Danny 1

INTERN SHIP FINAL REPORT 2017 BAHIR DAR, ETHIOPIA
BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY

BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF EECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
STREAM OF COMMUNICATION AND ELECTRONICS
HOSTING COMPANY ፦ AMHARA MASS MEDIA AGENCY
INTERSHIP PERIOD፦ From February15-June 15/2017
INTERNSHIP FINAL REPORT 2017
Name of the Inter: DANIEL YISMAW ………..…………… 0600494
DANIEL MENGSITE…………………...0600503
Mentor: Mr. Fasil & Mr. Solomon
Submission Date፦ September 26/2017
I
Declaration
We are a fourth year electrical engineering student have undertaken our intern-ship experience
leading program in AMHARA MASS MEDIA AGENCY from February 23/2016 to June
27/2016 under the guidance of Mentor Mr. Fasil and Mentor Mr. Solomon (academic mentors)
and Mr.Teshome (Company Advisor).
We announce and certify that our work is made to be original according to the intern ship report
writing guide line given by the university industry linkage office of the institute.
We, Mr. Fasil and Mr. Solomon as a student’s academic mentor certify that the intern-ship report
written by the students is their own original work and correctly compiled according to the guideline
provided by the university industry linkage office as far as our knowledge is concerned.
Mentor Fasil ......................................
(Name of the Academic Advisor) Signature Date
Mentor Solomon ……………………..
(Name of the Academic Advisor) Signature Date
Daniel Yismaw ……………………..
(Name of the Student) Signature Date
Daniel Mengiste ……………………..
(Name of the Student) Signature Date
II
Acknowledgment
This report is not just only us. It has also few people’s contribution other than us. Our school
mentors Mr. Fasil & Mr. Solomon and company advisor Mr.Teshome enables us to see much other
perspective regarding production and other technical ways including selection of a problem.
AMMA Company workers were peoples of a great help Manazewa, Muktar, and our plant
electrician Mr. Tsegaye have been helping us with everything. We also would like to thank
everyone who has supported us in any way during this report. This internship has imparted a great
knowledge on us. So it was a great time.
III
Contents
Declaration………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………I
Acknowledgment…………………...………………………………………………………………………………………………………………II
List of Figure ................................................................................................................................................. VI

List of Acronyms ......................................................................................................................................... VIII
Executive Summary........................................................................................................................................ I
Chapter one .............................................................................................................................................. - 2 -
Background of AMMA............................................................................................................................... - 2 -
1.1 . Introduction ............................................................................................................................... - 2 -
1.2.1 Vision, Mission and Objective of the company............................................................................ - 3 -
1.2.1 Vision........................................................................................................................................ - 3 -
1.2.2 Mission ..................................................................................................................................... - 3 -
1.2.3 Objectives................................................................................................................................. - 3 -
1.3 Over all Organization Structure of the Company............................................................................ - 4 -
1.4 Over all Work flow .......................................................................................................................... - 4 -
1.5 Worker Holders of the Company .................................................................................................... - 5 -
1.6 Production process of the company ............................................................................................... - 6 -
1.6.1 Radio production process ........................................................................................................ - 6 -
1.6.2 Television production process (before 5 years ago) ................................................................ - 6 -
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................................... - 8 -
Overall Internship Experience ................................................................................................................... - 8 -
2.3. Work sections .................................................................................................................................... - 9 -
2.3.1 Overall System Components and Operations ............................................................................ - 10 -
2.3.1.1 Television studio ................................................................................................................. - 10 -
2.3.1.2 Production Control Room (Studio Control Room) .............................................................. - 18 -
2.3.1.3 Central apparatus room ...................................................................................................... - 21 -
2.3.1.4 Master-control room .......................................................................................................... - 23 -
2.3.1.5 Uplink and Downlink Chains ............................................................................................... - 24 -
2.3.1.6 Digital Satellite Uplink Chain ............................................................................................... - 25 -
2.3.1.7 Downlink Chain ................................................................................................................... - 26 -
2.3.1.8 Parabolic Antenna ............................................................................................................... - 26 -
IV
2.4.1. Radio Broadcasting Section ...................................................................................................... - 27 -

