Cec 102 Introductory Hydrology Second Semester Exam-1

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, LAFIA
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHMOLOGY
SECOND SEMESTER 2022/2023 SESSION EXAMINATION

LEVEL: ND I
CEC 102: INTRODUCTORY HYDROLOGY
TIME ALLOWED: 2 HOURS
INSTRUCTION: ANSWER ANY FOUR (4) QUESTIONS, ALL QUESTIONS CARRY EQUAL MARKS
Question 1
a. Define hydrologic cycle? (2 marks)
b. Enumerate five forms of precipitation (5 marks)
c. With the aid of a diagram, explain the hydrologic cycle (8 marks)
Question 2
a. What is Hydrology (3 marks)
b. State four applications of hydrology in engineering (4 marks)
c. Highlight four importance of the hydrologic cycle in sustainable development of water
resources (8 marks)
Question 3
1. Distinguish between weather and climate (4 mark)
2. List six controls of climate (6 marks)
3. Mention five elements of weather and their respective instrument of measurements
(5 marks)
Question 4
Briefly discuss precipitation under the following
a. Formation (7 marks)
b. Types (4 marks)
c. Measurement (4 marks)
Question 5
1. What is Runoff? (2 marks)
2. List five factors affecting Runoff (5 mark)
3. Briefly explain four component of Runoff (8 marks)
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, LAFIA
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHMOLOGY
SECOND SEMESTER 2022/2023 SESSION EXAMINATION

LEVEL: ND I
CEC 102: INTRODUCTORY HYDROLOGY
CREDIT UNIT: 2
MARKS OBTAINABLE = 60 MARKS (EACH QUESTION CARRIES 15 MARKS)
MARKING SCHEME
Question 1
a. The hydrological cycle is the continuous circulation of water in the Earth-Atmosphere
system. OR It is the motion of the water from the ground, to the atmosphere, and back
again. OR any proper definition. 2 marks
b. Forms of precipitation include

Drizzle, dew, snow, snowflakes, hail, glaze, mist, sleet, frost, fog
(1 mark for each point; 5 points = 5 marks)
c. Water Cycle is very simple and involves a chain of processes.

 Evaporation from the surfaces of ponds, lakes, ocean, rivers etc. and
 transpiration from surface vegetation i.e., from plant leaves take place.
 These vapours rise to the sky and are condensed at higher altitude and form clouds,
resulting in droplet growth.
 The clouds melt and sometimes burst resulting in precipitation of different forms like
rain, snow, hail, sleet, mist, dew and frost.
 A part of this precipitation flows over the land called runoff and
 Part infiltrates into the soil which builds up the groundwater table. The surface runoff
joins the streams and rivers.
 A portion of surface runoff and groundwater flows back to ocean.
 Again evaporation starts from the surfaces of lakes, rivers and ocean, and the cycle
repeats. These processes continue.
 This endless circulation of water is known as the hydrologic cycle.
It is as shown in the figure below
(Good explanation plus appropriate diagram) 8 marks
Question 2
a. Hydrology is the science which deals with the origin, occurrence, distribution, circulation
and storage of water in the earth system or any correct definition 2 marks
b. Applications of hydrology in engineering

i. design and operation of hydraulic structures
ii. water supply
iii. wastewater treatment and disposal
iv. irrigation, drainage
v. hydropower generation
vi. flood control
vii. Navigation
viii. erosion and sediment control
ix. salinity control
x. pollution abatement
xi. recreational use of water
xii. fish and wildlife protection
Any correct point = 1 mark; any five points = 5 marks
c. Importance of Hydrologic Cycle in the Development of Water Resources

