ma

ractions

�ixed numbers

Qomparing
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Copyright 2008-2018 Maria Miller

EDITION 2/2018

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the author.

Copying permission: Permission IS granted to reproduce this material to be used with one (1) teacher's students by
virtue of the purchase of this book. In other words, one (1) teacher MAY make copies of these worksheets to be used
with his/her students. Permission is not given to reproduce the material for resale. Making the file(s) available on any
website for the purpose of sharing is strictly prohibited. If you have other needs, such as licensing for a school or
tutoring center, contact the author at http://www.MathMammoth.com/contact.php

2
Math Mammoth Introduction to Fractions
Contents

Introduction ........................................................................ 4

Halves and Quarters .......................................................... 9

Some Fractions ................................................................... 13
Understanding Fractions ................................................... 16
Fractions on a Number Line ............................................. 20
One Whole and Its Fractional Parts ................................ 24
Mixed Numbers 1 .............................................................. 27
Mixed Numbers 2 .............................................................. 31
Comparing Fractions 1 ..................................................... 35
Comparing Fractions 2 ..................................................... 37
Comparing Fractions 3 ..................................................... 40
Comparing Fractions 4 ..................................................... 42
Equivalent Fractions 1 ...................................................... 46
Equivalent Fractions 2 ...................................................... 49
Adding Fractions and Mixed Numbers 1 ........................ 54
Adding Fractions and Mixed Numbers 2 ........................ 58
Subtracting Fractions and Mixed Numbers .................... 61
Multiplying Fractions by Whole Numbers ...................... 64
Practicing with Fractions ................................................. 67
Fractions Review ............................................................... 69
Review ................................................................................. 72

Answers .............................................................................. 74

More from Math Mammoth ............................................. 101

3
 Introduction
Math Mammoth Introduction to Fractions contains lessons for fraction arithmetic for grades 1-4,
following the Common Core Standards. This material does not include division or multiplication of
fractions, nor adding unlike fractions, which are topics for fifth and sixth grades. Also, most of the
material here is for third and fourth grades, and only a few lessons are meant for grades 1-2.
The topics covered are on a simple level, illustrated with visual models, and with small denominators. The
presentation avoids spelling out specific rules for manipulating fractions, but instead relies on the usage of
pictures on a very concrete level. Children easily confuse the various rules for fraction arithmetic, because
there are so many. There is a place for the rules, as shortcuts for ideas that are already understood, but we
do not start with them. The goal is to let the big ideas sink in conceptually first, followed by some
shortcuts.
The topics covered are

z one-half and one-fourth

z concept of a fraction
z concept of a mixed number
z comparing fractions
z equivalent fractions
z adding and subtracting like fractions
z adding and subtracting mixed numbers with like fractional parts
z adding one fraction that has tenths and another that has hundredths (such as 3/10 + 7/100)
z multiplying a fraction by a whole number

The lessons are organized by topic, not by increasing difficulty. For reference, first grade students study
only the concept of one-half and one-fourth. In second grade, they study the concept of a fraction and
optionally the easiest (first) lesson on comparing fractions. In third grade, students study the concept of a
fraction, fractions on a number line, comparing fractions, and equivalent fractions. Then in fourth, they
study mixed numbers, comparing fractions, equivalent fractions, adding and subtracting fractions and
mixed numbers, and multiplying fractions by whole numbers.
The answers are at the end of the book.

I wish you success in teaching math!

Maria Miller, the author

4
Helpful Resources on the Internet
Use these free online resources to supplement the “bookwork” as you see fit.

Matching Fractions Level 1

Match each fraction to its visual model.
http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/mathgames/fractions/memory_fractions1.htm

Fractions Splat
Four levels: (1) Identify equal or unequal parts; (2) Identify shapes that are divided into halves, thirds, and fourths;
(3) and (4) Find the visual model that matches the given fraction.
http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/mathgames/earlymath/fractions_shoot.htm

Concentration from Illuminations

A matching game you can play by yourself or against a friend, matching fractions to equivalent visual
representations. (The game also allows you to play a matching game with whole numbers, shapes, or multiplication
facts.) Available also for your phone or tablet.
http://illuminations.nctm.org/Activity.aspx?id=3563

Fraction Frenzy 4
Choose the pizza picture that matches the fraction shown using the four arrow keys.
http://www.mathwarehouse.com/games/our-games/fraction-games/fraction-frenzy-4/

Fractions Matcher
Match each fraction or mixed number with the corresponding picture.
http://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/fraction-matcher/latest/fraction-matcher_en.html

Fraction Fling
Identify the fractions or mixed numbers that are illustrated by the models by “shooting” them with a slingshot.
http://www.abcya.com/fraction_fling.htm

Puzzle Pics—Number Line Fractions

Drag the puzzle piece to the number line that illustrates the given fraction, and reveal the mystery picture!
http://www.mathplayground.com/puzzle_pics_fractions.html

Animal Rescue: Fractions Number Line Game

Move the arrow to the correct place on the number line and rescue the animals!
http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/mathgames/fractions/AnimalRescueFractionsNumberLineGame.htm

Conceptua Fractions: Identify Fractions

A visual tool that shows fractions or mixed numbers using a pie, a bar, dots, and a number line.
https://www.conceptuamath.com/app/tool/identifying-fractions

Clara Fraction's Ice Cream Shop

Convert improper fractions into mixed numbers and scoop the right amount of ice cream flavors onto the cone.
http://mrnussbaum.com/clarafraction/

EQUIVALENT FRACTIONS

Conceptua Math: Equivalent Fractions

In this tool, you can use pie, rectangular, or number line model. Divide each shape into parts using the sliders. Then
click on parts to color or uncolor them.
https://www.conceptuamath.com/app/tool/equivalent-fractions

Equivalent Fractions Shoot

Click the fraction picture that is equivalent to the given fraction. Choose “Level 1” for this grade level.
http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/mathgames/fractions/equivalent_fractions_shoot.htm

5
Laura Candler's Fraction File Cabinet
This web page offers several free printables, activities, and games for grades 3-6.
http://www.lauracandler.com/filecabinet/math/fractions.php

Equivalent Fractions
Draw two equivalent fractions for the given fraction. Choose either a square or a circle for the shape.
http://illuminations.nctm.org/Activity.aspx?id=3510

Fresh Baked Fractions

Practice equivalent fractions by clicking on a fraction that is not equal to the others.
http://www.funbrain.com/fract/index.html

Fraction Dolphins
Click on the dolphin with the correct equivalent fraction to the fraction on the bucket.
http://mrnussbaum.com/fraction-dolphins-ipad.html

Free Equivalent Fractions Worksheets

Create custom-made worksheets for equivalent fractions that can either include pie images or not.
http://www.homeschoolmath.net/worksheets/equivalent_fractions.php

COMPARING FRACTIONS

Balloon Pop Fractions

Pop the balloons in order from the smallest to the largest fraction.
http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/mathgames/fractions/Balloons_fractions3.htm

Fractions Gallery - Ordering Simple Fractions

Put the fractions in order, from the least to the greatest.
http://www.free-training-tutorial.com/math-games/fractions-gallery-game.html

Conceptua Math: Order Fractions on a Number Line

First create fractions using the button on the top right, then lock them. Use the “dot” button to see them placed on
the number line. Then you can use the buttons on the left to see the fractions represented in different ways. Lastly,
drag the fractions under the number line dots, and press the check mark.
https://www.conceptuamath.com/app/tool/place-fractions-on-a-number-line

Comparison Shoot Out

Choose level 2 or 3 to compare fractions and shoot the soccer ball to the goal.
http://www.fuelthebrain.com/games/comparison-shootout/

Comparing Fractions—XP Math

Simple timed practice for comparing two fractions.
http://xpmath.com/forums/arcade.php?do=play&gameid=8

Ordering Fractions at Conceptua Fractions

An interactive tool where students place numbers, visual models, and decimals on a number line.
https://www.conceptuamath.com/app/tool/comparing-fractions

Ordering Fractions
Drag the fractions into the right order, from lowest to highest.
http://www.topmarks.co.uk/Flash.aspx?b=maths/fractions

Number Climb
Click the balls in ascending order of numbers.
http://www.mathplayground.com/number_climb.html

6
MULTIPLYING FRACTIONS

Multiplying Fractions with Circle Models

This page illustrates fraction multiplication with circle models.
http://www.visualfractions.com/MultiplyCircle/

Multiply Fractions by Whole Numbers

Practice multiplying fractions by whole numbers in this simple online exercise.
http://www.mathgames.com/skill/4.67-multiply-fractions-by-whole-numbers

Multiplying Fractions Concentration

Practice multiplying fractions by whole numbers with this interactive online matching game.
https://www.quia.com/cc/2740524.html

FRACTIONS AND MIXED NUMBERS

Identifying Fractions at Conceptua Fractions

A tool that shows fractions or mixed numbers using a pie, a bar, dots, and a number line.
https://www.conceptuamath.com/app/tool/identifying-fractions

Number Bonds - Fractions

Combine balls whose fractions add to one.
http://www.mathplayground.com/number_bonds_fractions.html

Mixed Numbers and Improper Fractions

Practice converting mixed numbers to improper fractions.
http://www.mathplayground.com/fractions_mixed.html

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

Adding of Like Fractions with Circle Models

Practice adding fractions with the help of a visual model.
http://www.visualfractions.com/AddEasyCircle/addcircles.html

Fractions Workshop
Choose “Add mixed fractions with like denominators” in order to practice adding mixed numbers.
http://mrnussbaum.com/fractions-workshop-ipad.html

Action Fraction
A racing game with several levels where you add and subtract fractions. The levels advance from using like
fractions to using unlike fractions and eventually subtraction.
http://solvemymath.com/math_games/arithmetic_games/action_fraction/

Add Mixed Numbers: 10-Question Quiz

Practice adding mixed numbers. Express the answer as a mixed fraction in lowest terms.
http://www.thatquiz.org/tq-3/?-j301-l1-p0

Fraction Game
Move the markers on the fraction number line from left to right according to the given fraction cards.
http://illuminations.nctm.org/Activity.aspx?id=4148

Four-Sum Fractions Board Game

Practice adding and simplifying fractions with common denominators. Be the first player to score four in a row!
http://www.learn-with-math-games.com/fraction-math-games.html

Subtracting Mixed Numbers with Borrowing

Perform subtraction calculations using borrowing with mixed number fractions.
https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/formal-science/mathematics/abm701/subtracting-mixed-number-fractions-with-
borro

7
Subtracting Mixed Fractions Quiz
Practice subtracting mixed fractions in this multiple-choice quiz. Drag and drop corresponding answers.
http://www.fractions4kids.com/subtracting-mixed-fractions-quiz/

Fruit Shoot Fractions Addition

Click the fruit with the correct answer. To match the topics students learn in this section, choose adding 2 or 3
fractions with like denominators. You can also choose your mode (untimed or timed) and speed (slow vs. fast fruit).
http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/mathgames/fractions/FruitShootFractionsAddition.htm

Fraction Worksheets: Addition and Subtraction

Create custom-made worksheets for the four operations with fractions and mixed numbers. Choose “Like
Fractions” for this level.
http://www.homeschoolmath.net/worksheets/fraction.php

GENERAL

Visual Fractions
Great site for studying all aspects of fractions: identifying, renaming, comparing, addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division. Each topic is illustrated with a visual model. Also includes a couple of games.
http://www.visualfractions.com/

Conceptua Math Fraction Tools

Interactive fraction tools for identifying fractions, adding and subtracting, estimating, comparing, equivalent
fractions, finding common denominators and more. Each activity uses several visual models, such as fraction
circles, horizontal and vertical bars, number lines, etc.
https://www.conceptuamath.com/app/tool-library

Who Wants Pizza?

This site explains the concept of fractions, addition, and multiplication with a pizza example, then has some
interactive exercises.
http://math.rice.edu/~lanius/fractions/index.html

Fractioncity
Make “fraction streets” and help children with comparing fractions, equivalent fractions, addition of fractions of
like and unlike denominators while they drive toy cars on the streets. This is not an online activity but has
instructions of how to do it at home or at school.
http://www.teachnet.com/lesson/math/fractioncity.html

8
 Halves and Quarters
This square is divided This circle is divided into four
into two parts that are parts that are the same. The parts
the same. The parts are are called fourths or quarters.
halves. Each part is one- Each part is one fourth or one
half. quarter.

Here, one half of the Here, three fourths of the circle

square is colored. The are colored. One-fourth of it is
other half is white. white.

1. Divide these shapes into halves by drawing a straight line from dot to dot. Then color as
you are asked to.

a. b. c. d.

Color one half. Color two halves. Color one half. Color both halves,
but different colors.

