Mundane (Ordinary) Formal Tasks Expert Tasks

Tasks

Perception ● Mathematics ● Engineering

 ● Computer ● Geometry ● Fault Finding
Vision ● Logic ● Manufacturin
● Speech, Voice ● Integration g
and ● Monitoring
Differentiation

Natural Language Games Scientific Analysis

Processing ● Go
● Understandin ● Chess (Deep
g Blue)
● Language ● Ckeckers
Generation
● Language
Translation

Common Sense Verification Financial Analysis

Reasoning Theorem Proving Medical Diagnosis

Planing Creativity

Robotics ●
● Locomotive

Humans learn mundane (ordinary) tasks since their birth. They learn by perception,
speaking, using language, and locomotives. They learn Formal Tasks and Expert Tasks later,
in that order.
For humans, the mundane tasks are easiest to learn. The same was considered true before
trying to implement mundane tasks in machines. Earlier, all work of AI was concentrated in
the mundane task domain.
Later, it turned out that the machine requires more knowledge, complex knowledge
representation, and complicated algorithms for handling mundane tasks. This is the
reason why AI work is more prospering in the Expert Tasks domain now, as the expert
task domain needs expert knowledge without common sense, which can be easier to represent
and handle.

● Robotics and Artificial Intelligence

Robotics is a separate entity in Artificial Intelligence that helps study the
creation of intelligent robots or machines. Robotics combines electrical
engineering, mechanical engineering and computer science & engineering
as they have mechanical construction, electrical component and
programmed with programming language. Although, Robotics and Artificial
Intelligence both have different objectives and applications, but most
people treat robotics as a subset of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Robot
machines look very similar to humans, and also, they can perform like
humans, if enabled with AI.

In earlier days, robotic applications were very limited, but now they have
become smarter and more efficient by combining with Artificial
Intelligence. AI has played a crucial role in the industrial sector by
replacing humans in terms of productivity and quality. In this article,
'Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, we will discuss Robots & Artificial
Intelligence and their various applications, advantages, differences, etc.
Let's start with the definition of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Robots.

● What is Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence is defined as the branch of Computer Science &
Engineering, which deals with creating intelligent machines that perform
like humans. Artificial Intelligence helps to enable machines to sense,
comprehend, act and learn human like activities. There are mainly 4 types
of Artificial Intelligence: reactive machines, limited memory, theory of mind, and
self-awareness.

● What is a robot?
A robot is a machine that looks like a human, and is capable of performing out of box
actions and replicating certain human movements automatically by means of
commands given to it using programming. Examples: Drug Compounding
Robot, Automotive Industry Robots, Order Picking Robots, Industrial Floor
Scrubbers and Sage Automation Gantry Robots, etc.

Components of Robot

Several components construct a robot, these components are as follows:

o Actuators: Actuators are the devices that are responsible for moving
and controlling a system or machine. It helps to achieve physical
movements by converting energy like electrical, hydraulic and air,
etc. Actuators can create linear as well as rotary motion.
o Power Supply: It is an electrical device that supplies electrical power
to an electrical load. The primary function of the power supply is to
convert electrical current to power the load.
o Electric Motors: These are the devices that convert electrical energy
into mechanical energy and are required for the rotational motion of
the machines.
o Pneumatic Air Muscles: Air Muscles are soft pneumatic devices that are
ideally best fitted for robotics. They can contract and extend and
operate by pressurized air filling a pneumatic bladder. Whenever air
is introduced, it can contract up to 40%.
 o Muscles wire: These are made up of nickel-titanium alloy called Nitinol
and are very thin in shape. It can also extend and contract when a
specific amount of heat and electric current is supplied into it. Also,
it can be formed and bent into different shapes when it is in its
martensitic form. They can contract by 5% when electrical current
passes through them.
o Piezo Motors and Ultrasonic Motors: Piezoelectric motors or Piezo motors
are the electrical devices that receive an electric signal and apply a
directional force to an opposing ceramic plate. It helps a robot to
move in the desired direction. These are the best suited electrical
motors for industrial robots.
o Sensor: They provide the ability like see, hear, touch and movement
like humans. Sensors are the devices or machines which help to
detect the events or changes in the environment and send data to
the computer processor. These devices are usually equipped with
other electronic devices. Similar to human organs, the electrical
sensor also plays a crucial role in Artificial Intelligence & robotics. AI
algorithms control robots by sensing the environment, and it
provides real-time information to computer processors.

