UNIT - I

Overview of AI:
Since the invention of computers or machines, their capability to perform various
tasks went on grown exponentially. Humans have developed the power of computer
systems in terms of their diverse working domains, their increasing speed, and reducing size
with respect to time.
A branch of Computer Science named Artificial Intelligence pursues creating computers or
machines as intelligent as human beings.
Artificial Intelligence is ready to create a new revolution in the world by making intelligent
machines. Artificial Intelligence is now all around us. It is currently working with a variety of
subfields, ranging from general to specific, such as self-driving cars, playing chess, proving
theorems, playing music, Painting, etc.

Definition of Artificial Intelligence: Simply a “Man Made Thinking Power”

According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, it is “The science and engineering of
making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs”.

“Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a software

think intelligently”, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think.
Or
"It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which can behave
like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions."

Philosophy of AI:
While exploiting the power of the computer systems, the curiosity of human, lead him to wonder,
“Can a machine think and behave like humans do?” Thus, the development of AI started with the
intention of creating similar intelligence in machines that we find and regard high in humans.

Goals of Artificial Intelligence:

 To Create Expert Systems: The systems which exhibit intelligent behaviour, learn,
demonstrate, explain, and advice its users.

 To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines: Creating systems that understand, think,

learn, and behave like humans

 Building a machine that can perform tasks that require human intelligence such as:
 Proving a theorem
 Playing chess
 Plan some surgical operation
 Driving a car in traffic
 Creating some system that can exhibit intelligent behaviour, learn new things by
itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.
 Making it easier for humans to interact with machines.
 Improving the accuracy and speed of medical diagnoses.
 Enhancing communication between humans and machines.

Elements of AI systems:
Artificial Intelligence is not just a part of computer science even though it's so vast and requires lots
of other factors which can contribute to it. To create AI first we should know how intelligence is
composed, so Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a combination of Reasoning,
learning, problem-solving perception, language understanding, etc.
 Learning:
Similar to humans, computer programs also learn in different manners. Talking of AI,
learning by this platform is further segregated into a varied number of forms.
The learning component of AI includes memorizing individual items like different
solutions to problems, vocabulary, foreign languages, etc., also known as rote
learning. This learning method is later implemented using the generalization
method.

 AI Reasoning
The second major component of artificial intelligence is reasoning. 
AI uses the ability to make inferences when applying reasoning based on commands
it is given or other information at its disposal. For example, virtual assistants will
offer restaurant recommendations based on the specific orders or questions it
receives.
The assistant will use reasoning to decide what restaurants to suggest based on the
questions it received and the nearest location of various restaurants.
This type of reasoning involves drawing inferences. Inferences include two
categories: deductive and inductive reasoning.

 Problem Solving
In the most basic of terms, an AI's problem-solving ability is based on the application
and manipulation of data, where the solution needs to be x.
Alternatively, in more advanced applications, problem-solving techniques in the
context of AI can include the development of efficient algorithms and performing
root cause analysis with the goal of discovering a desirable solution
When a shopper is looking for a product and doesn't know the exact name of the
product, AI can assist in dramatically reducing the possibilities.
The different methods of ‘Problem-solving’ count for essential artificial intelligence
components that divide the queries into special and general purposes.

 Perception
In using the ‘perception’ component of Artificial Intelligence, the element scans any given
environment by using different sense-organs, either artificial or real.
For example, AI scans the environment through sense components such as
temperature sensors and cameras.
Autonomous driving is an example of how AI implements perception. They are able
to perceive and comprehend the environment around them, including traffic lights,
road lines, and weather conditions.
Other examples include a GPS system or smart speakers that respond to human
queries. After capturing elements of the surrounding environment, a perceiver will
analyse the different objects, extract their features, and analyse the relationships
among them.

 Language-understanding
AI processes language in something as seemingly simple as spellcheck and
autocorrect. Computer programs use neural networks to scan large bodies of text for
misspelled words and language irregularities. 
Another way AI uses language processing is when it weeds out spam in email
systems. For example, spam filters delegate specific messages as spam when seeing
certain words or combinations of words.
Programming Without and With AI:
The programming without and with AI is different in following ways –

Programming Without AI Programming With AI

A computer program without AI can A computer program with AI can answer

answer the specific questions it is meant the generic questions it is meant to solve.
to solve.
Modification in the program leads to You can modify even a minute piece of information
change in its structure. of program without affecting its structure.