2. Divide these shapes into fourths by drawing two straight lines from dot to dot. Then
color as you are asked to.

a. b. c. d.

Color one fourth. Color three fourths. Color two fourths. Color four fourths =
the WHOLE triangle.

9
3. Color. Then compare.

a. Color one-fourth Color one-half of b. Color one-half Color one-quarter

of the rectangle. the rectangle. of the circle. of the circle.

Which one is a bigger piece, one half or one fourth?

c. Color one-half Color two-quarters d. Color one-half Color two-quarters

of the square. of the square. of the circle. of the circle.

Which one is more, one-half or two-quarters?

e. Color one-half Color three-fourths f. Color one-half Color three-fourths

of the square. of the square. of the rectangle. of the rectangle.

Which one is more, one half or three fourths?

10
 This square is divided into three parts that are the same.
The parts are thirds. Each part is one third.

4. Color.

a. b. c. d.

Color one third. Color two thirds. Color one third. Color three thirds.

5. Color. Then compare.

Color two thirds. Color one half. Color three fourths. Color two thirds.

a. Which is more, two thirds b. Which is more, three fourths

or one half? or two thirds?

c. Which is more, two thirds d. Which is more, two fourths

or two quarters? or one half?

6. Color ONE piece in each pie. Then compare. Think of eating pie pieces!

a. Which is more, one half or one third?

b. Which is more, one fourth or one third?

11
7. Color the whole pie. Then tell or write how many pieces it is, and what kind of pieces.

a. b. c.

The whole pie is The whole pie is The whole pie is

3 thirds . _____ _______________. _____ _______________.

8. Tell or write how many pieces, what kind of pieces, and of what shape are colored.
Look at the example.

a.
1 fourth of

the oval is colored.

b.
______ ______________________ of

the hexagon is colored.

c.
______ ______________________ of

the trapezoid is colored.

d.
______ ______________________ of

the ________________________ are colored.

e.
______ ______________________ of

the ________________________ are colored.

f.
______ ______________________ of

the ________________________ are colored.

12
 Some Fractions
We will now divide shapes into EQUAL parts = parts that are the same size.
When we divide something into TWO equal parts, the parts are called halves.
When we divide something into THREE equal parts, the parts are called thirds.
When we divide something into FOUR equal parts, the parts are fourths or quarters.

Here, two-halves of the square

Here, one-half of the square 2
1 are colored. We write 2 or 2/2.
is colored. We write 2 or 1/2.
This is the same as 1 (one whole).

Here, one-third of the square Now, four-quarters of the circle

4
1 are colored. We write 4 or 4/4.
is colored. We write 3 or 1/3.
This is the same as 1 (one whole).

In a fraction, we use two numbers, one on the top and one on the bottom.

One-fourth of the pie is colored. Two-thirds of the square is colored.

how many parts colored → 1 how many parts colored → 2
how many equal parts → 4 how many equal parts → 3

1. Divide these shapes. Then color as you are asked to.

a. b. c. d.

Divide this into Divide this into Divide this into Divide this into
1 1 2 2
halves. Color 2 thirds. Color 3 halves. Color 2 fourths. Color 4

e. f. g. h.

Divide this into Divide this into Divide this into Divide this into
4 2 1 2
quarters. Color 4 thirds. Color 3 fourths. Color 4 halves. Color 2

13
 1
Robert divided this square into fourths, and then colored 4 of it.
Notice: the whole rectangle has 16 little squares inside it.
The fourth that Robert colored has 4 little squares inside it.

2. Complete.

a. b.
1 1
Divide this into halves. Color 2 Divide this into halves. Color 2

______ little squares in one half. ______ little squares in one half.

_____ little squares in the whole rectangle _____ little squares in the whole rectangle

c. d.
1 1
Divide this into fourths. Color 4 Divide this into fourths. Color 4

______ little squares in one fourth. ______ little squares in one fourth.

_____ little squares in the whole rectangle _____ little squares in the whole rectangle

e. f.
3 2
Divide this into fourths. Color 4 Divide this into thirds. Color 3

______ little squares in three fourths. ______ little squares in two thirds.

_____ little squares in the whole rectangle _____ little squares in the whole rectangle

14
 Margie divided a rectangle into Jessie divided a rectangle into quarters
1 1
quarters one way, and then colored 4 . another way, and then colored 4 .

Which one is MORE? Well, they are both one-fourth! So, they are equal.

THINK: If you had a chocolate bar cut into quarters Margie's way or Jessie's
way, and you got 1/4, either way you would get to eat the same amount.

3. The dots show you how to divide the shape. Divide it, then color.

1 1 1 1
a. Color b. Color c. Color d. Color
2 2 2 2

Which is more? Which is more?

3 3 1 1
e. Color f. Color g. Color h. Color
4 4 3 3

Which is more? Which is more?

4. Tell what fraction is colored.

a. b. c. d.

15
 Understanding Fractions
Fractions are formed when we have a WHOLE that is divided into EQUAL parts.

A whole is divided A whole is divided

into two equal parts. 1 into six equal parts. 1
2 6
ONE part is one-half. ONE part is one-sixth.

A whole is divided Four parts are colored, and

into ten equal parts. 1 the whole has four equal parts. 4
10 4
ONE part is one-tenth. Four-fourths.

Three parts are colored. Two parts are colored, and

There are seven equal parts. the whole has five equal parts. 2
3 5
Three-sevenths. 7 Two-fifths.

The number ABOVE the line tells HOW MANY PARTS

3 we have (the colored parts).
8
The number BELOW the line tells how many EQUAL parts
the whole is divided into.
“three-eighths”
After halves, we use ordinal numbers to name the fractional parts
(thirds, fourths, fifths, sixths, sevenths, and so on).

1. Color the parts to illustrate the fraction.

f.
a. b. d. e.
c.
7 6 4 4 2 4
8 10 6 5 4 7

l.
g. h. i. j. k.

2 11 5 1 9 2
6 12 9 5 10 7

16
2. Write the fractions, and read them aloud.

a. b. c. d.

e. f. g. h.

k.

i. j. l.

How many parts is this “whole” divided into?

Count. You should get 8 parts.
Don't count the little lines. Count the “units” or the parts. One of them is like this:

How many of them are colored?

3
You should get 3 colored parts out of 8 in total. So, the fraction is .
8

3. Write the fractions, and read them aloud.

a. b.

c. d.

e. f.

17
 How to draw pie models

Halves: split the circle Thirds: draw lines at 12 o'clock, Fourths: First draw halves, then
with a straight line. 4 o'clock, and 8 o'clock. split those like a cross pattern.

Fifths: Draw like a man Sixths: First draw Eighths: First draw fourths,
doing jumping jacks. thirds, then split those. then split those.

4. Draw the pie models and color the parts to illustrate the fractions.

2 2 3 6
a. b. c. d.
3 5 6 8

4 3 1 7
e. f. g. h.
5 8 3 8

5. Color in the whole shape = 1 whole. Then write 1 whole as a fraction.

9
a. 1 = b. 1 = c. 1 = d. 1 = e. 1 =
9

6. Divide the shapes into equal parts, and color some of the parts, to show the fractions.

1 2 1 3
a. b. c. d.
2 2 3 4

3 1 4 3
e. f. g. h.
3 6 5 4

18
7. Divide the shapes into equal parts. Shade ONE part. Write the area of that part as a fraction
of the whole area.

a. Divide the shape into two equal parts. b. Divide the shape into three equal parts.

1
shaded area = of the whole area shaded area = of the whole area
2

c. Divide the shape into six equal parts. d. Divide the shape into four equal parts.

shaded area = of the whole area shaded area = of the whole area

e. Divide the shape into three equal parts. f. Divide the shape into five equal parts.

shaded area = of the whole area shaded area = of the whole area

g. Divide the shape into four equal parts. h. Divide the shape into four equal parts.

shaded area = of the whole area shaded area = of the whole area

19
 Fractions on a Number Line
This is a number line from 0 to 1. It is divided into six
parts. One part is this much: One part is NOT a
little line, so don't count the little lines to count the parts.
2
The arrow marks the fraction : two parts are colored,
6
of six parts in total.

0 6
Here you see all the fractions from to on the
6 6
5
number line. The fraction is marked with a dot.
6
0 6
Notice that is the same as 0, and is the same as 1.
6 6

1. Fill in. You can also color a rectangle that goes up to the arrow, to help you.

a. The number line from 0 to 1 is divided into _____ parts.

The arrow marks the fraction .

b. The number line from 0 to 1 is divided into _____ parts.

The arrow marks the fraction .

2. Write the fractions under every tick mark.

a. b.

20
3. Write the fraction shown by the big dot on the number line.

a. b.

c. d.

4. Mark the fraction on the number line (with a dot).

a. b.
2 3
4 5

c. d.
6 1
9 8

5. Divide the number line from 0 to 1 into equal parts. Then mark the fraction on it.
a. Divide this into two parts. b. Divide this into four parts.
1 1
2 4

c. d.
1 1
3 5

e. f.
3 2
4 3

g. h.
4 1
5 6

i. j.
5 3
6 8

21
 Here, the number line from 0 to 1 is divided into four parts. The number line from 1 to 2 is
also divided into four parts, and similarly from 2 to 3.
So, each little part is one-fourth.

4 8 12
Notice especially: 1 = , 2= , and 3 = .
4 4 4
8
In fact, the fraction line is another symbol for division. So, is the division problem 8 ÷ 4 !
4
8
Thinking that way, it is easy to see that = 2. You just divide!
4

6. Write all the fractions under the tick marks.

7. Mark the fractions on the number lines. In each list, one fraction is actually a whole number.
Which one?
7 11 18 3 13
a. , , , , .
6 6 6 6 6

12 17 21 5 16
b. , , , , .
8 8 8 8 8

22
8. Count the parts (thirds, fourths, fifths, sixths, or eighths), and write the whole numbers as fractions.

a. 1= b. 2= c. 3=

Can you find a shortcut so that you don't actually have to count all those pie pieces?

d. 2= e. 3= f. 1=

g. 4= h. 4=

9. Divide the pies into parts, and color the pies. Write the whole numbers as fractions.

a. Divide into halves. b. Divide into eighths.

4= 3=
2 8

c. Divide into sixths. d. Divide into fourths.

3= 4=
6 4

10. These fractions are actually whole numbers! Which ones are? (Hint: divide.)

6 21 24 20
a. = b. = c. = d. =
6 7 6 2

20 8 12 30
e. = f. = g. = h. =
4 8 3 5

Write these whole numbers as fractions.

a. 5= b. 7= c. 3= d. 6= e. 9=
6 5 7 10 5

23
 One Whole and Its Fractional Parts
When we use fractions, they always relate to some kind of one whole.
The one whole might be this square. If it is divided
1
into 12 parts, each part isof the whole.
12
3
The one whole might be this line. of it is colored.
10

Maybe the one whole is Daddy's salary. If we need to find 5/6 of it,
we imagine dividing the salary into 6 parts, and taking five of those parts.

7 The top number is the numerator. It numerates or counts how many pieces there are.
12 The bottom number is the denominator. It denominates or names what kind of parts they are.

To show 3/7 on a number line, each whole-number interval (from 0 to 1, from 1 to 2, from 2 to 3, and
so on) is divided into seven parts. Three of those parts are colored to show 3/7.

In a mixed number, we have a whole number and a fraction. The number line below shows 2 2/7 (two
and two-sevenths).

1. Color parts. Write the colored part and the white (uncolored) part as fractions.

a. Color 1 part. b. Color 5 parts. c. Color 8 parts. d. Color 3 parts.

1 and and
and and
12

24
2. Color and write one whole as a fraction.

a. 1 = b. 1 = c. 1 = d. 1 = e. 1 =

In problems 3 - 5, write the fractions and mixed numbers that the arrows mark on the number line.

3.

4. 5.

6. Mark these mixed numbers on the number line: a. 1 2/4 b. 3/4 c. 4 1/4 d. 5 1/2 e. 3 1/4 f. 2 3/4
Hint: First divide each whole-number interval into four parts.

7. Solve.
3 1
a. The Jacksons ate of the pie. b. Jerry ate of the pizza.
4 6
How much is left? How much is left?

c. Five boys shared a chocolate bar equally. Each one got of the bar.

25
8. Color. Write an addition sentence, adding the colored and white parts. Notice: what is the sum?

a. Color 1 part. b. Color 10 parts. c. Color 3 parts. d. Color 15 parts.