Applications of Robotics

Robotics have different application areas. Some of the important

applications domains of robotics are as follows:

o Robotics in defence sectors: The defence sector is undoubtedly the one

of the main parts of any country. Each country wants their defence
system to be strong. Robots help to approach inaccessible and
dangerous zone during war. DRDO has developed a robot
named Daksh to destroy life-threatening objects safely. They help
soldiers to remain safe and deployed by the military in combat
scenarios. Besides combat support, robots are also deployed
in anti-submarine operations, fire support, battle damage management, strike
missions, and laying machines.
o Robotics in Medical sectors: Robots also help in various medical fields
such as laparoscopy, neurosurgery, orthopaedic surgery, disinfecting
rooms, dispensing medication, and various other medical domains.
o Robotics in Industrial Sector: Robots are used in various industrial
manufacturing industries such as cutting, welding, assembly,
disassembly, pick and place for printed circuit boards, packaging &
labelling, palletizing, product inspection & testing, colour coating,
drilling, polishing and handling the materials.
Moreover, Robotics technology increases productivity and
 profitability and reduces human efforts, resulting from lower
physical strain and injury. The industrial robot has some important
advantages, which are as follows:
o Accuracy
o Flexibility
o Reduced labour charge
o Low noise operation
o Fewer production damages
o Increased productivity rate.
o Robotics in Entertainment: Over the last decade, use of robots is
continuously getting increased in entertainment areas. Robots are
being employed in entertainment sector, such as movies, animation,
games and cartoons. Robots are very helpful where repetitive
actions are required. A camera-wielding robot helps shoot a movie
scene as many times as needed without getting tired and frustrated.
A big-name Disney has launched hundreds of robots for the film
industry.
o Robots in the mining industry: Robotics is very helpful for various mining
applications such as robotic dozing, excavation and haulage, robotic
mapping & surveying, robotic drilling and explosive handling, etc. A
mining robot can solely navigate flooded passages and use cameras
and other sensors to detect valuable minerals. Further, robots also
help in excavation to detect gases and other materials and keep
humans safe from harm and injuries. The robot rock climbers are
used for space exploration, and underwater drones are used for
ocean exploration.

AI technology used in Robotics

Computer Vision

Robots can also see, and this is possible by one of the popular Artificial
Intelligence technologies named Computer vision. Computer Vision plays a
crucial role in all industries like health, entertainment, medical, military,
mining, etc.

Computer Vision is an important domain of Artificial Intelligence that helps

in extracting meaningful information from images, videos and visual
inputs and take action accordingly.
Natural Language Processing

NLP (Natural Languages Processing) can be used to give voice commands

to AI robots. It creates a strong human-robot interaction. NLP is a specific
area of Artificial Intelligence that enables the communication between
humans and robots. Through the NLP technique, the robot can understand
and reproduce human language. Some robots are equipped with NLP so
that we can't differentiate between humans and robots.

Similarly, in the health care sector, robots powered by Natural Language

Processing may help physicians to observe the decease details and
automatically fill in EHR. Besides recognizing human language, it can learn
common uses, such as learn the accent, and predict how humans speak.

Edge Computing

Edge computing in robots is defined as a service provider of robot

integration, testing, design and simulation. Edge computing in robotics
provides better data management, lower connectivity cost, better security
practices, more reliable and uninterrupted connection.