2.4.2.1 Radio Studio ........................................................................................................................ - 27 -
2.4.2.2 Studio Control Room ........................................................................................................... - 31 -
2.4.2.3 Central Apparatus Room for Radio studio .......................................................................... - 34 -
2.5. Broadcast Signals or Radio Frequency [RF].................................................................................. - 37 -
2.5.1 Radio ...................................................................................................................................... - 37 -
2.5.2 FM Radio ................................................................................................................................ - 38 -
2.6. Transmitter and modulation ........................................................................................................ - 38 -
2.7 Antenna ......................................................................................................................................... - 39 -
2.8. Impedance matching ................................................................................................................... - 40 -
2.8.1 Standing wave ratio ................................................................................................................... - 41 -
2.9. Polarization .................................................................................................................................. - 41 -
2.10. Major Duties of the Intern ......................................................................................................... - 43 -
2.10.1 Challenges we faced and measures taken ........................................................................... - 43 -
Chapter Three ......................................................................................................................................... - 45 -
Benefits Gained From Internship ............................................................................................................ - 45 -
3.1 Theoretical Knowledge ................................................................................................................. - 45 -
3.2 Interpersonal Communication Skills ............................................................................................. - 46 -
3.3 Team Playing Skills ........................................................................................................................ - 46 -
3.4 Leadership Skills ............................................................................................................................ - 46 -
3.5 Work Ethics ................................................................................................................................... - 47 -
3.6 Entrepreneurship Skill: -................................................................................................................ - 48 -
CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................................................... - 50 -
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDAION .................................................................................................. - 50 -
4.1 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... - 50 -
4.2 Recommendation.......................................................................................................................... - 50 -
4.2.1 Recommendation for company ............................................................................................. - 50 -
4.2.2 Recommendations for faculty ................................................................................................ - 51 -
References .............................................................................................................................................. - 52 -
V
List of Figure
Figure 1.1 over all organization of the company………………………………………..……....3
Figure 1.2 work flow in section ………..……………………………………………..………...4
Figure 1.3 radio production process …………...………………………………..……………...5
Figur 1.4 television production process old……………………………………………….....…5
Figure 1.5 television production processes new…………………………………………………6
Figure 2.1 studio camera ………………………..………………………………………..……10
Figure 2.2 lavaliere microphone mounted on a t-shirt.…………………………………..…….12
Figure 2.3 studio light ……………………………………………………………………..…...14
Figure 2.4 triax cable ………………………………………………………………………..…15
Figure 2.5 operational control panels……………………….…………………………….……15
Figure 2.6 video monitor……………………………………………………………………….16
Figure 2.7 vision mixer……………………………………………………………..…………..16
Figure 2.8 character generator ………………………………………………………………....17
Figure 2.9 light console………………………………………………………………….……..18
Figure 2.10 camera control unit……………………………………………………………….21
Figure 2.11 VTR …………………………………………………………………….………...21
Figure 2.12 up and down link chain …………………………………………………………...22
Figure 2.13 parabolic antenna……………………………………………………………….…24
Figure 2.14 location of microphone diaphragm…………………………….……………….…25
Figure 2.15 studio microphones…………………………………………………………….…26
Figure 2.16 patch panel……………………………………………………………………….27
Figure 2.17 axial analog node lines…………………………………………..….…..…………28
Figure 2.18 digital node ……………………………………….……….…….……………….29
Figure 2.19 telos ……………………………………………..…………..……………………29
VI
Figure 2.20 mixing console………………………………………………………………………31
Figure 2.21 central apparatus room for radio broadcasting room………………………………..32
Figure 2.22 AM
radio…………………………………………………………………………….35
Figure 2.23 FM
radio……………………………………………………………………………..35
Figure 2.24 antenna………………………………………………………………………………37
VII
List of Acronyms
A/DC ………………………………………………………….....… analogue to digital converter
AES/EBU……………………………………………………………Audio engineering
society/European broadcasting union
AM………………………………………………………….……….Amplitude modulation
AMMA……………………………………………………..………..Amhara mass media agency
ANRS………………………………………………………….….. Amhara national regional state
CCD…………………………….…………………………………….Charge coupled device
CCU……………………………………………………………..……. Camera control unit
DVE…………………………..…………………………………..…... Digital video effects
FET……………………………………………………………………. Field effect transistor
FM………………………………………………………….………..…Frequency modulation
GPI/O…………………………...................................................….. General purpose input out

