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Intro To Calculus

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5 views

Intro To Calculus

Uploaded by

a45148
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

Introduction to Calculus

Limits:
In calculus, the concept of a limit allows us to understand how a function behaves as its input
gets closer and closer to a particular value. For example, if f(x)=1xf(x) = \frac{1}{x}f(x)=x1​, as
xxx approaches 0 from the positive side, f(x)f(x)f(x) becomes infinitely large, indicating that the
limit of f(x)f(x)f(x) as xxx approaches 0 is infinity. Limits form the foundation of both derivatives
and integrals in calculus.

Derivatives:
A derivative represents the rate at which a function changes as its input changes. If you have a
curve, the derivative at any given point is the slope of the tangent line at that point. For example,
the derivative of f(x)=x2f(x) = x^2f(x)=x2 is f′(x)=2xf'(x) = 2xf′(x)=2x. This means that as xxx
increases, the function x2x^2x2 changes more rapidly. Derivatives are used in real-world
applications like calculating velocity, where the rate of change of position over time gives the
speed of an object.

Integrals:
While derivatives deal with rates of change, integrals are concerned with accumulation of
quantities. The integral of a function represents the total area under its curve on a graph,
between specified limits. For example, if we want to find the area under f(x)=x2f(x) = x^2f(x)=x2
between x=1x = 1x=1 and x=3x = 3x=3, we compute the definite integral. Integrals are used in
physics to calculate things like work done over a distance, or in economics to find total profit
when given a profit rate function.

Application Examples:

● Velocity: The derivative of a position-time graph gives the instantaneous velocity. If a


car’s position at time ttt is given by s(t)=4t2s(t) = 4t^2s(t)=4t2, the velocity at time ttt
would be v(t)=ds(t)dt=8tv(t) = \frac{ds(t)}{dt} = 8tv(t)=dtds(t)​=8t.
● Area under a curve: If you have a graph of velocity versus time, integrating the function
gives the total distance traveled over a time period.

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