The Age of Industrialisation

THE AGE OF
INDUSTRIALISATION
FULLER
SPINNING
1. Before industrialization began, the merchants played an

C important role in producing goods.
A 2. They carried the raw materials to countryside and placed
R orders with artisans and craft persons. S
D 3. They wanted to avoid the influence of trade guilds in T
I towns and cities. So went to countryside. A
N 4. Even the villagers accepted as there was no sufficient work P
G due to enclosure movement L
5. The export merchants again collected from the workers E
and exported to other countries. R
6. Every merchant had control over 100s of workers as the
work has been distributed among different workers.
1. A series of inventions increased the efficiency of production.
2. Cotton was the symbol of new era. It was followed by iron and steel.
3. The process of production shifted to factories with the introduction
of machines.
4. All the processes took place in a single place called factory where
control of labour and production became easy.
5. The pace at which these changes were introduced was slow
6. Only less than 20% of the workers were in the industries. The rest
were in traditional industries.
7. Ordinary and small innovations increased the production in food
processing, building etc.,
8. Technical changes occurred slowly as the repairs and breakdown
cost was very high.
STEAM ENGINE
STEAM ENGINE STEAM ENGINE
1. James Watt improved the Steam Engine produced by Newcomen and

Patented it in 1781.
2. Mathew Boulton manufactured the new model. But could not find
the buyers.
th
3. The early 19 century has only 321 engines in use. 80 were in cotton
industries, 9 in woolen industry and the remaining in mining, canal
works and iron works.
4. The industrialists are not ready to introduce the new technology.
5. Until the late 19th century, the production was dominated by craft
persons and labourers but not by the machine operators.
JAMES WATT BOULTON MATHEWS

HAND LABOUR AND
STEAM POWER
STEAM ENGINE STEAM ENGINE
1. The Workers were available in plenty in towns as people migrated

from countryside to the cities for work.
2. The specific designs and craftsmen ship was preferred by the
aristocracy rather than the uniform machine made goods.
3. Industrialists were keen to introduce the machines in countries
where the labour was in shortage.
4. The industrialists preferred labour in the place of machines in areas
where the work was seasonal like gas works, ship repairs, book
binders, printers, breweries etc.,
5. The high supply of labour decreased the wages. Hence industrialists
were interested in hiring labour at low wage rates than investing
huge capital on machines.
JAMES WATT BOULTON MATHEWS