put
LAN…………………………………………………………….……. Local area network
SHF………………………………………………………………….. Super high frequency
WAN………………………………………………………………….wide area network
UHF………………………………………………………………….Ultra high frequency
VHF…………………………………………………………………..Very high frequency
VIII
Executive Summary
This report is express about the internship experiences that have been under taken during the four
consecutive months. In this report we have tried to list the overall aspects of the internship
experience. In the first unit of the report, it provides general information about the hosting
company. It starts from the brief history of the company and from the time it has been established.
In second unit of the report it describes mainly about the internship experience. It starts by
describing the sections we had been working on and continues to tell the different types of tasks
that we had accomplished.
In the third chapter it describes benefits gained from internship program such as theoretical,
practical team playing skill, inter personal skill and leadership skills. The last chapter contains
conclusions and recommendation. We have briefly summarized what is expected in the next
chapters in this report. Generally we have tried to list general concepts during our internship
program.
I
Chapter one
Background of AMMA
1.1. Introduction
Our internship hosting company is Amhara Mass Media Agency (AMMA). It is a service provider
in Mass media. AMMA is among the regional Stakeholders to the regional governments’ new
national building Program which has been started in 1991 G.C. The organization was established
by the Amhara national regional state. This program comprises promotion of development,
sustainable peace and democratization program. Amhara Mass Media Agency includes Amhara
Radio MW, TV, FM Radio, Print Media and wave site (www.amma.gov.et). The customers of the
Organization are mainly the society of the Amhara region and the ANRS.
Main Service of the company
The main product of the company transmitting information through radio, TV and improve
production and distribution of Bekur newspaper in the region. General speaking the media plays
great role to the realization of development and democratization process. Hence mass media
agency launches the first magazine in the region Bekur newspaper, Radio and Television
Transmission. A study has been undergone to improve production and distribution of Bekur
newspaper in order to upgrade radio transmission the agency fixed a medium wave transmitter at
Zege by the support of the regional government and SIDA. Hence transmission period increased
from one hour a day in to six hour by 801KHz medium wave from 12:00-3:00 morning and 11:00-
2:00 in the evening, since June 10 ,1997 and also launches FM Bahr Dar from Monday up to
Friday from 3:00 up to 5:00 and 8:30-10:30 Saturday and Sunday from 3:00-7:00 since august
9/2007 the agency increased television transmission in to 3 hours a week in agreement with
Ethiopian radio and television agency.
Recently after we had finished our internship at AMMA, they started 24 hour TV transmission.
Main Customers
The main customers of Amhara mass media agency is that the people those are living within
Amhara region as well as the people of Ethiopia i.e. The customers of the organization are mainly
the society of the Amhara region and the ANRS.
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1.2. Vision, Mission and Objective of the company
1.2.1 Vision
 To see the Amhara mass media agency being primary and favorite developmental institutes of
information delivery throughout the country.
1.2.2 Mission
To utilize media technology to use it effectively and to gather sufficient information practical for
the regional political, economic and joint social movement and to dispatch and organize to make
know how, to teach and relax, create a feedback collection stream. On this account, regional and
national attitude shall be strengthened, courageous. The democracy policy and the regional
principle will be cemented and will be built fundamentally.
1.2.3 Objectives
 To express the foundation of the government law and proclamation, policy and its
implementation.
 To give a clear understanding to the people of good governance productivity and democracy
practices with its vital aim and causes.
 To give sequential description on fundamental directives that the country pursue.
 To endeavor strong alliance or relationship between the government and the people.
Government deserves beneficial things to the people that make understandable and deserves
support from people. In return people that make mistake should be clear to the government for
amendment and improvement.
 The community on the duty and directives of the government, and in general, the country
democratic right and productivity shall play a strong role with deep commitment and set a stage
for the purpose.
 Political power that runs for peace and lawful green path shall sustain good participation in
legal law and explicitly elaborate their views and deserve the acceptance of the people.
 Concentrate on the validity of the performances of the people and publicize them.
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 To teach the principle of democracy to the people freedom and privileges, expressing good
character and mutual support to one another, cooperation in general that stands for public rights
and responsibilities shall be engage in report.
 In general diversified alternative ideas and suggestions must be able to interact freely with
accurate information and adjust for debate.
1.3 Over all Organization Structure of the Company
Figure 1.1 overall organization of the company
1.4 Over all Work flow

