Chemistry A Volatile History Episodes 1 To 3

Chemistry: A Volatile History
Episode 1 - Discovering The Elements.

Just 92 elements made up the world, but the belief that were only four - earth, fire, air and water -
persisted until the 19th Century. Professor Al-Khalili retraces the footsteps of the alchemists who first
began to question the notion of the elements in their search for the secret of everlasting life.
He reveals the red herrings and rivalries which dogged scientific progress, and explores how new
approaches to splitting matter brought us both remarkable elements and the new science of
chemistry.
1. What element did Humphrey Davy discover?

2. What force did he use?
3. What is everything made of (and how many are there)?
4. What is an element?
5. Greek elements were:

6. 16th century alchemists were trying to do what?
7. Paracelsus’ idea was…
8. Mercury facts:
9. The pursuit of gold led to what idea?

10. Brandt used urine to discover what element?
11. What did it look like? What does it do?
12. Uses of Phosphorus (and phosphates):
13. Boyle’s experiment:
14. What useful item did it lead to?

15. What did Boyle do to alchemy?
16. 1667 The Blind Alley…flogiston explain what their idea was…
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17. Cavendish’s experiment with “airs” (describe it) led to what discovery?
18. H______________________is the most a________________________ element in the universe

19. What was the Hindenburg? What happened and why?
20. Why couldn’t water be an element?

21. 19 elements discovered so far…in the mid 1700’s there were 3 Airs:
a, b, c,
22. Priestley investigated carbon dioxide (F______________air) What does carbon dioxide
do to flame?
23. 1774 Mercuric oxide heated … created what gas?
24. What test was used on this gas?
25. Deflogisticated air plus a mouse; the first on Earth to breath pure
O____________________
26. Oxygen facts:
27. Lavoisier used a quantitative approach to investigate…what did he do?
28. Lavoisier destroyed the Flogiston myth and discovered the significance of
O______________________ crushing the idea of greek elements
29. Lavoisier’s definition of an element:
30. How many elements did he list?

31. He developed a new language to identify elements…what did they use to call iron
oxide?
32. What happened to Lavoisier?

33. Humphrey Davy broke down potash with what?
34. How does the narrator create a current? How does this match your own recent labs?
35. Describe the experiment that Davy did as reproduced onscreen?
36. What would Davy had seen?

37. Potassium facts:
38. How many elements had been found at the time of Davy’s death?
Episode 2 - The Order of the Elements.

Professor Al-Khalili looks at the 19th century chemists who struggled to impose an order on the
apparently random world of the elements. From working out how many there were to discovering their
unique relationships with each other, the early scientists' bid to decode the hidden order of the
elements was driven by false starts and bitter disputes. But ultimately the quest would lead to one of
chemistry's most beautiful intellectual creations - the periodic table
1. 1869, A R______________________ called Mendeleev had the idea for the Periodic Table
2. How many natural elements are there?
3. Dalton: What was he like
4. Salt is always made of what? S________________and C______________________atoms

5. Dalton proposed atoms have their unique A__________________weight
6. What instrument is used to see atoms?
7. Copper facts:
8. Berzelius did what?

9. He had to make his own L____________________________ ______________________Why?
10. What elements did he discover?
11. Silicon facts:
12. Dobereiner looked at element’s chemical properties and R_______________. He noted

there were groups of 3 called T______________________
13. Lithium, Sodium and Potassium are called A_______________Metals. Describe their
reaction with water.
14. What is the trend that you observe?
15. Canizzaro finally produced precise A____________________W__________________

16. Arranged in order of Atomic Weight, Newlands noted that every
E_________________element had S_____________________properties. He called this the
Law of O____________________
17. Smell tests…Chlorine: the eighth after that is Bromine:

18. Now called the Law of P___________________________
19. How did Mendeleev’s “chemical solitaire” find the patterns in the Periodic table?
20. Why was he using an incomplete deck of cards?
21. What did he dream?
22. He combined A_____________W _____________and P____________________to design his

table
23. Most of the elements are M______________
24. To make it work he had to do what?
25. When the missing elements were discovered did they match his predictions?
26. Kirchoff and Bunsen used spectroscopes examine the C___________ Spectrum given
off by elements?
27. They discovered Cesium and Rubidium using its S__________________.
28. G__________________ fit into the gap left in his table
29. Gallium facts:
30. Search for extraterrestrial elements led to the discovery of H________________using a

spectroscope during an E_________________________
31. Ramsey dissolved Cavite to produce H__________________________
32. Helium facts:
33. Ramsey also discovered A_________

34. The missing group on the table was called the N____________because they were
“aloof” and un-reactive. Other such elements include N_________and X___________
35. Data + prediction + experimentation are all part of the

S___________________M_________
36. Why do elements behave as they do? Rutherford discovered what about atomic
structure? The N______________________
37. Bohr said e________________________orbit the nucleus in fixed shells holding a set
number of electrons
38. Closest shell can only hold ____

39. Second can hold _____
40. Number of electrons in o______________________ shell determines properties.
41. To be s_____________ atoms want to have a f________________ outer shell.
42. U____________________is the heaviest known natural element
43. Moseley used an X Ray spectrometer to examine atoms. He measured X rays
knocked off the copper atoms, and was able to measure the number of
P________________in the nucleus.
44. Atomic N___________________is the number of Protons in the nucleus. Only whole
numbers of protons exist, so there are only _____natural elements ending at
U________________
Episode 3 - The Power of the Elements.