1
+ =
6

9. Find what fraction is missing from one whole.

3 6 1 11
a. + =1 b. + =1 c. + =1 d. + =1
4 7 8 12

1 1
10. a. Mary poured liter of juice from a 1-liter pitcher, and her brother poured another .
4 4
How much juice is left in the pitcher?

b. A loaf of bread was cut into 20 slices, and Jack and John ate three slices each.
What fractional part of the bread is left?

11. Let’s review how to find a fractional part using division!

a. Remember division? Find 1/10 of 90 km.

Then find 4/10 of 90 km.

b. The bill for a meal at a restaurant was $45.50. It was split

so that Cindy paid 2/5 of it and Sandy paid 3/5 of it.

How much money did Cindy pay?

How much money did Sandy pay?

c. Dad used 2/9 of his $2,700 paycheck.

What fractional part is left of his paycheck?

What dollar amount is left of his paycheck?

26
 Mixed Numbers 1

Mixed numbers have two parts: 1 3

1 2
3 4
z the whole number part, and
z the fractional part. “One and one-third” “Two and three-fourths”

1. Write what mixed numbers the pictures illustrate. Read the mixed numbers. Remember to use
“and” between the whole-number part and the fractional part.

a. b.
c.

d.
e. f.

2. Draw pie pictures to illustrate these mixed numbers.

1 2 3
a. 1 b. 2 c. 2
2 3 5

5 5
d. 4 e. 3
6 8

27
 Study this number line carefully.

After 1, we have two ways of marking the fractions for the tick marks on the number line:
7 11
- either as fractions, such as or , counting all the fourth parts from zero.
4 4
3 3
- or as mixed numbers: with a whole-number part and a fractional part, such as 1 or 2 .
4 4

3. Mark the mixed numbers on the number lines.

2 1 5
a. 1 , 2 , 2
6 6 6

5 1 4 6
b. 1 , 1 , 2 , 2
8 8 8 8

1 4 2 3
c. 1 , 3 , 2 , 4
5 5 5 5

4. Use the number lines above, and write these fractions as mixed numbers.

8 13 17 11
a. = b. = c. = d. =
6 6 6 8

21 13 9 21
e. = f. = g. = h. =
8 5 5 5

28
 You can use pie pictures
to write a mixed number
as a fraction. Count all the thirds. You Count all the fourths. You
should get four thirds. should get eleven fourths.
Just count the fractional
1 4 3 11
parts. So, 1 = . So, 2 = .
3 3 4 4

5. Match. 3 9
1
4 4

1 9
2
4 8

1 12
1
8 5

1 11
3
5 8

3 7
1
8 4

2 16
2
5 5

6. Write these both as mixed numbers AND as fractions.

a. = b. = c. =
2

d. = e. = f. =

29
 This is a 1-liter pitcher. In other words, when it is full,
it holds 1 liter of water. It is divided into fourths.

1
Here we have 1 liters of water.
4

7. Write a mixed number to tell how much water is in the pitchers.

a. b. c.

8. Remember measuring lines in inches? Measure the lines using the ruler. Your answers will
be mixed numbers.
a. ________ inches

b. ________ inches

c. ________ inches

9. Draw a line that is...

a. 4 3/4 inches long

b. 6 1/4 inches long

30
 Mixed Numbers 2
Mixed numbers have two parts: a whole-number part and a fractional part.
5
This picture illustrates 3 : three and five eighths.
8

5 3
Notice: the colored portion is 3 . The uncolored part is .
8 8
5 3
If we add the colored and uncolored parts, we get four wholes: 3 + = 4.
8 8

1. Write the mixed numbers these pictures illustrate.

a. b. c.

f.
d. e.

2. Color the mixed numbers. Draw any shape you like for the one whole in (c), (d), (e) and (f).

1 1
a. 1 b. 2
8 6

2 4
c. 2 d. 2
3 5

5 3
e. 1 f. 2
8 10

31
3. Write an addition sentence, adding the parts that are colored and what is not. Look at the example.

2 2
a. 2 + =3
4 4 b. c.

d. e. f.

4. How much is missing from the next whole number?

1 2 4 1
a. 1 + =2 b. 3 + =4 c. 8 + =9 d. 5 + =6
4 10 9 8

5. A pitcher can hold 2 cups when full. Jill poured 1 1/4 cups of water into it.
How much would still fit?

6. One toy car is 1 1/2 inches long. If you put three of them end-to-end,
how long is your “train”?

7. Emma is making cookies. The recipe calls for 1 1/4 cups of flour.
Using a 1/4-cup measuring cup, how many times does she need to fill
the cup with flour?

8. A recipe calls for 1 1/3 pounds of beef. Sandra has a 2 lb package of beef.
How much beef will be left over?

9. Jerry had two loaves of bread, which he cut into 12 slices each. Then he
ate five slices. Write the amount of loaves left as a mixed number.
Hint: Draw a picture.

32
 How to convert mixed numbers to fractions and back.

3
The pies show the mixed number 1 . But if we count all the individual
4
7
fourths, we have seven of them. We can write the fraction (seven-fourths).
4

4
This time we have 2 . If we count all of the
9
4 22
ninth pieces, we get 22 ninths. So, 2 = .
9 9

1
Here we see 3 . How could you use multiplication to help you count all of the
5
fifths, and then write it as a fraction? Think for a moment before reading on.

That is right — since each whole pie has 5 fifths, three wholes have
16
3 × 5 = 15 fifths, and then there is one more. So the fraction is .
5

10. Color all the shapes completely to illustrate the whole numbers. Then write them also as fractions.

a. 2 = b. ______ = c. ______ =

11. Color the given amount. Write it as a mixed number and as a fraction. The first one is done for you.
1
a. Color 5 fourths. b. Color 1 c. Color 8 fifths.
3

5 1
or 1 or or
4 4

1 5
d. Color 2 e. Color 21 eighths. f. Color 1
2 6

or or or

33
12. Write the mixed numbers as fractions. To help you, you can draw pies and shade parts in them.

2 1 1
a. 2 = b. 1 c. 3
5 3 4

1 5
d. 4 e. 3
2 6

13. Write these fractions as mixed numbers. Color in parts to help you visualize them.

15 5 11
a. = b. = c. =
8 3 5

11 22 7
d. = e. = f. =
4 6 2

1
Example. Change 7 into a fraction.
5
Each of the seven wholes is divided into five slices.
So, how many fifths are in one whole? Five.
And how many fifths are in seven wholes? 7 times 5, or 35.
1 36 5
We also have the . In total we have 36 fifths, or . 1=
5 5 5

14. Write the mixed numbers as fractions, thinking of the “trick” explained above.

1 1 2 2
a. 5 b. 6 c. 8 d. 4
4 3 3 5

1 2 7 5
e. 8 f. 5 g. 3 h. 3
10 9 10 9

34
 Comparing Fractions 1
1. Color the whole shape. Then write 1 whole as a fraction. Lastly, read what you wrote
with numbers.

1=
1=
a. "One whole is 3 thirds." b.

1= 1=
c. d.

2. Color. Then compare and write < , > , or = . Which is more “pie” to eat?

a. b. c.
1 1 2 3 3
1 whole 4
3 2 3 4

d. e. f.
2 1 2 1 2
1 whole
4 2 2 2 3

3. Divide the shapes into two, three, or four equal parts so that you can color the fraction.
Then compare and write < , > , or = .

a.
1 1 b.
4 2 2 3
2 3

35
 More fractions

When we divide something into FIVE equal parts, the parts are called fifths.
When we divide something into SIX equal parts, the parts are called sixths.

Here, five-sixths of the square Here, two-fifths of the circle

5 2
is colored. We write 6 or 5/6. are colored. We write 5 or 2/5.

4. Color the given fraction.

4 2 5 1
a. Color b. Color c. Color d. Color
5 5 6 6

5. Color. Then compare and write < , > , or = . Which is more “pie” to eat?

a. b. c.
1 1 3 3 4 2
5 6 4 5 6 3

d. e. f.
2 1 3 1 1 1
5 2 6 2 5 4

6. Divide the shapes into two, three, or four equal parts so that you can color the fraction.
Then compare and write < , > , or = .

b.
a.
1 1 2 3
2 4 3 4

36
 Comparing Fractions 2
1. Color one piece in each “pie.” Then compare the fractions. Write < or > .
1 1 1 1
a. b.
3 2 2 5

1 1 1 1
c. d.
5 4 6 5

1 1 1 1
e. f.
6 8 2 8

2. Color these fractions in the fraction bars.

1 1 1 1
5 10 2 4

Find the smallest fraction (the smallest piece).

Find the greatest fraction (the largest piece).

3. Show, using the two number lines,

1 1
that 3 is greater than 4 .

1 1
4. Which is a greater fraction, 9 or 8 ?
Explain how you can know that.

1 1 1 1
5. Write these four fractions in order from smallest to largest:
6 3 9 5

< < <

37
6. Compare and write > or < between the fractions. Which is more pie to eat?

a. b. c.

2 1 1 4 1 3
3 3 5 5 6 6

d. e. f.

1 5 5 3 6 7
9 9 12 12 10 10

7. Explain how to find the bigger fraction if two fractions have the same kind of parts
(the bottom numbers are the same)? For example, 5/8 and 3/8.

_________________________________________________________________

8. Compare and write > or < between the fractions.

a. b. c.

2 2 2 2 3 3
6 3 5 8 6 4

d. e. f.

5 5 2 2 4 4
6 8 2 3 8 5

g. h. i.

8 8 3 3 7 7
10 9 8 6 12 9

9. Explain how to find the bigger fraction if two fractions have the same amount of pieces
(the top numbers are the same)? For example, 5/8 and 5/7.

_________________________________________________________________

38
10. Mark the fractions on the number lines. Then use the number lines to compare the fractions.
The fraction that is furthest from 0 is the bigger fraction.

1 1 2 1
a. b.
5 8 5 4

1 3 2 2
c. d.
3 8 3 5

11. Mark the fractions on the number lines. Then find the biggest fraction of the three.

3 5 2 4 2 7
a. b.
5 8 4 5 3 8

12. Compare the fractions. Think carefully if the fractions have the same amount of pieces or
the same kind of pieces. Either way, you can know which one is greater!

5 4 7 7 9 5 10 10
a. b. c. d.
7 7 5 10 12 12 20 12

3 3 7 10 5 5 5 9
e. f. g. h.
7 4 11 11 8 6 8 8

39
 Comparing Fractions 3

Both of these paint cans are 1/3 full. But the bigger paint
can has more paint than the smaller. In other words, 1/3 of
the smaller can is less than 1/3 of the bigger can.

7
Here, these two fractions look like they are the same
amount. Yet, 7/8 cannot be equal to 9/10. Or can it?
8
9
To tell for sure, the wholes that we take a fraction (part) of,
have to be the same size. In these fraction bars, the total
10
length of each fraction bar is not the same!

7
Now we have two wholes that are the same size.
8
Now we can compare, and see that 9/10 is slightly 9
greater than 7/8.
10

Jess Mary
1. a. These two pitchers are both 1/4 full. b. Who got to eat more pie?
Do they have the same amount of water? Can you tell?

2. Compare the fractions. Write > , < , or = . If you cannot compare because the wholes are
not the same size, then cross the whole problem out.

a. b. c.

7 5 2 2 3 3
10 8 9 6 9 8

d. e. f.

3 1 2 1 2 2
10 4 5 3 7 9

40
3. Six workers bought one large pizza and one small pizza to share evenly.
Both pizzas are cut into three equal pieces. Will it be fair if
everybody gets one piece (1/3)?
Why or why not?

4. Janet has two bars of dark chocolate.

Which is more, 1/12 of the bigger bar,
or 2/12 of the smaller bar?

2 1
Does that prove that
12
< 12
?

5. Ellie has a blue and a red ribbon that are the same length. She cuts the
blue ribbon into 5 equal pieces, and the red ribbon into 4 equal pieces.
Which is longer, a piece from the blue ribbon or a piece from the red ribbon?

6. Jack has two paint cans, one big and one small. Both of them are 3/4 full.
Which can has more paint in it? (Hint: draw a picture!)

7. Compare the fractions. Think carefully.

4 3 6 6 9 7 9 9
a. b. c. d.
3 3 7 9 10 10 12 5

1 1 1 10 3 3 1 8
e. f. g. h.
6 4 12 10 8 6 2 8

1 1
8. Margaret wants to show us that = using
5 4
the number lines. Your task is to draw a picture
to prove to her that it is NOT so!

41
 Comparing Fractions 4
1. Compare the fractions, writing < or > in between them.

If the fractions have 5 7

the same KIND of c.
9 9
pieces, you can
simply compare how 3 7 7 6
many of that kind of a. b. 6 2
d.
pieces they have. 8 8 12 12 6 6

2. Compare the fractions, writing < or > in between them.

If the fractions have 5 5

c.
the same AMOUNT 6 8
of pieces, you can
simply compare the 3 3 1 1 2 2
a. b. d.
size of pieces. 8 9 10 12 6 5

Sometimes one fraction is more than 1/2, and the other is less.

