 Definition

 Sources
 Periodization
 Significant Scholarly Works
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 Artifacts: anything made or modified by

humans
 Lithics: (most common artifacts) stone
tools
 Ceramics: pots and other items from
baked clay
 Wood and bone tools
 Shell tools
 Glass tools
 Ecofacts: natural objects that have
been used or affected by humans
 Animal bones that people have
eaten
 Pollen found in archaeological
sites
 Remains of insects/pests

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 Fossil: impression on a muddy
surface that is now a stone or an
actual hardened remains of an
animal skeletal structure

 Contribution of volcanic ash,

limestone, mineralized
ground water.
 Features: a different kind of artifact that
cannot be easily removed from
archaeological sites
 Hearth: intrinsic feature of a site
 Pits: holes dug by humans
 Living floors: where humans live and
work
 Midden: deep area of debris
Manners, customs,
observances, superstitions,
ballads, proverbs, etc.
which would throw light
about the past.
 Radiocarbon/ Carbon-14/ 14C Dating:
based on the principle that all living matter
possesses a certain amount of a radioactive
form of carbon (14C)
 Purpose: to determine the amount of 14C
left in an organism by counting the beta
radiations emitted per minute, per gram
The carbon-14 method was developed by the
American physicist Willard F. Libby about
1946. It has proved to be a versatile technique
of dating fossils and archaeological specimens
from 500 to 50,000 years old. The method is
widely used by Pleistocene geologists,
anthropologists, archaeologists, and
investigators in related fields.
 Potassium-Argon: Potassium-40(40K)
Radioactive form of potassium decays
and forms Argon-40 (40Ar).

 May be used to date samples from

5,000 years up to 3 billion years old.
 Used to date potassium-rich minerals
in rock
 Uranium Series Dating: decays of two
kinds of uranium (235U) and (238U) into
other isotopes such as 230TH (thorium)
 Rocks- up to 1 million
 Cave deposits
 Teeth/tooth
 Before Present (BP): years is a time scale in
archaeology, geology etc. PRESENT=1950.

 Before the Common Era, sometimes

Current Era (BCE): dates before the year 1
CE

 Before Christ (BC):before 1 AD

 ca. 70,000-10,000 BCE
 use of flaked stone tools
 Evidence come from the remains of three individuals
at Tabon Caves, Lipuun Point, Quezon, Palawan,
excavated by Dr. Robert Fox, chief archaeologist of the
National Museum.
 Bone fragments included Tabon Woman (43,000 years
BP)
 ca. 5,000 – 1,000 BCE
 marked by the use of polished stone and shell
adzes
 beginnings of permanent settlements owing to the
domestication of plant and animal species
 Riziculture/rice
 pottery
 stone adze, hinges of the giant clam (Tridacna
gigas (Taklobo)) and Conus shells
 betel nut chewing
7 , 0 0 0 Austronesian M i g r ati on
BC from SOUTHERN PART OF
CHINA to the Philippine
archipelago
4 , 5 0 0 Austronesian dispersal from
BC the Philippine archipelago
going to (south) and Pacific
(east)
 inherent transportability and reproducibility of
the agricultural economy
 “frontier zone” available for colonization
 tradition of sailing-canoe construction and
navigation
 culturally-sanctioned desire to found new
settlements in order to become a revered or even
deified founder ancestor in the genealogies of
future generations
1. Horticulture (rootcrops)
2. Agriculture (rice)
3. Domestication of animals
(chicken, pig)
4. Navigation/boat-building
5. Language
 Wilhelm G. Solheim II: Nusantao Maritime
Trading and Communication Network (NMTCN)
 Nusantao’ (from ‘nusa’ for ‘island’ and ‘tau’ for ‘man’ or
‘people’)
 ‘Nusantao’ trading network would have originated
from the edges of the Celebes Sea including
northeastern Borneo, the northern Celebes and
southwestern Mindanao
 territory expansion: trading activities of the
maritime-oriented Nusantao.
 earliest communities of Nusantao would have sailed
northward to trade in/at Taiwan

 Other seafarers would have simultaneously spread

toward the Wallacea, the Pacific islands and Indochina.
 ca. 1,000 BC – 900 AD
 metal-using communities
 gold, bronze, copper, iron
 socketed axes, spearheads, arrowheads, knives,
and needles (earliest metals), particularly in
Palawan, 800 and 600 BC.
 casting molds for recasting and recycling metals
imported outside of the country.
 Continuation of pottery production
 Glass beads
 Anthropomorphic
Jars
 Balangay (boat)
 Iron
 Backstrap loom (weaving)
 Glass beads
 Consanguine (related by blood, kinship,
common origin, or marriage)