The hydrologic cycle plays a vital role in sustainable development of water resources:
i. Clean water and sanitation: the water cycle provides the water we need for
drinking, cooking, bathing and other basic needs
ii. Food security: Agriculture and food production rely on water cycle. The cycle helps
humans to produce enough food to feed the growing population of the world.
iii. Hydraulic structures: hydrologic cycle provides the water and conditions we need
for the design and operation of hydraulic structures, water supply, wastewater
treatment and disposal, irrigation, drainage, dams, hydropower generation, flood
control, navigation, erosion and sediment control, salinity control, pollution
abatement, recreational use of water, and fish and wildlife protection.
iv. Ecosystems: the water cycle is essential for all ecosystems, from forest and wetland
to deserts and oceans. All plant and animals need water to survive. The water cycle
also helps to regulate the climate and maintain biodiversity.
Any correct point = 2 marks; any four points = 8 marks
Question 3
a. Weather refers to the state or condition of the atmosphere over an area at any point of
time while Climate refers to the sum total of weather conditions and variations over a
large area for a long period of time (usually more than 30 years). OR Weather is
instantaneous atmospheric condition, climate total average of atmospheric condition
over a long time.
Correct point = 4 marks
b. Controls of climates are:
i. Latitude
ii. Altitude
iii. Pressure and wind system
iv. Distance from the sea
v. Ocean Currents
vi. Relief features
Any correct point = 1 mark; six points = 6 marks
Element of weather Measuring instrument

Rainfall Rain guage
Temperature Thermometer
Pressure Barometer
Humidity Hygrometer
Wind speed Anemometer
Wind direction Wind vane or cork
Sunshine duration Campbell-Stokes
Cloud Weather satellites and radar
Any correct point = 1 mark; five points = 5 marks
Question 4
a. Formation of precipitation
While water vapor in the atmosphere is a necessary factor in the formation of
precipitation. Moisture is always present in the atmosphere, even on cloudless days. For
precipitation to occur, some mechanism is required to cool the air sufficiently to cause
condensation and droplet growth. Condensation nuclei are also necessary, but they are
usually present in the atmosphere in adequate quantities. The large-scale cooling
needed for significant amounts of precipitation is achieved by lifting the air.
Precipitation is often typed according to the factor responsible for the lifting.
Correct explanation = 7 marks
b. Types of precipitation: Precipitation are classified into the following types depending on
the nature of air lifting that results in the precipitation
i. convectional precipitation
ii. frontal precipitation
iii. orographic precipitation
iv. cyclonic precipitation
Any correct point = 1 mark; four points = 4 marks
c. Measurement of precipitation
Rainfall may be measured by a network of rain gauges which may either be of recording
type or non-recording. Rainfall is measured in millimeter 4 marks
Question 5
a. Run-off is defined as the water than is not intercepted by vegetation or by artificial surfaces such
as roots or pavements when falling from atmosphere and it flows slowly down to the river
channel. OR any correct definition 2 marks
b. Factors Affecting run-off
i. Catchment Area
ii. Slope of Catchment
iii. Catchment Orientation
iv. Shape of Catchment
v. Annual Average Rainfall
vi. Soil-Moisture Deficit
vii. Lake and Reservoir Area
Any correct point = 1 mark; five points = 5 marks

c. Components of runoff are:
i. Channel precipitation: Direct precipitation onto the water surfaces of streams, lakes, and
reservoirs makes an immediate contribution to stream flow.
ii. Overland channel: Overland flow comprises the water which, failing to infiltrate the surface
travels over the ground surface towards a stream channel either as quasi-laminar street flow
or, more usually, as flow in small trickles and minor rivulets..
iii. Inflow: Water which infiltrates the soil surface and then move laterally through the upper
soil horizon towards the stream channels, either as unsaturated flow, or more usually, as
shallow perched saturated flow above the main groundwater level is known as inflow..
iv. Groundwater flow: Most of the rainfall which percolates through the soil layer to the
underlying groundwater will eventually reach the main stream channels as groundwater
flow through the zone of saturation
Any correct point = 2 mark; four points = 8 marks

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COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, LAFIA

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY

SECOND SEMESTER 2022/2023 SESSION EXAMINATION

SECOND SEMESTER 2022/2023 SESSION EXAMINATION

b. Forms of precipitation include

c. Water Cycle is very simple and involves a chain of processes.

b. Applications of hydrology in engineering

c. Importance of Hydrologic Cycle in the Development of Water Resources

Element of weather Measuring instrument

Any correct point = 1 mark; five points = 5 marks

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