5 3
Compare and . Now, 3/8 is less than 1/2. How can you know? Because 4/8 would be
6 8

exactly 1/2, so 3/8 is less than that. And, 5/6 is more than 1/2 (how can you know?). So, 5/6 > 3/8.

3. Compare the fractions. Note: Sometimes one of the fractions is actually equal to 1/2!

1 3 4 2 3 2 5 4
a. b. c. d.
6 5 5 8 4 5 10 12

4 3 1 2 3 5 4 7
e. f. g. h.
5 6 9 3 6 10 10 12

4. Write these fractions in order, from the smallest to the greatest.

6 3 3 6 2 5 1 1 5
a. , , b. , , c. , ,
8 8 6 5 5 6 4 7 8

42
 Sometimes one fraction is more than 1 whole, and the other is less.

7 11
Compare and . Clearly, 11 fourths is more than 1 whole since 4 fourths makes 1 whole.
10 4
And, 7/10 is less than 1. So, 7/10 must also be less than 11/4.

5. Compare the fractions.

8 7 9 7 3 8 11 10
a. b. c. d.
7 8 12 5 4 5 12 3

6. Compare.

1 3 1 5 4 8 2 3 9 6
a. b. c. d. 1 1 e.
7 7 2 6 5 3 9 5 5 6

5 5 12 8 5 5 2 5 4 2
f. g. h. i. j. 2 2
12 11 8 12 5 7 3 10 8 7

Sometimes you can write an equivalent fraction, then compare.

3 7
Compare and . This time, we can write 3/5 as 6/10 since they are equivalent fractions.
5 10
6 7
Then the problem changes to comparing and , and clearly 7/10 is more.
10 10

7. Compare the fractions. Write an equivalent fraction for one of the fractions.
Hint: to make an equivalent fraction, multiply both the top and bottom number in the fraction by some same number.

1 3 3 5 5 1 11 5
a. b. c. d.
5 10 4 8 12 3 12 6
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
3 5 5 11
10 10 8 8 12 12

3 9 5 2 1 2 3 1
e. f. g. h.
4 12 9 3 3 9 12 3
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

43
 You cannot always base fraction comparisons on images.

It looks like 7/10 is the same length as 5/8, but the

Example. 7 fraction bars themselves are not the same size. So,
10 you cannot say that 7/10 = 5/8!
5 If you compare fractions visually, the fractions need
8
to refer to objects that are equal in size.

8. Compare if you can! If the wholes are not the same size, then cross the whole problem out.

a. b. c.

7 6 3 2 7 5
12 9 9 6 10 8

d. e. f.

5 7 7 5 4 7
6 9 8 6 5 9

9. Arrange these fractions in order from the smallest

to the greatest. Use the number lines to help.

5 1 2 3 2
, , , ,
8 3 5 8 3

10. a. Draw a picture to show that 1/3 < 1/2.

b. Draw a picture to show that 5/6 > 3/5.

44
11. Angie ate 3/8 of a pizza, and Joe ate 1/4 of the same pizza.
Who ate more pizza?

How much more pizza?

12. Bob pays 21/100 of his paycheck in taxes, and Chloe pays 3/10 of hers in taxes.
Who pays a bigger part of his/her paycheck in taxes?

13. The store is running a sale! Which is a bigger discount:

if a bike is discounted by 35/100 of its price,
or if it is discounted by 4/10 of its price?

14. a. What is wrong with these pictures where Emily is trying >
to show that 3/9 is more than 3/8?

b. Draw a picture showing that actually, the opposite is true.

15. Write these fractions and mixed numbers in order, from the smallest to the greatest.

3 3 1 1 3 3 2 4 6
a. , , 1 b. 1 , , c. , ,
7 5 7 4 8 6 3 9 5

Mom baked two rectangular pizzas. One was twice as big as the other.
Bob ate 2/3 of the smaller pizza, and Dad ate 3/8 of the larger pizza.

Who ate more pizza?

Explain your reasoning.

45
 Equivalent Fractions 1
If you eat half of a pizza, or 2/4 of a pizza, you
have eaten the same amount. The two fractions =
are equivalent.
1 2 1 2
We can write an equal sign between them: = . =
2 4 2 4

3
The dot for is in the same place on the number
5
6
line as the dot for . Again, the two fractions are
10
3 6
equivalent. We can write = .
5 10

1. Write the equivalent fractions.

= = = =

a. = b. = c. = d. =

e. = f. =

2. Write the equivalent fractions.

a. = b. =

46
3. Shade the parts for the first fraction. Shade the same amount in the second picture.
Write the second fraction.

= = = =

1 1 6 2
a. = b. = c. = d. =
4 2 8 3

1 8
e. = f. =
3 12

4. Mark the equivalent fractions on the number lines.

3 6 3 1
a. = b. =
4 8 9 3

3 2
c. = d. =
6 6

5. Mark the equivalent fractions on the number lines. This time, you need to first divide each
number line into equal parts.

2 1 2 4
a. = b. =
4 2 3 6

47
6. Color and write many fractions that are equivalent to the first fraction.

1 1
a. b.
3 4

7. Four children have a chocolate bar to share. Cassy says,

“Let's divide it into four equal pieces, and everybody gets
one piece.” Hannah says, “No, let's divide it into twelve
equal pieces and everybody gets three pieces.”

Whose idea lets everybody get a fair share?

8. Draw a picture to show that 1/2 = 4/8.

9. a. Half of the pie is left. Show in the picture how three persons can share it equally.

b. What two equivalent fractions can you write from your “cutting”?

10. Are 5/5 and 4/4 equivalent fractions?

Why or why not?

Which is longer, a line that is 3 1/2 inches long or

a line that is 3 1/4 inches long?
How much longer is it?

48
 Equivalent Fractions 2
If you eat half of a pizza, or 4/8 of a pizza, 1
1
you have eaten the same amount. 5
2
1
10
=
The two fraction strips show an equal amount. So, we
1 4
= can write an equal sign between the two mixed numbers:
2 8
1 2
1/2 and 4/8 are equivalent fractions. 1 = 1
5 10

1. Color the first fraction. Shade the same amount of pie in the second picture. Write the second fraction.

= = = =

1 3 6 8
a. = b. = c. = d. =
2 4 10 12

= = =

1 2 10
e. = f. 1 = g. 1 =
3 3 12

2. Write the fractions that have thirds using sixths instead. You can shade parts in the pictures.

3 4 7
a. = b. = c. =
3 3 3

1 2 2
d. 2 = e. 1 = f. 2 =
3 3 3

3. Mark the equivalent fractions on the number lines.

4 3
a. = b. =
5 9

49
 2
The fraction strip illustrates . If you split each piece
5
(both the colored and white pieces) into two new pieces,
what fraction do you get?
4
You get − four colored pieces, and ten pieces total.
10
You have two times as many colored pieces, and two times as many total pieces as before.

4. Split both the colored and white pieces as instructed. Write the fraction after you change it.

a. Split all the pieces into b. Split all the pieces into c. Split all the pieces into
two new ones. four new ones. three new ones.

1 1 1
= = =
2 2 4

d. Split all the pieces into e. Split all the pieces into f. Split all the pieces into
three new ones. two new ones. three new ones.

1 5 2
= = =
3 6 5

Do you notice a shortcut for finding the second fraction without using a picture?

g. Split all the pieces into h. Split all the pieces into i. Split all the pieces into
four new ones. two new ones. three new ones.

= = =

If you found the shortcut, Split all the pieces into Split all the pieces into
explain how it works in three new ones. two new ones.
these problems:
1 3
= =
3 5

50
 1
The fraction strip illustrates . If we split each piece (both the
2
3
colored and the white piece) into three new pieces, we get .
6

We now have three times as many colored pieces, and three times ×3
as many total pieces as before. We can show this in writing this way:
1 3
=
We multiply both the top and bottom number in a fraction by 3. We get 2 6
an equivalent fraction—it is the same amount, just cut into more
pieces. This does not mean we multiply the whole fraction by 3. ×3

5. Split the pieces. Fill in the missing parts.

3 9 1 4 1 5
a. This is . Make it . b. This is . Make it . c. This is . Make it .
4 12 3 12 2 10
Each piece is split Each piece is split Each piece is split
into ____ new ones. into ____ new ones. into ____ new ones.

× ____ × ____ × ____

3 9 1 4 1 5
= = =
4 12 3 12 2 10

× ____ × ____ × ____

1 4 2 6 2 8
d. This is . Make it . e. This is . Make it . f. This is . Make it .
4 16 3 9 3 12

× ____ × ____ × ____

1 4 2 6 2 8
= = =
4 16 3 9 3 12

× ____ × ____ × ____

g. h. i.
× ____ × ____ × ____

4 2 2
= = =
5 10 3 15 5 15

× ____ × ____ × ____

51
6. Write the equivalent fraction. Use multiplication.

a. Split all the pieces b. Split all the pieces c. Split all the pieces d. Split all the pieces
into three new ones. into five new ones. into four new ones. into ten new ones.

5 3 2 9
= = = =
6 4 5 10

7. Figure out how many new pieces the existing pieces were split into. Fill in the missing parts.

a. Pieces were split b. Pieces were split c. Pieces were split d. Pieces were split
into ____ new ones. into ____ new ones. into ____ new ones. into ____ new ones.

1 3 30 2 7 35
= = = =
2 6 10 5 30 8

2 3 9 5 1
e. = f. = g. = h. =
3 6 5 6 12 3 9

8. Write the fractions that have tenths with hundredths instead.

1 3 6 4 13
a. = b. = c. = d. = e. =
10 100 10 10 10 10

9. Connect the equivalent fractions with a line.

2 1 1 2 3 3
3 3 2 10 6 12
1 1 3 1 1 1
4 2 4 3 4 2
a. b. c.
5 2 1 6 1 8
10 8 5 12 3 12

2 6 4 9 2 4
6 9 12 12 3 12

10. Write chains of equivalent fractions!

1 1
a. = = = = = = b. = = = =
2 4 6 8 3 6 9 12

52
 We can use equivalent fractions to add fractions that have different denominators.

2 17
Example: Add + . First, write 2/10 as 20/100 (an equivalent fraction).
10 100
20 17 37
Then you can add, because the fractions now have the same denominator: + = .
100 100 100

11. Add.

1 8 7 3 45 3
a. + b. + c. +
10 100 10 100 100 10
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

8 =
+ + =
100 100 100 100

9 9 7 23 24 9
d. + e. + f. +
10 100 10 100 100 10

7 4 28 5 6 35 7
g. + 1 h. 2 +1 i. + +
100 10 100 10 10 100 100

12. Draw a picture showing that 1/3 and 4/12

are equivalent fractions.

Add. This is challenging. Hint: You cannot simply add the top numbers and the
bottom numbers. Use equivalent fractions.

3 1 1 3 2 2
a. + b. + c. +
4 2 5 10 3 9

53
 Adding Fractions and Mixed Numbers 1
It is easy to add fractions that have the same kinds of parts.
+ = 1 2
To add 4
and , think of the pie pieces. One fourth means
4
1 2 3 one piece, and two fourths means two pieces. In total we have
+ =
4 4 4 three pieces, and they are fourths. So, the answer is 3/4.

In this picture we have shaded (added) seven slices and then

another six slices. All the slices are eighth parts so we can just
count how many eighths we get: 13 eighths or 13/8.
7 6 13 5 But that makes more than one whole pie, so the answer is given
+ = = 1
8 8 8 8 as a mixed number: 1 5/8.

1. Write an addition sentence.

a. + b. + c. +

2 2
+ =
5 5

2. Shade parts. Then write an addition sentence. Look at the example.

1 3 2 5
a. Shade , then . b. Shade , then .
6 6 8 8

1 3 4
+ =
6 6 6

3 5 2 1 3 4
c. Shade , then , then . d. Shade , then , then .
12 12 12 10 10 10

3 7
e. Shade , then . 3 3
8 8 f. Shade , then .
4 4

54
3. Shade parts. Then write an addition sentence.

6 1 1 1
a. Shade , then . b. Shade 2 , then .
5 5 2 2

2 6 11 6
d. Shade 1 , then . c. Shade , then .
10 10 7 7

4. Add the fractions and mixed numbers. You can shade parts in the pictures, if you need help.

2 2 7 11 8 3 7
a. 1 + + = b. + = c. 1 + =
10 10 10 9 9 8 8

This is a fraction strip. The whole numbers from 0 to 5 are written under the bolded black lines.

