His - 4

ASHIRWAD’S INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, CBSE
Affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education, Delhi, Aff.No. : 1931312
History – 4 The Age of Industrialization
CLASSWORK
One Mark:
1. Who created the cotton mill?

Richarted Arkwright
2. Who invented steam engine?
James Watt.
3. Who discovered spinning jenny?
James Hargreaves.
4. Who were Gomasthas?
They were paid servants of East India Company who use to supervise
weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth.
5. Name the European Managing agencies which controlled the large
sector of Indian industries?
a. Bird Heiglers and Co.
b. Andrew Yule
c. Jardine Skinner and Co
6. What is proto-industrialization?
The party phase of industrialization in which large-scale production was
carried out for international market not at factories but in decentralized units.
7. During the First World War years industrial production in India
boomed. Give reason.
i. Manchester imports into India declined as British mills were busy with
war production.
ii. Indian Industries were also called upon to supply war needs jute bags,
cloth for army uniform, tents and leather boots.
Three Marks:
1. Explain what is mean by proto-industrialization.

OR
Explain the main features of proto-industrialization.
i. It includes the 1st or early form of industrialization.
ii. There was large-scale industrial production for international market
before the emergence of factories.
iii. It was been produced by a number of producers working within their
families farms.
iv. This phase of industrialization is referred to as proto-industrialization by
historians.
2. How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton
and silk textiles from Indian weavers?
OR
What steps were taken by East Company to control the market of
cotton and silk goods?
i. There many obstacles for the East India Company to buy regular
supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers.
ii. They had competitors from the French, the Dutch and the Portuguese
who also wanted to buy from Indian weavers.
iii. So weavers bargained and tried to sell the products to the best buyer.
iv. Once the East India Company established political power it could
maintain a monopoly right to trade.
3. How were machines and technology glorified in England in the early
20th century through pictures on the cover pages of some books?
OR
Who produced a popular music book that had a picture on the cover
announcing the ‘Dawn of the century’?
i. The cover page of a music book published by E.T. Paul in 1900 shows
the sign of progress as the picture of railway, camera, machines, printing
press and factory. Above all ‘Dawn of the Earth’ is printed.
ii. The glorification of machine and technology is even more marked on the
cover page of a trade magazine.
iii. The trade magazine shows two magicians. Aladdin is shown as
representing the east and the past. Whereas the one is the motor mechanic
with modern tools and builds bridges, ships, towers and high rise
buildings. He represents the west and modernity.
4. “Certain groups of weavers were in a better position than others to
survive the competition with mill industries”. Explain.
i. Producers of coarse cloth: Amongst weavers some produced coarse cloth
while others wove finer varieties. The coarser cloth was bought by the
poor and its demand fluctuated violently. In the rural poor had little to eat
and their cash income disappeared, they could not possibly buy cloth.
ii. Producers of finer varieties: The producers of finer varieties were in a
better position because the demand for the finer varieties bought by the
well-to-do was more affecting the sale of Banarasi or Baluchari saris.
Moreover, as you have seen, mills could not imitate specialized weavers.
Saris with woven borders or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of
Madras could not be easy displaced by mill production.
Five Marks:
1. Why did the peasants agree to accept advances made by the merchants
to produce goods for them in Europe during the 17th and the 18th
centuries? Explain three reasons.
OR
How were new merchant groups in Europe able to spread their business
in the countryside before the Industrial Revolution? Explain.
OR
Briefly explain the method and system of production in the countryside
in England.
i. Disappearing open field system: In the countryside, the open field
system was prevailing i.e. land was free and anyone could use it for
production. But as the population increased, the open field system
started disappearing. The rich landlords stated enclosing the open
fields.
ii. Cottagers and poor peasants: They had earlier depended on common
lands for their survival, gathering the firewood, berries, vegetables,
hay and straw. Now they had to look for alternative sources of
income.
iii. Small fields: As most of the lands were acquired by the rich landlords,
the poor had tiny plots of land which could not provide work for all
members of the household. So when merchants came around and
offered advances to produce goods for them, peasant households
eagerly agreed.
iv. Full utilization of family labour resources: By working for the
merchants, the poor peasants and the artisans could continue to remain
in the countryside and cultivate their small plots.
v. Income: Income from proto-industrial supplemented their shrinking
income from cultivation. It also allowed them a fuller use of their
family labour resources.
2. Explain any five causes of industrial revolution in England.
i. Growing International Market: In the 17th and 18th centuries,
merchants from the towns in Europe began moving to the countryside,
supplying money to peasants and artisans, persuading them to produce
for an international market.
ii. Increase in demand: With the expansion of world trade and the
acquisition of colonies in different pans of the world, the demand for
goods began growing. It was controlled by merchants and the goods
were produced by a vast number of producers working within their
family farms not in factories.
iii. Proto-industrial system: The expansion market and demanded lead to
proto-industrial growth which provided a base to Industrial
Revolution.
iv. New Inventions: A series of inventions in the 18th century increased
the efficiency of each step of the production process (carding, twisting
and spinning and rolling). They enhanced the output per worker,
enabling each worker to produce more and they made possible the
production or stronger threads and yarn. Then Richard Arkwright
created the cotton mill.
v. Availability of capital: The Vast amount of capital which England had
accumulated out of profits of her growing trade enabled her to make
large expenditure on machinery and buildings. This led to new
technological developments.
vi. Availability of raw material: The availability of coal and iron ores in
large quantities greatly helped the growth of numerous industries in
England.
3. How had a series of inventions in the 18th century increased the
efficiency of each step of the production process in cotton textile
industry? Explain.
i. New Inventions: A series of inventions in the 18th century simplified
each set of the production process (carding, twisting, spinning and
rolling).
ii. Increase in output: The new inventions helped in increasing the output
per worker, enabling each worker to produce more.
iii. Improvement in quality: Along with quantity there was improvement
in quality also. The new invention made possible the production of
stronger threads and yarn.
iv. Creation of cotton mill: It was Richard Arkwright who created the
cotton mill. Now the costly new machines could be purchased, set up
and maintained in the mill. Within the mill all the processes were
brought together under one roof and management.
v. All under single roof: This allowed a more careful supervision over
the production process, a watch over quality and the regulation of
labour all of which had been difficult to do so when production was in
the countryside.
4. Why did industrialists not want to get rid of hand labour once machines
were introduced?
OR
“The modern industrialization could not marginalize the traditional
industries in England”. Justify the statement with any four suitable
arguments.
OR
Why did the industrialists of Europe prefer hand labour over machines
during the 19th century? Explain any five reasons.
i. Expensive new technology: New technologies and machines were
expensive, so the producers and the industrialists were cautious about
using them.
ii. Cost lier repair: The machines often broke down and the repair was
costly.
iii. Less effective: They were not as effective as their inventors and
manufactures claimed.
iv. Availability of cheap workers: Poor peasants and migrants moved to
cities in large numbers in search of jobs. So they supply of workers
was more than demand. Therefore, workers were available at low
wages.
v. Uniform machine-made goods: A range of products could be
produced only with and labour. Machines were oriented to producing
uniforms, standardized goods for a mass market. But the demand in
the market was often for goods with intricate designs and specific
shapes.
In the mid-19th century Britain for insane 500 varieties of hammers
were produced and 15kinds of axes these required human skill not
mechanical technology.

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ASHIRWAD’S INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, CBSE

Affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education, Delhi, Aff.No. : 1931312

History – 4 The Age of Industrialization

1. Who created the cotton mill?

1. Explain what is mean by proto-industrialization.

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