1. The life of workers depended on the number of employment days.
2. The news of new jobs increased migrations of rural people to urban
centers.
3. The job depended on the relatives or connections in the factories. Those
who have ties with existing workers in the factory got the job immediately.
4. The unemployed were forced to spend nights near the bridges, roads or
dormitories' constructed by the private people.
5. Seasonality of job is one more hurdle.
6. The unemployment was 10% during normal course where as is rose to
35-75% during the economic crisis.
7. The introduction of Spinning Jenny was opposed by women who eared
their livelihood through hand spun.
8. By the 1840’s the employment opportunities increased due to intensified
road construction, railway lines, drainages, sewages constructions.
9. The employment was doubled in factories by 1840 and again double
within 30 years.
The Early Trade: 1. India was the largest producer of finest fabric and exported to many of
the Persian and European nations.
2. Huge network of people were found in this trade. Inland traders used to give advances
to the weavers and procured the woven cloth to the nearest ports.
3. Near the ports the big shippers and marketers bought the cloth after negotiations and
supplied to the nations.
4. The mountain passes acted as the land route for this and Masulipatnam, Surat, Hughly
acted as the ports for export.
During British: 1. The European traders obtained several concessions from the local
rulers and slowly monopolized the trade.
2. This resulted in the decline of trade through Surat and Hooghly and increased the
trade through Bombay and Calcutta.
3. The native traders and Bankers went bankrupt
4. Most pf the old trading houses closed and if any trade house want to operate, it has to
follow the guidelines given by the European traders.
Before 1760s: 1. The Indian weavers had a good earning and bargained for a good selling price as
many buyers were there in the market. The French, the Dutch, Local traders, the Portuguese etc.,
2. But, the introduction of company rule changed the fate of Indian weavers.
3. The company eliminated the competitors through a set of actions.
i. Appointed Gomasthas ii. Gave advances
4. A gomastha was appointed by the company to supervise, to check the quality and collect the
produce.
5. Company gave advances to the weavers. Those who took advances shall supply the weaves only to
company and should not sell to others. This reduced the bargaining capacity of the weaver and
eliminated competitors
6. The weavers who took advances had to work completely on weaving by giving away their land for
lease.
7. The gomasthas were harsh unlike that of local traders. The local traders lived with the weavers.
They helped them at times of crisis. But, The gomasthas were harsh and illtreated the weavers.
8. The low prices and harsh conditions made the weavers to close their workshops and settle in
neighbouring villages where relatives were there.
9. Some weavers along with traders fought against the gomasthas and company in vain.
1. The Weavers in India faced difficult situation due to the entry of Manchester into
India
2. The early period there was a saying that no other country can compete with India’s
finest cotton fabric.
3. But, by early 19 century the exports of cotton piece goods from India were almost
th
nil.
4. The traders in England forced the government to import more import dutes to stop
the entry of Indian exports into Britain.
5. They also pressurized the company to sell Manchester goods. These circumstances
resulted in three folded manner
i. Collapse of Indian exports for the weavers
ii. Entry of cheap machine made goods into markets reduced the demand of Indian
weaves
iii. The American Civil war increased the demand for India Raw cotton. This raised the
prices of raw cotton. Hence, the weavers suffered from the dearth of raw material
6. Meanwhile the Indian factories also entered the scene with which the Indian weavers
lost their importance.
1. The early Indian entrepreneurs were the people who traded with China in the opium
trade of Britain and China.
2. The Indian entrepreneurs were only learners and this participation in the opium trade
made the Indians to set up large industrial units. The first was Dwarakanath Tagore who
set up 6 Joint Stock companies.
3. Later the 1830s crisis effected him. In Bombay, Parsis like Dinshaw Petit, Jamsetjee
Nusserwanjee Tata, accumulated wealth through China trade and raw cotton exports to
Britain.
4. Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman who set up the first Indian jute mill in
Calcutta in 1917, also traded with China. His father and grand father G D Birla were also
involved in the same trade
5. The Indian traders area has been confined with the limitations of company.
6. The first World War increased the production of Indian industries. Most of the industries
were managed by the three giant English companies, Bird Heiglers & Co., Andrew Yule, and
Jardine Skinner& Co.
 The expansion of factories demanded workers. In 1901, there were 584,000 workers in
Indian factories. By 1946 the number was over 2,436, 000.
 The workers came from the nearby villages. Most of the peasants and agricultural workers
moved to cities in the hope of obs.
 The entry into job was not that easy. The number of job seekers were very high when
compared to the jobs available.
 The unemployed from the villages travelled long distances but retained relation with their
village.
 The factories employed a jobber for the recruitment. He recruited people from his village,
took care of the workers and helped them I crisis period. So, he attained some authority
and power and demanded gifts and money from the job seekers.
 The European traders were interested in developing only certain goods which fetch them
money. They started Indigo, Tea, Coffee and Jute plantations. They acquired land at
cheaper rates from the company. They also invested in mining.
 The Indian industrialists produced coarse yarn which is not of good quality. The British
industrialists were not interested in yarn, so, they produced and supplied to China or
Indian weavers.
 The Swadeshi movement, the movement taken up by Indian industrialists to change the
tariffs to facilitate exports and imports and the decline of demand in China for Indian yarn
made Indian producers to produce cotton cloth in the place of yarn.
 The Manchester could not produce cloth as they concentrated on the war material the
cotton cloth imports have declined. The Indian industries were called to produce war
materials to meet the war needs. So there was an industrial boom during the First World
War period.
 The local industries strengthened. Britain could not capture its market again due to
competition from U S, Japan and Local industrialists.
The Large scale industries were very few as located
in Bengal and Bombay. Many were small scale
industries and house hold industries.
The handloom industry had development during the
20th century.
The hand woven designs were of more demand in
the rich families.
The cloth made of coarse yarn was bought by the
poor,
The process of industrialization included these hand
looms and handicrafts people.
This increase in demand is due to use of technology.
Flying shuttle fitted for the loom increased the
efficiency of the worker and produced more which
helped to mange survival.
Advertisements were used to force the buyers to
Purchase the new products.
The foreign producers used Indian Gods and
Goddesses images to force native people to buy
They also used royal symbols to have a moral effect
The Swadeshi movement also made an impact on the
minds of the people through the sentence buy
Indian goods Be Indian

The Age of Industrialisation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Age of Industrialisation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Age of Industrialisation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

THE AGE OF

1. Before industrialization began, the merchants played an

1. James Watt improved the Steam Engine produced by Newcomen and

JAMES WATT BOULTON MATHEWS

1. The Workers were available in plenty in towns as people migrated

JAMES WATT BOULTON MATHEWS

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.