4 4 8 3
The shaded parts illustrate the addition + = = 1 .
5 5 5 5

5. Add. Shade parts with different colors. Give your answer as a mixed number.

3 4 2 4
a. + = b. 1 + =
5 5 5 5

13 6 3 6
c. + = d. 1 + =
10 10 8 8

55
 We can “break apart” 7/8 in many different ways. From each “breakage” we can write an addition.

For example: = and and Another way: = and and

7 4 1 2 7 3 2 2
= + + = + +
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

6. Write each fraction as an addition in different ways. Think of breaking the fraction apart.

a. b.

4 5
= + =
5 8

4 5
= =
5 8

4 5
= =
5 8

c. d.

4
= =
3

=
=

=
=

e.

= =

= =

56
 Adding mixed numbers
5 4
Example. What is 4 +3 ? The answer, 9/6, is more than one, so think
6 6
of the 9/6 as 1 and 3/6, and add 1 to the
Adding the whole numbers, we get 4 + 3 = 7. whole-number count of 7.
5 4 9 3
Then we add the fractions: + = . In total we get 8 .
6 6 6 6

7. Add the mixed numbers. Shade parts to help.

3 2 3 2
a. 1 + 2 = b. 1 + 1 =
5 5 4 4

3 6 8 5
c. 1 + 1 = d. + 1 =
8 8 9 9

3 6 9 7
e. 1 + 2 = f. + 1 =
7 7 12 12

8. Write each mixed number as an addition in different ways.

a. b.

= =

= =

= =

= =

57
 Adding Fractions and Mixed Numbers 2
Adding like fractions (ones that have the same kinds of parts) is very easy. Just think of “slices” or
“pie pieces”: add the actual number of slices, and check what kind of slices they were.
For example, if you have 6 elevenths and 4 elevenths, in total you have 10 elevenths. You just add how
many of those parts you have (6 + 4 = 10), and they are all eleventh parts. So, 6/11 + 4/11 = 10/11.

3 4 1 8 3 3 7 10 2
+ + = = 1 2 + 4 = 6 = 7
5 5 5 5 5 8 8 8 8

The answer, 8 fifths, is more than one Add the whole numbers and the fractions separately. Then,
whole, so write it as a mixed number. the 10/8 gives us 1 more “whole pie,” leaving only 2 eighths.

1. Add the fractions. Give your final answer as a whole number or mixed number if possible.

1 1 1 3 2 1 4
a. + = b. + = c. + + =
6 6 4 4 8 8 8

1 2 4 2 2 2
d. + + = e. + + =
5 5 5 3 3 3

11 7 3 6 3
f. + = g. + + =
10 10 4 4 4

2. Add. You can use the fraction strips to help.

2 4 8 3
a. 1 + 1 = b. + 1 =
5 5 5 5

5 7 8 9
c. 1 + 1 = d. 1 + 1 =
10 10 10 10

3. Add the mixed numbers.

2 3 2 5
a. 1 + 3 = b. 4 + 2 =
5 5 6 6

2 3 3 7
c. 5 + 7 = d. 1 + 8 =
4 4 8 8

58
4. Find the missing fractions from the additions.

2 2 11 5 2
a. + =1 b. + = c. + =1
5 12 12 6 6

1 2 5 1 3
d. + =2 e. 1 + =2 f. 3 + =5
8 8 8 4 4

5. Be a “teacher detective” and find the errors in the childrens' work! Then fix them.

a. Emma: b. Peter:

5 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1
1 = + 1 + 2 = + + +
7 7 7 7 3 3 3 3 3

5 10 2 1 5 3
1 = + 2 = +
7 7 7 3 3 3

6. Solve.

a. A recipe calls for 1 1/2 cups of wheat flour, 1/2 cup

of rye flour, and 1/2 cup of oat flour.
How much flour is used in the recipe?

b. The children divided a chocolate bar into 12 pieces. Then, Mark ate 3/12 of it,
Amy ate 2/12 of it, and Sam ate 4/12 of it.

What fraction of the chocolate bar did the children eat?

What fraction of the chocolate bar is left?

c. A movie lasted 1 3/4 hours, and a meal afterwards

took 1 1/4 hours. How much time total did these take?

d. Jack drank 1 1/4 cups of water and 3/4 cups of juice.

What is the total amount of liquid that he drank?

59
7. A rectangle's sides are 2 1/4 inches
and 3 1/4 inches. Draw a sketch.
What is its perimeter?

8. Each side of a triangle is 2 3/8 inches.

What is its perimeter?

9. Double the
cake recipe. A birthday cake A birthday cake

4 eggs _______ eggs

3/4 cup sugar _______ cup sugar
1 1/4 cups flour _______ cup flour
1 1/2 tsp baking powder _______ tsp baking powder
1 cup whipped cream _______ cup whipped cream
sliced fruit sliced fruit

Draw more to find how much is missing from the addition.

The picture shows the first addend.

2 3 2 1 5 2
a. 1 + =2 b. 1 + =3 c. 2 + =4
5 5 4 4 6 6

60
 Subtracting Fractions and Mixed Numbers

Example 1:
5
−
2
=
3 Here are 5 sixths. If you take away two of them,
6 6 6 how many sixths will you have left? Three sixths, of course!

1. Subtract. Cross out parts from the images to help you.

9 1 4 2
a. − = b. 2 − =
10 10 6 6

5 3 7 3
c. 1 − = d. 3 − 1 =
9 9 8 8

2. Subtract. Imagine pie pictures in your mind!

11 7 7 5 9 3 7
a. − = b. − = c. − = d. 1 − =
12 12 10 10 4 4 8

7 3 9 5 5 2
e. 2 − = f. 5 − 2 = g. 6 − 5 =
8 8 12 12 6 6

3. Mom made three whole pies for Thanksgiving and divided each pie into twelfths.
The kids ate three slices before dinner. How much pie is left?
Give your answer as a mixed number.

3 4
Example 2: 1 − Here it helps to first change the mixed number 1 3/5
5 5
into the fraction 8/5. It is like cutting the whole pie
8 4 4
= − = into fifths. Now it is easy to subtract 4 fifths.
5 5 5

4. Subtract. Cross out parts to help. You need to cut some whole pies into pieces first.

5 5 9
a. 3 − = b. 2 −
6 10 10

1 6 2 4
c. 2 − 1 = d. 2 −
8 8 5 5

61
5. Subtract. You can shade parts, then cross or erase some to help.

4 3 1 1 4
a. 3 − 1 = b. 2 − 1 = c. 1 − =
5 5 5 5 5

6. Subtract, changing the mixed number into a fraction first.

2 6 1 2 3 7 2 4
a. 1 − b. 2 − c. 1 − d. 2 −
10 10 3 3 10 10 5 5
↓ ↓
12 6
− =
10 10

7. Subtract from whole numbers.

3 8 1 3
a. 2 − = b. 6 − = c. 5 − 1 = d. 10 − 2 =
4 9 2 5

8. Subtract, writing the fractions that have tenths using hundredths instead.

6 15 7 38 54 2
a. − b. − c. −
10 100 10 100 100 10
↓ ↓

− 15 =
100 100

9. The perimeter of a rectangle is 5 inches. If one side measures 1 1/2 inches,

how long is the other side?

10. Mary had 6 yards of material. She cut off a piece that was 2 2/3 yards long.
How long is the part that is left, in yards?

Challenge: How long are the two pieces in feet?

1 4
11. Explain your way to solve this subtraction 3 − 1 . If you can't think of any, read on.
5 5

62
 1 4
How to solve 3 − 1 =?
5 5
4
Solution 1: One way to solve it is just cross out 1 from the picture!
5

Solution 2: subtract part by part. Solution 3: use fractions.

1 1 1 4
First subtract 1 whole: 3 − 1 leaves 2 . Write 3 and 1 as fractions.
5 5 5 5

1 1 1 16 4 9
Then subtract 1 fifth: 2 − leaves 2 wholes. 3 = and 1 = .
5 5 5 5 5 5

3 2 Now the subtraction problem becomes

Lastly, subtract 3 fifths: 2 − =1 . 16 9 7
5 5
simply − = . Lastly write the
5 5 5
7 2
answer as a mixed number: = 1 .
5 5

12. Subtract.

1 3 1 3 5 3
a. 2 − = b. 3 − = c. 6 − 3 =
4 4 8 8 6 6

2 3 1 3 1 2
d. 2 − 1 = e. 7 − 2 = f. 6 − 3 =
5 5 5 5 3 3

13. Three pizzas were ordered for a get-together. Each was divided into 12 pieces.
Edward ate three pieces, Abigail ate two pieces, Mom and Dad together ate
a whole pizza, and Jack and John ate four pieces each.
How much pizza was left? Give your answer as a fraction.

14. a. A bag of flour contains 6 cups of flour. Mom used 2 2/3 cups for a bread recipe.
How much flour is left after she makes one batch of bread?

b. How many batches more can she make with the remaining flour?

The perimeter of a certain rectangle is 6 1/2 inches.

If one side measures 1 3/4 inches, how long is the other side?

63
 Multiplying Fractions by Whole Numbers
7 1
You already know that is seven copies of .
8 8 =
7 1
From this we can write a multiplication: 8
=7× 8
.

1 5 1
Similarly, 1 is (as a fraction), so it is five copies of .
4 4 4 =
1 1
From this we can write a multiplication: 1 4
=5× 4
.

1. Fill in.

a. b. c. d.
3 6 1 1
=3× = × 4× = 7× =
7 9 5 10

2. Fill in.

a. b. c.

8 3 2
=8× 1 = = 8× 1 = = ×
7 5 5 3 3

1 1 1
d. 10 × = = e. 7 × = = f. 9 × = =
6 4 3

3. a. Mary is preparing a dinner for 10 people. She needs to buy 1/3 lb of chicken per person.
How many pounds of chicken will she need to buy?

b. The answer is between what two whole numbers?

c. She also prepares 1/2 quart of juice for each guest.

How many quarts of juice will she need?

64
 3 3
3× 4
is three copies of 4
. (Look at the picture.)
=
How many fourths are there in total?
3 9
There are nine fourths. So, 3 × = .
4 4
3 9 1
Lastly we give the answer as a mixed 3× = = 2
4 4 4
number: 9/4 is 2 1/4.

4. Multiply.

a. b. c.

2 2 7
3× 4 = = 4× 6 = = 2× 8 = =

5. Color repeatedly, and solve the multiplications. Give your answer as a mixed number.

3 2
a. Color five times (copies of) . b. Color four times (copies of) .
8 5

3 2
5× = 4× =
8 5

7 6
c. Color five times . d. Color five times .
12 10

7 6
5× = 5× =
12 10

5
e. 9× =
8

Can you find a shortcut for these problems?

If you can, use it to solve the problems below. (If not, don't worry about it.)

2 4 5
f. 4 × = g. 3 × = h. 2 × =
3 10 6

6. Fill in.

a. b. c.

8 9 2
= 4× = 3× 2 = 2×
5 4 3

65
 To multiply a whole number by a fraction, find the total number of “pieces” (by multiplication).
This means you multiply the whole number and the top number of the fraction.

2 12
Example 1: 6 × means 6 × 2 pieces, or 12 pieces. Each piece is a fifth. So, we get .
5 5
12 2
Lastly, change into a mixed number: it is 2 .
5 5

Example 2: Multiplication can be done in either order.

3 3 5×3 15 7
So, 5 × is the same as × 5. They both equal = , which is 1 .
8 8 8 8 8

7. Solve. Give your answer as a mixed number if possible.

1 2 2
a. 5 × = b. 3 × = c. 4 × =
4 3 7

2 3 2
d. 7 × = e. ×6 = f. 7 × =
10 8 100

7 12 11
g. ×3 = h. 6 × = i. ×3 =
10 100 10

5 4 7
j. ×5 = k. 2 × = l. ×2 =
8 3 4

8. The side of a square is 7/8 in. What is its perimeter?

9. Baby's toy blocks are each 1 1/8 inches tall.

a. How tall is a stack of five of them?

b. How tall is a stack of ten?

10. Jack prepares a pasta dish with meat for 8 people.

He plans to buy 1/4 lb. of meat per person.
How much meat should he buy?

He also needs to cook 3/4 C of dry pasta per person.

How much pasta should he use?

66
 Practicing with Fractions
1. The number line from 0 to 1 is divided into 12 parts. Mark the following fractions on it.
Hint: Think of equivalent fractions that have 12ths.