Complex Event Process

Complex event processing (CEP) is a concept that helps us to understand

the processing of multiple events in real time. An event is described as a
Change of State, and one or more events combine to define a Complex
event. The complex event process is most widely used term in various
industries such as healthcare, finance, security, marketing, etc. It is
primarily used in credit card fraud detection and also in stock marketing
field.

For example, the deployment of an airbag in a car is a complex event

based on the data from multiple sensors in real-time. This idea is used in
Robotics, for example, Event-Processing in Autonomous Robot
Programming.

Transfer Learning and AI

This is the technique used to solve a problem with the help of another
problem that is already solved. In Transfer learning technique, knowledge
gained from solving one problem can be implement to solve related
problem. We can understand it with an example such as the model used
for identifying a circle shape can also be used to identify a square shape.

Transfer learning reuses the pre-trained model for a related problem, and
only the last layer of the model is trained, which is relatively less time
consuming and cheaper. In robotics, transfer learning can be used to train
one machine with the help of other machines.

Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning is a feedback-based learning method in machine

learning that enables an AI agent to learn and explore the environment,
perform actions and learn automatically from experience or feedback for
each action. Further, it is also having feature of autonomously learn to
behave optimally through hit-and-trail action while interacting with the
environment. It is primarily used to develop the sequence of decisions and
achieve the goals in uncertain and potentially complex environment. In
robotics, robots explore the environment and learn about it through hit
and trial. For each action, he gets rewarded (positive or negative).
Reinforcement learning provides Robotics with a framework to design and
simulate sophisticated and hard-to-engineer behaviours.

Affective computing

Affective computing is a field of study that deals with developing systems

that can identify, interpret, process, and simulate human emotions.
Affective computing aims to endow robots with emotional intelligence to
hope that robots can be endowed with human-like capabilities of
observation, interpretation, and emotion expression.

Mixed Reality

Mixed Reality is also an emerging domain. It is mainly used in the field of

programming by demonstration (PbD). PbD creates a prototyping
mechanism for algorithms using a combination of physical and virtual
objects.

● What are Artificially Intelligent Robots?

Artificial intelligent robots connect AI with robotics. AI robots are
controlled by AI programs and use different AI technologies, such as
Machine learning, computer vision, RL learning, etc. Usually, most robots
are not AI robots, these robots are programmed to perform repetitive
series of movements, and they don't need any AI to perform their task.
However, these robots are limited in functionality.

AI algorithms are necessary when you want to allow the robot to perform
more complex tasks.

A warehousing robot might use a path-finding algorithm to navigate

around the warehouse. A drone might use autonomous navigation to
return home when it is about to run out of battery. A self-driving car
might use a combination of AI algorithms to detect and avoid potential
hazards on the road. All these are the examples of artificially intelligent
robots.

What are the advantages of integrating Artificial Intelligence

into robotics?

o The major advantages of artificially intelligent robots are social care.

They can guide people, especially come to aid for older people, with
chatbot like social skills and advanced processors.
o Robotics also helps in Agricultural industry with the help of
developing AI based robots. These robots reduce the farmer's
workload.
o In Military industry, Military bots can spy through speech and vision
detectors, along with saving lives by replacing infantry
o Robotics also employed in volcanoes, deep oceans, extremely cold
places, or even in space where normally humans can't survive.
o Robotics is also used in medical and healthcare industry as it can
also perform complex surgeries that have a higher risk of a mistake
by humans, but with a pre-set of instructions and added
Intelligence. AI integrated robotics could reduce the number of
casualties greatly.

● Difference in Robot System and AI Programs

Here is the difference between Artificial Intelligence and Robots:

1. AI Programs

Usually, we use to operate them in computer-simulated worlds.

Generally, input is given in the form of symbols and rules.

To operate this, we need general-purpose/Special-purpose computers.

2. Robots

Generally, we use robots to operate in the real physical world.

Inputs are given in the form of the analogue signal or in the form of the
speech waveform.

Also, to operate this, special hardware with sensors and effectors are
needed.