Manual Process Automated Process

More than a Century old Few Decades old
Knowledge Intelligence/Wisdom

Examples of Artificial Intelligence

There are limitless examples of Artificial Intelligence that collision our live. But here are
some of the examples:

 Google Maps
 Face Recognition
 Chatbots
 Digital Assistants
 Speech Recognition
 Self-Driving Vehicles
 Social Media
 E-Payments
 Text Editors
 AI Technique:
In the real world, knowledge has some unwelcomed properties:
 Its volume is huge, next to unimaginable.
 It is not well-organized or well-formatted.
 It keeps changing constantly.
AI Technique is a manner to organize and use knowledge efficiently in such a way that:
 It should be perceivable by the people who provide it.
 It should be easily modifiable to correct errors.
 It should be useful in many situations though it is incomplete or inaccurate. AI
techniques elevate the speed of execution of the complex program it is equipped
with

Applications of AI
AI has been dominant in various fields such as −
 Gaming − AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe,
etc., where machine can think of large number of possible positions based on
heuristic knowledge.

 Natural Language Processing − It is possible to interact with the computer that

understands natural language spoken by humans.

 Expert Systems − There are some applications which integrate machine, software,
and special information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation
and advice to the users.

 Vision Systems − These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input
on the computer. For example,
o A spying aeroplane takes photographs, which are used to figure out spatial
information or map of the areas.
o Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.
o Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with the
stored portrait made by forensic artist.

 Speech Recognition − Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and

comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a
human talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the
background, change in human’s noise due to cold, etc.
  Handwriting Recognition − The handwriting recognition software reads the text
written on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the shapes of the
letters and convert it into editable text.
 Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human. They
have sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light, heat,
temperature, movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They have efficient
processors, multiple sensors and huge memory, to exhibit intelligence. In addition,
they are capable of learning from their mistakes and they can adapt to the new
environment.

History of Artificial Intelligence:

Artificial Intelligence is a buzzword today, although this term is not new. In 1956, avant-
garde experts from different backgrounds decided to organize a summer research project
on AI. Four bright minds led the project; John McCarthy (Dartmouth College), Marvin Minsky
(Harvard University), Nathaniel Rochester (IBM), and Claude Shannon (Bell Telephone
Laboratories).

Here, is Brief history of Artificial Intelligence:

Year Milestone / Innovation
192 Karel Čapek plays named “Rossum’s Universal Robots, the first use of the word “robot”
3 in English.
194 Foundations for neural networks laid.
3
194 Isaac Asimov, a Columbia University alumni, use the term Robotics.
5
195 John McCarthy first used the term Artificial Intelligence. Demonstration of the first
6 running AI program at Carnegie Mellon University.

195 John McCarthy invents LISP programming language for AI

8

196 Danny Bobrow’s dissertation at MIT showed how computers could understand natural
4 language.
196 Scientists at Stanford Research Institute Developed Shakey. A robot equipped with
9 locomotion and problem-solving.
197 The world’s first computer-controlled autonomous vehicle, Stanford Cart, was built.
9
199 Major advances in all area of AI:
0 o Significant demonstrations in machine learning
o Games et
o Data mining
o NLP understaning and translation etc..
199 The Deep Blue Chess Program beat the then world chess champion, Garry Kasparov.
7
200 Interactive robot pets have become commercially available. MIT displays Kismet, a
0 robot with a face that expresses emotions.
200 AI came into the Business world in the year 2006. Companies like Facebook, Netflix,
6 Twitter started using AI.
201 Google has launched an Android app feature called “Google now”, which provides the
2 user with a prediction.
201 The “Project Debater” from IBM debated complex topics with two master debaters and
8 performed exceptionally well.

Intelligence Systems:
Artificial Intelligence is based on human insights that can be decided in a way that can
machine can effortlessly actualize the tasks, from the basic to those that are indeed more
complex. The reason for manufactured insights is learning, problem-solving, reasoning, and
perception.
This term may be connected to any machines which show related to a human intellect such
as examination and decision-making and increments the efficiency.

AI covers assignments like robotics, control systems, face recognition, scheduling, data
mining, and numerous others.

Types of Intelligence:

Intelligence Description Example

The ability to speak, recognize, and use mechanisms

Narrators,
Linguistic intelligence of phonology (speech sounds), syntax (grammar),
Orators
and semantics (meaning).

The ability to create, communicate with, and Musicians,

Musical intelligence understand meanings made of sound, Singers,
understanding of pitch, rhythm. Composers

The ability of use and understand relationships in

Logical-mathematical Mathematicia
the absence of action or objects. Understanding
intelligence ns, Scientists
complex and abstract ideas.

The ability to perceive visual or spatial information,

Map readers,
change it, and re-create visual images without
Spatial intelligence Astronauts,
reference to the objects, construct 3D images, and
Physicists
to move and rotate them.

The ability to use complete or part of the body to

Bodily-Kinesthetic solve problems or fashion products, control over Players,
intelligence fine and coarse motor skills, and manipulate the Dancers
objects.