Professor Al-Khalili uncovers tales of success and heartache in the story of chemists' battle to control
and combine the elements, and build our modern world. He reveals the dramatic breakthroughs which
harnessed their might to release almost unimaginable power, and he journeys to the centre of modern
day alchemy, where scientists are attempting to command the extreme forces of nature and create
brand new elements.
1. Elements combine to make C_______________________ that make up our world

2. First synthetic paint: P__________________blue and Chrome Y_______________
3. Diesbach: what was the accidental ingredient?
4. Iron facts:
5. 1.7% C__________________added to iron makes more durable S_______________

6. Liebich’s silver fulminate does what?
7. Woler’s silver cyanate formula:
8. Why did they act differently? Isomers: same components combined in a
d______________________way… like lego
9. Smithson Tennant burnt a D_____________________ in oxygen, producing Carbon
D__________ so d_______________has to be pure carbon
10. Graphite and diamond are both composed of C_________________________ with greatly
different physical properties because of the way their atoms are combined.
11. Cooper studied atomic b________________using carbon
12. L________________ represent bonds
13. Carbon has f______________bonds How are graphite and diamond different regarding bonds?
14. Carbon can form R________________and long C______________________

15. Carbon facts:
16. Carbon comes from dying S_________________
17. Kekule beat Cooper to publishing and Cooper went I_____________
18. There are M__________________carbon compounds than any other element.
19. Carbon chemistry is behind P__________________ such as Bakelite
20. Caruthers created N____________________as a stringy fiber, strong and fine.
21. Why was lead added to gasoline as Tetra Ethyl Lead?
22. Why was that a bad idea in the long run?

23. Lead facts:
24. Becquerel discovered:

25. Marie Curie examined pitchblende, why was it 4 times more radioactive than uranium?
26. What 2 radioactive elements did she discover? Polonium and R________________
27. What health risk did radium have?
28. According to Rutherford, Atoms are mostly E______________S__________ with electrons
orbiting a tiny nucleus
29. Rutherford discovered that atoms can change or D______________ as its number of protons
change as they give off radiation
30. Alpha particles consist of two protons…these are visible in a c_______________chamber
31. Losing two protons changes the atomic number, therefore changes the identity of the atom.
Rutherford fired alpha particles at nitrogen (7p)…the collision adds a proton, making it into
oxygen (8P)
32. How are O and N different with the fire?
33. 1932, Chadwick discovered N_______________, with neutral charge.

34. Fermi wanted to make an element heavier than Uranium by pounding its nuclei with alpha
particles…but the + nucleus tends to repel the + alpha particle so he shot N_____________at
the uranium, making it unstable, spitting out an electron and therefore adding a proton. (If you
think of a neutron as a + and - canceling each other out)
35. Meitner and the water droplet analogy: adding a neutron does what?
36. This was N___________________fission, the resultant masses were slightly less, energy was
given off …explained in Einstein’s equation
37. E=
38. Converting mass into energy creates possibility of a weapon : the A____________B_______
39. The M________________________Project developed the bomb used on the Japanese
40. A Chain Reaction creates N_________________that go on to cause other nuclei to decay…

describe the mousetrap analogy.
41. Each nucleus decaying releases E_________________. A chain reaction creates enormous
amounts of energy
42. Uranium fuels nuclear _______________stations.
43. An element heavier than uranium was created by using a cyclotron to collide charged particles
into uranium making element 93 (Neptunium). The first s____________________element
44. Element 94: Plutonium can undergo f_____________________ to be used as a bomb
45. The death toll of the two bombs used on Japan was:
46. Plutonium facts:
47. So far the heaviest element is number________________ called Copernicium

48. Describe how they create new elements?
49. Describe features of 112:
50. What element will be next?

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Chemistry: A Volatile History

Episode 1 - Discovering The Elements.

1. What element did Humphrey Davy discover?

5. Greek elements were:

9. The pursuit of gold led to what idea?

12. Uses of Phosphorus (and phosphates):

13. Boyle’s experiment:

14. What useful item did it lead to?

18. H______________________is the most a________________________ element in the universe

20. Why couldn’t water be an element?

27. Lavoisier used a quantitative approach to investigate…what did he do?

30. How many elements did he list?

32. What happened to Lavoisier?

35. Describe the experiment that Davy did as reproduced onscreen?

36. What would Davy had seen?

Episode 2 - The Order of the Elements.

4. Salt is always made of what? S________________and C______________________atoms

8. Berzelius did what?

12. Dobereiner looked at element’s chemical properties and R_______________. He noted

14. What is the trend that you observe?

15. Canizzaro finally produced precise A____________________W__________________

17. Smell tests…Chlorine: the eighth after that is Bromine:

21. What did he dream?

22. He combined A_____________W _____________and P____________________to design his

30. Search for extraterrestrial elements led to the discovery of H________________using a

33. Ramsey also discovered A_________

35. Data + prediction + experimentation are all part of the

38. Closest shell can only hold ____

42. U____________________is the heaviest known natural element

Episode 3 - The Power of the Elements.

1. Elements combine to make C_______________________ that make up our world

5. 1.7% C__________________added to iron makes more durable S_______________

14. Carbon can form R________________and long C______________________

22. Why was that a bad idea in the long run?

24. Becquerel discovered:

33. 1932, Chadwick discovered N_______________, with neutral charge.

40. A Chain Reaction creates N_________________that go on to cause other nuclei to decay…

47. So far the heaviest element is number________________ called Copernicium

49. Describe features of 112:

50. What element will be next?

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18. His the most a__ element in the universe

4. Salt is always made of what? Sand C______atoms

15. Canizzaro finally produced precise A__W

22. He combined A_______W _and P______________to design his

5. 1.7% C____added to iron makes more durable S_

14. Carbon can form Rand long C______