 With specific geographic boundaries (rivers, seas,

mountains, islands)

 “Ethnos”: group sharing a common cultural and

linguistic orientation
 Ilocos/Cordillera- ILI/BALOY
 Pangasinense-BALEY
 Tagalog- BAYAN
 Kapangpangan- BALEN
 Bicol/Visayas- BANUA
 Waray-BONGTO
 Visayas- LUNGSOD
social or political structure
which maintains power
and control through
exclusive control over
access to water.
Ma-i or Ma-it (Mindoro-Batangas-Manila-
Bulacan) as an active part of trading
network in Southeast Asia
*Trade items from the Philippines: cotton,
hardwood, betel nut, pearl, bird’s nest,
beeswax, rattan and other forest & sea
products
*Trade items from China: silk & other kinds
of cloths, bronze gongs, brass needles,
glass beads, porcelain
The country of Mai is to the north of
Borneo. The natives live in large
villages on the opposite banks of a
stream… When trading ships enter
the harbor, they stop in front of the
official plaza, for the official plaza is
that country's place for barter and
trade and once the ship is registered,
they mix freely.
The method of transacting business is
for the [Filipino native] traders to
come all in a crowd and immediately
transfer the merchandise into baskets
and go off with it. If at first they can't
tell who they are, gradually they come
to know those who remove the goods
so in the end nothing is actually lost.
The local products are beeswax,
cotton, true pearls, tortoise shell,
medicinal betel nuts and yuta
cloth. The merchants use such
things as porcelain, trade gold,
iron pots, lead, colored glass
beads and iron needles in
exchange.
 Tombstones
• early evidence
is furnished by
a tombstone
found in Mt.
Data, Jolo,
Sulu. The
tombstone
bears the
inscription 710
A.D., or 1310 in
the Christian
calendar.
 guide for the proper
execution of the duties of
office in accordance with
the law and rules of the
country. It is concurred in
by all, and is promulgated
with the general consent
of all the datus, panglima,
and subordinate officers
of state.
 Local Accounts (SE ASIA)

 Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai (“The Story of the

kings of Pasai”) - narrates how Islam came to
“Samudra” (Pasai, northern Sumatra, where the
first Indonesian sultanate was founded)

 Sejarah Melayu (“Malay History”) - tells the

story of the conversion of Samudra and the
conversion of the King of Malacca
 Babad Tanah Jawi (“History of the land of Java”)
- generic name for a large number of
manuscripts, first Javanese conversions are
attributed to the Wali Sanga (“nine saints”).

 Sejarah Banten (“History of Banten”) - Javanese

text containing stories of conversion.
 Tarsila/Silsilah (chain)
 Genealogy of Muslim rulers
 Part of “hadith”—tradition passed
down from the Prophet to the
imam
Tarsilas/Salislas– genealogy
Lineal/multilineal
Introductory/legendary
account
Oral tradition
Khutbahs—sermon/oration
delivered during Friday
congregational worship service
Kitabs—”booklets” or “notes”
narrating the exploits of a ruler
Tartib /taratib (Maranao)—
procedure or protocol in
governance (i.e., relations
between the sultan and his
people)
 Sulu: An Arab known locally as Tuan Mashaika was
credited with having founded the first Muslim
community. He married a local maiden and raised his
children as Muslims.
 Sheik Karim ul-Makdum: Arab
missionary who formally taught
Islamic teachings
 Reverently called Sharif Awliya
Oldest mosque in the country
 Rajah Baguinda arrived and continued
the works of Makhdum. By this time, a
flourishing Muslim community in
Sulu evolved
 First Sultanate: SULTANATE of SULU

 First crowned sultan:Sharif Abubakar, an Arab from

South Arabia, who was said to be a direct descendant
of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him).
 Sharif Muhammad Kabungsuan:
credited as being mostly instrumental
in the propagation of the new faith in
Mindanao.
 From Malabang (now in Lanao del
Sur) to Cotabato: Maguindanao
sultanate and Buayan sultanate
came into existence.
 last years of the fifteenth century: Islam was gaining
headway in many places in the Philippines

 from or via Sulu or Mindanao by preachers, traders or

voyagers from Borneo
 Islam had already gained ground in
Batangas, Pampanga, Cagayan,
Mindoro, Palawan, Catanduanes,
Cebu, Iloilo, Laguna and other
districts.
 PROOF: use of Muslim names-- Manila rulers like
Rajah Sulaiman Mahmud, jointly or assisted by Rajah
Matanda, his uncle and Tondo under the rule of Rajah
Lakandula
 Prepared and modified by:
Prof. Jovy Cuadra from the lectures of
Dr. Lars Ubaldo