5 , 11 , 1 , 1 , 2 , and 5
.
12 12 2 4 3 6

2. List the fractions in order from the smallest to the greatest. You can draw pie pictures to help visualize its.

1 2 2 1 1 3
a. , , b. , ,
2 3 6 4 8 8

2 3 1 4 3 3
c. , , d. , ,
5 5 2 5 8 4

3. Each day, Robert runs 3/5 of a mile.

How much does he run in three days?
Give your answer as a mixed number.

4. Make chains of equivalent fractions. You can choose the other two fractions but they need to be
equivalent to the first.

= = = =

1 1
a. = b. =
3 4

= = = =

3 2
c. = d. =
4 5

67
5. Multiply, and solve the unknown numbers.

2 2 3
a. 2 × = b. 5 × = c. 3 × =
7 3 4

4 8 1 1 3 2
d. ____ × = e. ____ × = 3 f. ____ × = 1
7 7 2 2 4 4

6. Add and subtract. Give your final answer as a whole number or as a mixed number.

3 6 5 6
a. + = b. + =
9 9 8 8

2 4 11 3
c. 2 + 4 = d. − =
5 5 12 12

1 3 1 3
e. 1 − = f. 5 − =
10 10 4 4

7. Multiplying by one-half is actually the same as ________________ by 2. Complete the multiplications.

a. b. c.
1 1 1
2× = 7× = 15 × =
2 2 2
1 1 1
3× = 8× = 20 × =
2 2 2
1 1 1
4× = 9× = 17 × =
2 2 2
1 1 1
5× = 10 × = 21 × =
2 2 2
1 1 1
6× = 11 × = 32 × =
2 2 2

Add unlike fractions. First change one fraction by splitting its pieces
further, then add.

+ + +

1 3
a. + = b. c.
2 8

68
 Fractions Review
1. Shade in the fractions. Then compare, and write >, < , or = between them.

a. b. c.

2 2 5 5 1 1
9 10 7 9 4 3

2. Divide the shapes into equal parts. Shade ONE part. Write the area of that part as a fraction
of the whole area.

a. Divide the shape into seven equal parts. b. Divide the shape into five equal parts.

shaded area = of the whole area shaded area = of the whole area

3. Write the fraction shown by the big dot on the number line.

a. b.

c. d.

4. Mark the fraction on the number line (with a dot).

a. b.
5 2
8 9

69
5. Write all the fractions under the tick marks.

a.

6. Write these fractions as mixed numbers or whole numbers. Use the number line.

4 8 6 9
a. = b. = c. = d. =
3 3 3 3

7. Write the whole numbers as fractions.

a. 1= b. 2= c. 4=

8. Draw pictures to illustrate these mixed numbers.

1 3
a. 1 b. 2
3 4

9. Use the fraction bars on the right to write two fractions

that are equivalent to 1/3.

1
= =
3

10. Write these fractions in order from the smallest to

the largest. You can use the fraction bars to help you.
1 3 2 4
3 6 9 9

70
11. Compare the fractions. Write < , > or = between them.

3 1 1 1 1 2 3 3
a. b. c. d.
4 4 8 3 4 8 12 10

12. Compare the fractions. Write < , > or = between them.

6 7 1 1 2 2 1 2
a. b. c. d.
8 8 5 10 9 5 2 4

8 5
13. Explain how to find which is the greater fraction: or ?
9 9

_________________________________________________________________

14. Mark the equivalent fractions on the number lines.

1 4 1 2
a. = b. =
2 8 3 6

15. Write and shade the equivalent fractions.

= =
9
c. =
1 1 12
a. = b. =
3 2

2 2
16. Margaret drew these two pictures to show that = .
8 4

What do you think? Is she correct?

71
 Review
1. Add and subtract. Give your final answer as a whole number or as a mixed number if possible.

3 2 2 7 3 1
a. + = b. 4 + = c. 2 + 4 =
5 5 8 8 4 4

9 7 1 3 9 2
d. − = e. 2 − = f. 8 − 2 =
10 10 4 4 12 12

2. Find the missing fractions.

3 2 4 3 1 3
a. + =1 b. 3 + =4 c. + + =2 d. 7 − =6
10 5 5 5 5 8

3. Add.

3 3 1 43 57 6
a. + b. + c. +
10 100 10 100 100 10

4. Jane used 1/4 liter of water from a full 2-liter pitcher.

How much water is left in the pitcher?

5. Draw a picture showing that 2/5 = 4/10.

6. Write the equivalent fraction. Use multiplication.

a. Split all the pieces b. Split all the pieces

into two new ones. into five new ones. 2 4 2
c. = d. =
5 3 9
× ____ × ____

3 1
= = 12
4 2 2 3
e. = f. =
3 12 4
× ____ × ____

72
7. Compare the fractions and mixed numbers.

2 2 7 4 5 3 1 1
a. b. c. d. 1 1
9 10 10 5 10 6 3 5

3 5 4 1 5 1 4 5
e. f. g. h. 3 3
4 8 9 3 12 3 7 6

8. Multiply.

3 2 2
a. 3 × = b. 3 × = c. ×7=
10 5 10

11 5 11
d. 9 × = e. 4 × = f. ×3=
100 8 12

9. Quadruple Mexican Coffee Mexican Coffee (4x)

this recipe
(make four
1 ½ cups strong gourmet coffee ______ cups strong gourmet coffee
times the
recipe). ¾ tsp cinnamon ______ tsp cinnamon
4 tsp chocolate syrup ______ tsp chocolate syrup
¼ tsp nutmeg ______ tsp nutmeg
½ cup heavy cream ______ cup heavy cream
1 tbsp sugar ______ tbsp sugar

10. Remember division? Find the amounts.

1 1 2
a. of 200 b. of 48 cm c. of 600 kg
5 6 3

2 5 5
of 200 of 48 cm of $64
5 6 8

11. Mark got $20 for his birthday. The same day he spent 3/4 of it.
Now how much money does he have left?

12. Rose has read 3/8 of a 240-page book.

How many pages are still left to read?

73
 Math Mammoth Introduction to Fractions
Answer Key
Halves and Quarters, p. 9
1.

a. b. c. d.

2.

a. b. c. d.

3.

a. Color one-fourth Color one-half of b. Color one-half Color one-quarter

of the rectangle. the rectangle. of the circle. of the circle.

Which one is a bigger piece, one-half or one-fourth? One-half

c. Color one-half Color two quarters d. Color one-half Color two quarters
of the square. of the square. of the circle. of the circle.

Which one is more, one-half or two quarters? Neither. They are equal, or the same amount.

e. Color one-half Color three-fourths f. Color one-half Color three-fourths

of the square. of the square. of the rectangle. of the rectangle.

Which one is more, one-half or three-fourths? Three-fourths

74
4.

a. b. c. d.

Color one-third. Color two-thirds. Color one-third. Color three-thirds.

5.

Color two-thirds. Color one-half. Color three-fourths. Color two-thirds.

a. Which is more, two-thirds b. Which is more, three-fourths

or one-half? two-thirds. or two-thirds? three-fourths.

c. Which is more, two-thirds d. Which is more, two-fourths

or two quarters? two-thirds. or one-half? Neither, they are equal.

6.

a. Which is more, one-half, or one-third? one-half.

b. Which is more, one-fourth, or one-third? one-third.

7.

a. b. c.

The whole pie is The whole pie is The whole pie is

3 thirds . 2 halves . 4 quarters/fourths.

75
8.

a. 1 f o u r t h of

the oval is colored.

b.
1 third of

the hexagon is colored.

c.
1 half of

the trapezoid is colored.

d.
2 thirds of

the rectangle are colored.

e.
3 quarters/fourths of

the circle are colored.

f.
2 quarters/fourths of

the triangle are colored.

Some Fractions, p. 13
1.

a. b. c.

d. e. f.

g. h.

76
2.

a. 4 little squares in one-half; 8 little squares in the whole.

b. 6 little squares in one-half; 12 little squares in the whole.

c. 1 little square in one-fourth; 4 little squares in the whole.

d. 2 little squares in one-fourth; 8 little squares in the whole.

e. 9 little squares in three-fourths; 12 little squares in the whole.

f. 8 little squares in two-thirds; 12 little squares in the whole.

3.

1 1 1 1
a. Color b. Color c. Color d. Color
2 2 2 2
Which is more? Which is more?
Neither. They are equal. Neither. They are equal.

3 3 1 1
e. Color f. Color g. Color h. Color
4 4 3 3
Which is more? Which is more?
Neither. They are equal. Neither. They are equal.

4. 1/2 b. 2/4 c. 2/3 d. 3/3

77
Understanding Fractions, p. 16

1. a. b. c. d. e. f.

g. h. i. j. k. l.
2. a. 1/3 b. 1/5 c. 3/4 d. 2/8 e. 2/5 f. 4/7 g. 5/10 h. 3/12 i. 7/12 j. 3/6 k. 4/18 l. 7/8
3. a. 2/5; two-fifths b. 4/5; four-fifths c. 3/4; three-fourths
d. 5/8; five-eighths e. 5/6; five-sixths f. 8/8; eight-eighths

4. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.
5.

9 6 7 4 10
a. 1 = b. 1 = c. 1 = d. 1 = e. 1 =
9 6 7 4 10

6.

1 2 1 3
a. b. c. d.
2 2 3 4
3 1 4 3
e. f. g. h.
3 6 5 4

7.

a.
b.
1
shaded area = of the whole area 1
2 shaded area = of the whole area
3

c.
1 d.
shaded area = of the whole area 1
6
shaded area = of the whole area
4

78
7. continued.

f.
e. 1
shaded area = of the whole area
1 5
shaded area = of the whole area
3

g.
h.
1
shaded area = of the whole area 1
4 shaded area = of the whole area
4

Fractions on a Number Line, p. 20

1. a. The number line from 0 to 1 is divided into 5 parts. The arrow marks the fraction 4/5.
b. The number line from 0 to 1 is divided into 6 parts. The arrow marks the fraction 2/6.

2. a. b.

3. a. 1/3 b. 2/9 c. 6/10 d. 4/6

4.
a. b.
2 3
4 5

c. d.
6 1
9 8

5.
a. b.
1 1
2 4

c. d.
1 1
3 5

e. f.
3 2
4 3

79
5. continued

g. h.
4 1
5 6

i. j.
5 3
6 8

6.

7. a.

18/6 is the whole number 3.

b.

16/8 is the whole number 2.

8. a. 1 = 6/6 b. 2 = 16/8 c. 3 = 12/4 d. 2 = 12/6 e. 3 = 9/3 f. 1 = 7/7 g. 4 = 20/5 h. 4 = 32/8
Can you find a shortcut so that you don’t actually have to count all those pie pieces?
Multiply the number of pies by the number of pieces in each.
9.
8 24
4= 3=
a. 2 b. 8

18 16
3= 4=
c. 6 d. 4

10. a. 1 b. 3 c. 4 d. 10 e. 5 f. 1 g. 4 h. 6
Puzzle corner. a. 5 = 30/6 b. 7 = 35/5 c. 3 = 21/7 d. 6 = 60/10 e. 9 = 45/5

80
One Whole and its Fractional Parts, p. 24
1.

a. Color 1 part. b. Color 5 parts. c. Color 8 parts.

d. Color 3 parts.

5 5 3 4
1 11 and 8 1 and
and 10 10 and 7 7
12 12 9 9

2.

9 3 12 4 5
a. 1 = b. 1 = c. 1 = d. 1 = e. 1 =
9 3 12 4 5

3. a. 2/5 b. 4/5 c. 1 4/5 d. 2 3/5 e. 3 1/5 f. 4 2/5 g. 5 3/5

4. a. 2/6 b. 5/6 c. 1 1/6 d. 1 4/6 e. 2 3/6 f. 2 5/6
5. a. 1/3 b. 1 1/3 c. 1 2/3 d. 2 2/3

6.

7. a. 1/4 of the pie is left. b. 5/6 of the pizza is left. c. 1/5 of the bar.
8.

a. Color 1 part. b. Color 10 parts. c. Color 3 parts. d. Color 15 parts.

3 5
1 5 10 2 + =1 15 85
+ =1 + =1 8 8 + =1
12 12 100 100
6 6

9. a. 1/4 b. 1/7 c. 7/8 d. 1/12

10. a. 2/4 or 1/2 liter b. 14/20 of the bread is left.
11. a. 1/10 of 90 km = 9 km. Then, 4/10 of 90 km = 36 km.
b. First, divide $45.50 into five parts: $45.50 ÷ 5 = $9.10. Cindy pays 2/5 of the bill, or double that, which is $18.20.
Sandy pays the rest, or $27.30.
c. 7/9 is left. $2,100 is left. One-ninth of his paycheck is $300, so seven-ninths of it is 7 × $300 = $2,100.