Intra-personal The ability to distinguish among one’s own feelings, Gautam

intelligence intentions, and motivations. Buddhha

The ability to recognize and make distinctions Mass

Interpersonal among other people’s feelings, beliefs, and Communicato
intelligence intentions. rs,
Interviewers
You can say a machine or a system is artificially intelligent when it is equipped with at least
one and at most all intelligences in it.

Human Intelligence Vs. Machine Intelligence:

Feature Artificial Intelligence Human Intelligence

Emergence AI is an advancement made by human On the other hand, human creatures are
insights; its early improvement is credited to made with the intrinsic capacity to think,
Norbert Weiner who theorized on criticism reason, review, etc.
mechanisms.

Nature Artificial intelligence (AI) strives to build Human intelligence seeks to adapt to
machines that can mimic human behavior new situations by combining a variety of
and carry out human-like tasks. cognitive processes.

State Machines are digital. The human brain is analogous.

Function AI-powered machines rely on input of data Humans use their brains’ memory,
and instructions. processing power, and cognitive abilities.

Pace/Rate of As compared to people, computers can In terms of speed, humans cannot beat
AI and handle more data at a speedier rate. For the speed of AI or machines.
human occurrence, in the event that the human
intellect can solve a math problem in 5
minutes, AI can solve 10 problems in a
minute.

Learning As machines are unable to reason abstractly Learning from various events and prior
ability or draw conclusions from the past. They can experiences is the foundation of human
only acquire knowledge through information intelligence.
and frequent training, but they will never
develop a human-specific thinking process.

Decision AI is profoundly objective in choice making Human choices may be affected by

Making because it analyses based on absolutely subjective components which are not
accumulated data. based on figures alone.

Perfection AI frequently produces precise comes about For human insights, there’s more often
because its capacities are based on a set of than not room for “human error” as
modified rules. certain subtle elements may be missed at
one point or the other.

Energy The modern computer generally uses 2 watts On the other hand, human brains uses
Consumption of energy. about 25 watts

Modification AI takes much more time to adjust to unused Human insights can be adaptable in
of AI and changes. reaction to the changes in their
Human environment. This makes individuals able
to memorize and ace different skills.
Versatility AI can as it were perform fewer assignments The human judgment skills underpin
at the same time as a framework can as it multitasking as proven by differing and
were learn duties one at a time. concurrent roles.

Social AI has not aced the capacity to choose up on On the other hand, as social creatures,
Networking related social and enthusiastic cues. people are many ways better at social
interaction since they can prepare
theoretical data, have self-awareness,
and are delicate to others’ feelings.

Task It does the optimization of the system. It It is innovative or creative.

cannot be creative or innovative as humans
can only think and machines cannot.

How Artificial intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning differ from each other?
The difference between AI, ML, and Deep Learning is given in the below table:

Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning Deep Learning

The term Artificial The term ML was first coined The term DL was first coined in
intelligence was first coined in the year 1959 by Arthur the year 2000 Igor Aizenberg.
in the year 1956 by John Samuel.
McCarthy.

It is a technology that is used It is a subset of AI that learns It is the subset of machine

to create intelligent from past data and learning and AI that is inspired
machines that can mimic experiences. by the human brain cells, called
human behavior. neurons, and imitates the
working of the human brain.

AI completely deals with ML deals with structured and Deep learning deals with
structured and semi- semi-structured data. structured and unstructured
structured data. data.

It requires a huge amount of It can work with less amount It requires a huge amount of the
data to work. of data compared to deep data compared to the ML.
learning and AI.

The goal of AI is to enable The goal of ML is to enable The goal of deep learning is to
machine to think without the machine to learn from solve the complex problems as
any human intervention. past experiences. the human brain does, u

Give some real-world applications of AI.

There are various real-world applications of AI, and some of them are given below:
 Google Search Engine: When we start writing something on the google search
engine, we immediately get the relevant recommendations from google, and this is
because of different AI technologies.
 Ridesharing Applications: Different ride-sharing applications such as Uber uses AI
and machine learning to determine the type of ride, minimize the time once the car
is hailed by the user, the price of the ride, etc.
 Spam Filters in Email: The AI is also used for email spam filtering so that you can get
the important and relevant emails only in your inbox. As per the studies, Gmail
successfully filters 99.9% of spam mail.

 Social Networking: Different social networking sites such as Face book, Instagram,
Pinterest, etc., use AI technology for different purposes such as face recognition and
friend suggestions, when you upload a photograph on Face book, understanding the
contextual meaning of an emoji in Instagram, and so on.
 Product recommendations: When we search for a product on Amazon, we get the
recommendation for similar products, and this is because of different ML algorithms.
Similarly, on Netflix, we get personalized recommendations for movies and web
series.