81
Mixed Numbers 1, p. 27
1. a. 1 2/5 b. 2 4/6 c. 1 2/3 d. 3 5/10 e. 4 1/3 f. 5 2/9

1 2 3
2. a. 1 b. 2 c. 2
2 3 5

5 5
d. 4 e. 3
6 8

3. a.

b.

c.

4. a. 1 2/6 b. 2 1/6 c. 2 5/6 d. 1 3/8 e. 2 5/8 f. 2 3/5 g. 1 4/5 h. 4 1/5

5.

6. a. 3 1/2 = 7/2 b. 1 2/10 = 12/10 c. 2 3/4 = 11/4 d. 3 0/3 = 9/3 e. 2 1/6 = 13/6 f. 2 5/10 = 25/10.
7. a. 1 2/4 L b. 1 3/4 L c. 2 1/4 L
8. a. 1 3/4 inches b. 3 1/4 inches c. 4 3/4 inches
9. a.
b.

82
Mixed Numbers 2, p. 31
1. a. 2 3/4 b. 1 1/2 c. 4 2/10
d. 8 1/3 e. 2 4/9 f. 3 5/6
2.

1 1
a. 1 b. 2
8 6

2 4
c. 2 d. 2
3 5

5 3
e. 1 f. 2
8 10

3.

2 2 2 4 1 4
a. 2 + =3 b. 2 + =3 c. 1 + =2
4 4 6 6 5 5

1 2 3 1 3 3
d. 5 =6 e. 3 =4 f. 1 =2
3 + 3 4 + 4 6 + 6

4. a. 3/4 b. 8/10 c. 5/9 d. 7/8

5. Three-fourths of a cup will finish filling the pitcher.
6. Your train of cars would be 4 1/2 inches long.
7. She needs five scoops of flour.
8. There is two-thirds of a pound of extra beef.
9. He had 1 7/12 of the bread left.
10.

a. 2 = 6/3 b. 3 = 6/2 c. 3 = 12/4

83
Mixed Numbers 2, continued
11.
1
a. Color 5 fourths. b. Color 1 c. Color 8 fifths.
3

5 1 4 1 8 3
or 1 or 1 or 1
4 4 3 3 5 5
1 5
d. Color 2 e. Color 21 eighths. f. Color 1
2 6

5 1 11 5
or 2 21 5 or 1
2 2 or 2 6 6
8 8

12.

2 12 1 4 1 13
a. 2 = b. 1 = c. 3 =
5 5 3 3 4 4

1 9 5 23
d. 4 = e. 3 =
2 2 6 6

13.

15 7 5 2 11 1
a. = 1 b. = 1 c. = 2
8 8 3 3 5 5

11 3 22 4 7 1
d. = 2 e. = 3 f. = 3
4 4 6 6 2 2

14.

21 19 26 22
a. b. c. d.
4 3 3 5
81 47 37 32
e. f. g. h.
10 9 10 9

84
Comparing Fractions 1, p. 35
1.
3 2
1= 1=
3 2
a. “One whole is 3 thirds.” b. “One whole is 2 halves.”
4 3
1= 1=
4 3
c. “One whole is 4 fourths.” d. “One whole is 3 thirds.”

2.

a. b. c.
1 1 2 3 3
< < 1 whole >
3 2 3 4 4

d. e. f.
2 1 2 1 2
= 1 whole = <
4 2 2 2 3

3.

a. < b. =
1 1 2 3
4 2 2 3

4.

4 2 5 1
a. Color b. Color c. Color d. Color
5 5 6 6

5.

a. b. c.
1 1 3 3 4 2
> > =
5 6 4 5 6 3

d. e. f.
2 1 3 1 1 1
< = <
5 2 6 2 5 4

85
6.

b.
a.
2 3
1 1 <
> 3 4
2 4

Comparing Fractions 2, p. 37
1.
1 1 1 1
a. < b. >
3 2 2 5
1 1 1 1
c. < d. <
5 4 6 5
1 1 1 1
e. > f. >
6 8 2 8

2. 1/10 is the smallest fraction.

1/2 is the greatest fraction.

3. Since 1/3 is further from zero than 1/4, 1

:
it is the bigger fraction. 3
1
:
4

4. One eighth (1/8) is the bigger fraction. If you divide a whole into 8 pieces,
each piece is bigger than if you divide a whole into 9 pieces.
5. 1 1 1 1
< < <
9 6 5 3
6.

a. b. c.
2 1 1 4 1 3
> < <
3 3 5 5 6 6

d. e. f.
1 5 5 3 6 7
< > <
9 9 12 12 10 10
7. You can just compare how many parts there are. For example, 5/8 has more eighths than 3/8, so it
is the bigger fraction. In other words, just compare the numerators.

86
8.

a. b. c.
2 2 2 2 3 3
< > <
6 3 5 8 6 4

d. e. f.
5 5 2 2 4 4
> > <
6 8 2 3 8 5

g. h. i.
8 8 3 3 7 7
< < <
10 9 8 6 12 9

9. You can just check what kind of pieces the two fractions have, and choose the fraction that has bigger pieces.
For example, 5/7 has sevenths, and sevenths are bigger pieces than eighths, so 5/7 is more than 5/8. In other
words, just compare the denominators, and the fraction with the smaller denominator is the greater fraction.
10.

1 1 2 1
a. > b. >
5 8 5 4

1 3 2 2
c. < d. >
3 8 3 5

11.

5 7
a. is the biggest. b. is the biggest.
8 8

5 4 7 7 9 5 10 10
12. a. > b. > c. > d. <
7 7 5 10 12 12 20 12

3 3 7 10 5 5 5 9
e. < f. < g. < h. <
7 4 11 11 8 6 8 8

87
Comparing Fractions 3, p. 40
1. a. No. The bigger pitcher has more.
b. It is hard to tell who got more pie to eat. You can’t really tell. Notice that the wholes are not the same size.
2. a. (cross out) b. 2/9 < 2/6 c. cross out
d. 3/10 > 1/4 e. (cross out) f. 2/7 > 2/9
3. No, it won’t be fair. One-third of the large pizza is a bigger piece to eat than one-third of the small pizza.
4. One-twelfth of the bigger bar is more to eat than 2/12 of the smaller. However, that does not prove that 1/12 > 2/12
because we were not using wholes of the same size.
5. A piece from the red ribbon. That is because 1/4 > 1/5.
6. The big can has more paint in it.
7. a. > b. > c. > d. < e. < f. < g. < h. <
8. Margaret’s number lines are not of the same length so she is using them
incorrectly. When we make the two number lines to have the same length
from 0 to 1, we see that 1/5 < 1/4.

You can also use pie pictures: <

Comparing Fractions 4, p. 42
1. a. < b. > c. < d. >
2. a. > b. > c. > d. <
3. a. < b. > c. > d. > e. > f. < g. = h. <
4. a. 3 3 6 2 5 6 1 1 5
, , b. , , c. , ,
8 6 8 5 6 5 7 4 8
5. a. > b. < c. < d. <
6. a. < b. < c. < d. < e. > f. < g. > h. > i. > j. >
7.
1 3 3 5 5 1 11 5
a. b. c. d.
5 10 4 8 12 3 12 6
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
2 3 6 5 5 4 11 10
< > > >
10 10 8 8 12 12 12 12
3 9 5 2 1 2 3 1
e. f. g. h.
4 12 9 3 3 9 12 3
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
9 9 5 6 3 2 3 4
= < > <
12 12 9 9 9 9 12 12

8. a. cannot compare b. 3/9 = 2/6 c. 7/10 > 5/8 d. cannot compare e. cannot compare f. cannot compare
9. 1 3 2 5 2
, , , ,
3 8 5 8 3
10. a. Answers will vary. For example: <

b. Answers will vary. For example: >

88
11. Angie ate more pizza. She ate 1/8 more of the pizza than Joe. That is because Joe ate 1/4 = 2/8 of the pizza.
12. Chloe does. She pays 3/10, which is 30/100, of her paycheck in taxes.
13. If it is discounted 4/10 of its price, because 4/10 = 40/100.
14. a. The wholes are not the same size.

b. >

15.

3 3 1 3 3 1 4 2 6
a. , ,1 b. , , 1 c. , ,
7 5 7 8 6 4 9 3 5

Puzzle Corner. Dad ate more. Eating 2/3 of the smaller pizza, which is 1/2 the size of the larger pizza, is equal to eating 1/3 of
the larger pizza. Dad ate 3/8 of the larger pizza. Now, 3/8 > 1/3 (see exercise #9), so Dad ate more pizza.

Equivalent Fractions 1, p. 46
1 2 2 6 4 1 4 2 2 8 5 10
1. a. = b. = c. = d. = e. = f. =
4 8 3 9 8 2 6 3 3 12 6 12
1 3 6 3
2. a. = b. =
3 9 8 4
3.

= = = =

1 3 1 3 6 9 2 8
a. = b. = c. = d. =
4 12 2 6 8 12 3 12

1 2 8 4
e. = f. =
3 6 12 6

4.

3 6 3 1
a. = b. =
4 8 9 3

3 4 2 1
c. = d. =
6 8 6 3

89
5.

2 1 2 4
a. = b. =
4 2 3 6

6.
1 1
a. b.
3 4

2 2
6 8

3 3
9 12

4 4
12 16

7. Both ideas work, and give everybody a fair share. Cassy’s idea gives everyone 1/4 of the bar. Hannah’s idea gives
everyone 3/12 of the bar. But 1/4 and 3/12 are equivalent fractions, so they signify the same amount of the chocolate bar.
8. Answers will vary. Students may use pie models, rectangular models,
number lines, squares, or other shapes to show this. =

9. a. 1 3 1 4
b. = =
2 6 2 8

10. Yes, they are. They are “the same amount of pie.” Also, both are equal to 1, so are also equal to each other.
Puzzle corner. The line 3 1/2 inches long is longer. It is 1/4-inch longer than the other line.

Equivalent Fractions 2, p. 49
1.

= = = =

1 4 3 6 6 3 8 2
a. = b. = c. = d. =
2 8 4 8 10 5 12 3

= = =

1 4 2 4 10 5
e. = f. 1 = 1 g. 1 = 1
3 12 3 6 12 6

90
2.

3 6 4 8 7 14
a. = b. = c. =
3 6 3 6 3 6

1 2 2 4 2 4
d. 2 = 2 e. 1 = 1 f. 2 = 2
3 6 3 6 3 6

3.

4 8 3 1
a. = b. =
5 10 9 3

4.

a. b. c.
1 2 1 4 1 3
= = =
2 4 2 8 4 12

d. e. f.
1 3 5 10 2 6
= = =
3 9 6 12 5 15

Do you notice a shortcut for finding the second fraction without using a picture?

g. h. i.
2 8 4 8 3 9
= = =
3 12 5 10 4 12

1 3 3 6
If you found the shortcut, = =
explain how it works in 3 9 5 10
these problems: Multiply the top and Multiply the top and
bottom numbers by 3. bottom numbers by 2.

91
5.

a. Each piece is split b. Each piece is split c. Each piece is split

into 3 new ones. into 4 new ones. into 5 new ones.

× 3 × 4 × 5

3 9 1 4 1 5
= = =
4 12 3 12 2 10

× 3 × 4 × 5

d. e. f.

× 4 × 3 × 4

1 4 2 6 2 8
= = =
4 16 3 9 3 12

× 4 ×3 × 4

g. h. i.

× 2 × 5 × 3

4 8 2 10 2 6
= = =
5 10 3 15 5 15

× 2 × 5 × 3

6. a. 15/18 b. 15/20 c. 8/20 d. 90/100

7.
a. Pieces were split b. Pieces were split c. Pieces were split d. Pieces were split
into 3 new ones. into 10 new ones. into 6 new ones. into 5 new ones.

1 3 3 30 2 12 7 35
= = = =
2 6 10 100 5 30 8 40

2 4 3 9 5 10 1 3
e. = f. = g. = h. =
3 6 5 15 6 12 3 9

8.

1 10 3 30 6 60 4 40 13 130
a. = b. = c. = d. = e. =
10 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10 100

92
9.

10.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5
a. = = = = = = b. = = = =
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 3 6 9 12 15

11. a. 18/100 b. 73/100 c. 75/100 d. 99/100 e. 93/100 f. 114/100 or 1 14/100

g. 147/100 or 1 47/100 h. 3 78/100 i. 102/100 or 1 2/100
12. Answers will vary. For example:

1 4
=
3 12
Puzzle corner:
3 1 1 3 2 2
a. + b. + c. +
4 2 5 10 3 9
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
3 2 5 1 2 3 5 6 2 8
+ = = 1 + = + =
4 4 4 4 10 10 10 9 9 9

Adding Fractions and Mixed Numbers 1, p. 54

1.

a. + b. + c. +

2 2 4 5 2 7 1 5
+ = + = + = 1
5 5 5 10 10 10 6 6

2.

1 3 4 2 5 7
a. + = b. + =
6 6 6 8 8 8

3 5 2 10 1 3 4 8
c. + + = d. + + =
12 12 12 12 10 10 10 10

3 7 2 3 3 2
e. + = 1 f. + = 1
8 8 8 4 4 4

93
3.

6 1 2 1 1
a. + = 1 b. 2 + = 3
5 5 5 2 2

2 6 8 11 6 3
c. 1 + = 1 d. + = 2
10 10 10 7 7 7

4.

2 2 7 1 11 8 1 3 7 2
a. 1 + + = 2 b. + = 2 c. 1 + = 2
10 10 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 8

5.

3 4 2 2 4 1
a. + = 1 b. 1 + = 2
5 5 5 5 5 5

13 6 9 3 6 1
c. + =1 d. 1 + = 2
10 10 10 8 8 8

6. Answers will vary. For example:

a. 4/5 = 1/5 + 1/5 + 2/5 or 1/5 + 3/5 or 2/5 + 2/5
b. 5/8 = 1/8 + 1/8 + 3/8 or 2/8 + 3/8 or 2/8 + 2/8 + 1/8
c. 9/12 = 3/12 + 3/12 + 3/12 or 2/12 + 5/12 + 2/12 or 1/12+ 4/12 + 4/12
d. 4/3 = 2/3 + 2/3 or 1/3 + 3/3
e. 9/6 = 1/6 + 8/6 or 2/6 + 7/6 or 3/6 + 6/6
7.

3 2 3 2 1
a. 1 + 2 = 4 b. 1 + 1 = 3
5 5 4 4 4

3 6 1 8 5 4
c. 1 + 1 = 3 d. + 1 = 2
8 8 8 9 9 9

3 6 2 9 7 4
e. 1 + 2 = 4 f. + 1 = 2
7 7 7 12 12 12

8. Answers will vary. For example:

a. 1 3/10 = 1 + 3/10 or 5/10 + 8/10 or 4/10 + 9/10 or 2/10 + 11/10
b. 3 1/5 = 4/5 + 12/5 or 10/5 + 6/5 or 8/5 + 8/5 or 1/5 + 15/5

94
Adding Fractions and Mixed Numbers 2, p. 58
1. a. 2/6 b. 1 c. 7/8 d. 1 2/5 e. 2 f. 1 8/10 g. 3
2. a. 3 1/5 b. 3 1/5 c. 3 2/10 d. 3 7/10
3. a. 5 b. 7 1/6 c. 13 1/4 d. 10 2/8
4. a. 3/5 b. 9/12 c. 3/6 d. 1 7/8 e. 1 3/8 f. 2 2/4
5. These answers can be fixed in different ways. For example:
a. In the first one, Emma has one-seventh b. In the first one, Peter is lacking one-third
too much. The second one is correct. from the addition. In the second one, he
has one-third too much.
5 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1
1 = +1 + 2 = + + +
7 7 7 7 3 3 3 3 3

5 10 2 1 5 2
1 = + 2 = +
7 7 7 3 3 3

6. a. 1 1/2 + 1/2 + 1/2 = 2 1/2. The recipe calls for 2 1/2 cups of flour.
b. 3/12 + 2/12 + 4/12 = 9/12. The children ate 9/12 of the chocolate bar. There is 3/12 left.
c. 1 3/4 + 1 1/4 = 3. They took three hours.
d. 1 1/2 + 3/4 = 2. He drank 2 cups of liquid.
7. 2 1/4 + 3 1/4 + 2 1/4 + 3 1/4 = 11. Its perimeter is 11 inches.
8. 2 3/8 + 2 3/8 + 2 3/8 = 6 9/8 = 7 1/8. Its perimeter is 7 1/8 inches.
9.
A birthday cake
8 eggs
1 1/2 cups sugar
2 1/2 cups flour
3 tsp baking powder
2 cups whipped cream
sliced fruit

Puzzle corner:
a. 1 1/5 b. 1 3/4 c. 1 3/6

Subtracting Fractions and Mixed Numbers, p. 61

1. a. 8/10 b. 2 2/6 c. 1 2/9 d. 2 4/8
2. a. 4/12 b. 2/10 c. 6/4 = 1 2/4 d. 1/8 e. 2 4/8 f. 3 4/12 g. 1 3/6
3. There are 2 9/12 of the pies left.
4. a. 2 1/6 b. 1 6/10 c. 3/8 d. 1 3/5
5. a. 1 1/5 b. 1 2/5 c. 2/5
6.

2 6 1 2 3 7 2 4
a. 1 − b. 2 − c. 1 − d. 2 −
10 10 3 3 10 10 5 5
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
12 6 6 7 2 5 2 13 7 6 12 4 8 3
− = − = = 1 − = − = = 1
10 10 10 3 3 3 3 10 10 10 5 5 5 5

95
7. a. 1 1/4 b. 5 1/9 c. 3 1/2 d. 7 2/5
8.

6 15 7 38 54 2
a. − b. − c. −
10 100 10 100 100 10
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
60 15 45 70 38 32 54 20 34
− = − = − =
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

9. It is 1 inch. Half of the perimeter is 2 1/2 inches, and the two sides add up to that (1 in. + 1 1/2 in. = 2 1/2 in.).
10. 6 − 2 2/3 = 3 1/3. The part left is 3 1/3 yards long. In feet, 2 2/3 yards = 8 feet, and 3 1/3 feet = 10 feet.
11. #1: You can change 3 1/5 and 1 4/5 into fractions and get 16/5 and 9/5. Subtract those, we get 7/5, which is 1 2/5.
#2: Subtract in parts: First subtract 3 1/5 − 1, which is 2 1/5. Then subtract 2 1/5 − 4/5 = 1 2/5.
12. a. 1 2/4 b. 2 6/8 c. 3 2/6 d. 4/5 e. 4 3/5 f. 2 2/3
13. 11/12 of a pizza is left. Edward, Abigail, Jack, and John ate 13 pieces, which is 1 1/12 of a pizza. Since Mom and
Dad ate 1 pizza, in total 2 1/12 of the pizzas were consumed. So, 11/12 of a pizza is left.
14. a. 6 − 2 2/3 = 3 1/3. There is 3 1/3 cups of flour left. b. She can make one more batch.
Puzzle corner. 1 3/4 + (?) = 3 1/4. (?) = 1 2/4 or 1 1/2. The other side is 1 1/2 inches.

Multiplying Fractions by Whole Numbers, p. 64

1.

3 1 6 1 1 4 1 7
a. = 3× b. = 6× c. 4 × = d. 7 × =
7 7 9 9 5 5 10 10

2.

8 1 3 8 1 2 5 1
a. =8× b. 1 = =8× c. 1 = =5×
7 7 5 5 5 3 3 3

1 10 4 1 7 3 1 9
d. 10 × = =1 e. 7 × = = 1 f. 9 × = = 3
6 6 6 4 4 4 3 3

3. a. 10 × 1/3 = 10/3 = 3 1/3. She needs to buy at least 3 1/3 lb of chicken.

b. Between 3 and 4.
c. 10 × 1/2 = 5. She needs 5 quarts of juice.
4.

2 6 2 2 8 2 7 14 6
a. 3 × = =1 b. 4 × = = 1 c. 2 × = = 1
4 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 8

96
5.

3 15 7 2 8 3
a. 5× = = 1 b. 4× = = 1
8 8 8 5 5 5

7 35 11 6 30
c. 5× = = 2 d. 5× = = 3
12 12 12 10 10

5 45 5
e. 9× = = 5
8 8 8

Can you find a shortcut for these problems?

Answers will vary. For example: Multiply the top number of the fraction by the whole number.

2 8 2 4 12 2 5 10 4
f. 4 × = =2 g. 3 × = = 1 h. 2 × = = 1
3 3 3 10 10 10 6 6 6

6.

8 2 9 3 2 1
a. = 4× b. = 3× c. 2 = 2×1
5 5 4 4 3 3

7. a. 1 1/4 b. 2 c. 1 1/7 d. 1 4/10 e. 2 2/8 f. 14/100

g. 2 1/10 h. 72/100 i. 3 3/10 j. 3 1/8 k. 2 2/3 l. 3 2/4
8. 4 × 7/8 in. = 28/8 in. = 3 4/8 in. (which is also equal to 3 1/2 in.)
9. a. 5 × 1 1/8 in. = 5 5/8 in.
b. Double the previous result to get 10 10/8 in. = 11 2/8 in.
10. Meat: 8 × 1/4 lb = 2 lb. Pasta: 8 × 3/4 C = 24/4 C = 6 C.

Practicing With Fractions, p. 67

1.

2.

2 1 2 1 1 3
a. , , b. , ,
6 2 3 8 4 8

2 1 3 3 3 4
c. , , d. , ,
5 2 5 8 4 5

3. 3 × 3/5 mi. = 9/5 mi. = 1 4/5 mi.

97
4. Answers may vary.

= = = =

1 2 4 1 2 3
a. = b. =
3 6 12 4 8 12

= = = =

3 6 9 2 4 6
c. = d. =
4 8 12 5 10 15

5. a. 4/7 b. 3 1/3 c. 2 1/4 d. 2 e. 7 f. 2

6. a. 1 b. 1 3/8 c. 7 1/5 d. 8/12 e. 8/10 f. 4 2/4
7. Multiplying by one-half is actually the same as dividing by 2. Fill in.

a. b. c.
1 1 1 1 1
2× = 1 7× = 3 15 × = 7
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
3× = 1 8× = 4 20 × = 10
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
4× = 2 9× = 4 17 × = 8
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
5× = 2 10 × = 5 21 × = 10
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
6× = 3 11 × = 5 32 × = 16
2 2 2 2

Puzzle Corner.
a. 1/2 + 3/8 = 4/8 + 3/8 = 7/8 b. 1/3 + 1/6 = 2/6 + 1/6 = 3/6
c. 1/3 + 2/9 = 3/9 + 2/9 = 5/9

Fractions Review, p. 69
1.

a. b. c.

2 2 5 5 1 1
> > <
9 10 7 9 4 3

2.

a.
b.
1 1
shaded area = of the whole area shaded area = of the whole area
7 5

3. a. 1/5 b. 2/10 c. 8/9 d. 6/8

98
4. a.

b.

5.

6. a. 1 1/3 b. 2 2/3 c. 2 d. 3
7. a. 1 = 7/7 b. 2 = 6/3 c. 4 = 20/5

8. a. b.
9.

1 3 2
= =
3 9 6

10.

2 1 4 3
< < <
9 3 9 6

11.

a. b. c. d.

3 1 1 1 1 2 3 3
> < = <
4 4 8 3 4 8 12 10

12. a. < b. > c. < d. =

13. Since the two fractions have the same kinds of pieces (ninths), look at the amount of the pieces.
Eight pieces is more than five pieces, so 8/9 is greater than 5/9.
14.

1 4 1 2
a. = b. =
2 8 3 6

99
15.

= =
9 3
c. =
1 4 1 6 12 4
a. = b. =
3 12 2 12

16. No. She is not correct. The two wholes are not the same size. If the
wholes are made the same size, we can easily see that 2/8 < 2/4.

Review, p. 72
1. a. 1 b. 5 1/8 c. 7 d. 2/10 e. 1 2/4 f. 6 7/12
2. a. 7/10 b. 3/5 c. 4/5 d. 5/8
3. a. 33/100 b. 53/100 c. 1 17/100
4. 1 3/4 liters
5. Answers will vary. For example: =

6.
a. b.
2 4 2 6
c. = d. =
×2 ×5 5 10 3 9
3 6 1 5
= =
4 8 2 10 2 8 3 12
e. = f. =
3 12 4 16
×2 ×5

7. a. > b. < c. = d. > e. > f. > g. > h. <

8. a. 9/10 b. 1 1/5 c. 1 4/10 d. 99/100 e. 2 4/8 f. 2 9/12
9. Mexican Coffee (4x)
6 cups strong gourmet coffee
3 tsp cinnamon
16 tsp chocolate syrup
1 tsp nutmeg
2 cups heavy cream
4 tbsp sugar

10. a. 40; 80 b. 8 cm; 40 cm c. 400 kg; $40

11. He has 1/4 of it left, which is $5.
12. 150 pages. One-eighth of 240 pages is 30 pages. She has 5/8 of the book left to read, which is 5 × 30 = 150 pages.

100
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Lastly... see the BRIGHTER side!

z Inspire4 is a website I've been privileged to help with:
www.inspire4.com

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