The work flows are the process which frames works or flow of work within standards of work
procedure. The work is being processed first is put into in the higher level of hierarchy.
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Figure 1.2 work flow in section.
1.5 Worker Holders of the Company

The key stake holders of the company:
 Journalists
 Camera men
 Government
 Community
 Engineers
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1.6 Production process of the company
1.6.1 Radio production process
Figure 1.3 radio production processes
1.6.2 Television production process (before 5 years ago)
Figure1.4 television production process old
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Television production process (now a day)
Figure 1.5 television production processes new
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CHAPTER TWO
Overall Internship Experience
2.1 Objectives of the Internship
The four month internship program consists of two objectives that is general and specific objectives,
both added to maintain skill full and practical knowledge to the internship students.
 General Objective
The objective of the internship course is to understand and facilitate on experiences obtained in the
internship and to enhance academic performance by application in the internship setting. Internships
will provide students opportunity to test their interest in a particular career before permanent
commitments are made. More over this program is essential to know work ethics of interested career.
Apart from that it is more important because:
1) Internship students will develop skills and techniques directly applicable to their careers.
2) Internships will provide students the opportunity to develop attitudes conducive to effective
interpersonal relationships.
3) Internships will provide students with an in-depth knowledge of the formal functional activities of a
participating organization.
4) Internship programs will enhance advancement possibilities of graduates.
In general, an Internship is thought of as a program which "bridges the gap" between the academic
environment and a future work environment. Many employers prefer students who have previous work
experience and the Internship provides that. Students that participate in an Internship are generally
more confident and more qualified when seeking future employment.
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 Specific Objectives
i. To provide intensive field experience allowing for hands-on computer work.
ii. To receive an introduction to an organization within the Information Systems industry and to gain a
better understanding of its design and structure.
iii. To develop an understanding of an organization's various management and technical skills, the
communications techniques and the decision-making processes.
iv. To apply what was learned during coursework (theory, skill development, professionalism) to the
working world.
v. To help the student make better Information Systems career choices in the future.
vi. To allow the student to prepare for their future non-Internship job by seeking potential places of
employment, practicing resume and cover letter preparation, gaining references, and interviewing if
applicable.
2.2 How we did get in the company
Two option were given us in order to get a company. The one which searching and the second is through
BiT, UIL.Then we use the first option that we get it.
Luckily our request was accepted, then we go to the office and ask them how to get in the company, Mr.
Muluken accepts our request paper and told our everything how the procedure work, and then we get
Mr. Teshome. After a long discussion with Mr. Teshome he admitted to approve our acceptance and he
immediately assigned Mr.Alehegn as our supervisor. Being very pleased we joined and undertook
activities in the company starting at the early of the internship program.
2.3. Work sections

Amara mass media agency has many work sections .These sections are television broadcasting
section, radio broadcasting section, power systems and air conditioning system.
The agency was permit to us to practice in television and radio broadcasting sections and we were
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start our practice in television broadcasting section. We have gained theoretically as well as
practically knowledge from this internship.
2.3.1 Overall System Components and Operations
2.3.1.1 Television studio

A television studio is an installation in which video productions take place, either for recording of
live television to video tape or for the acquisition of raw footage for post productions. The design
of a studio is similar to and derived from with a few amendments for the special requirements of
television production. A professional television studio generally has several rooms, which are kept
separate for noise and practicality reasons. These rooms are connected via intercom and personnel
will be divided among these workplaces.
The studio floor is the actual stage on which the actions that will be recorded take place. A studio
floor has the following characteristics and installations:
 Decoration and/or sets
 Professional video cameras (three in AMMA) on pedestals
 Microphones most of time wireless or lavaliere
 Stage lighting rigs/ studio light and the associated controlling equipment
 Video monitors for visual feedback from the production control room (PCR)
 A small public address system or intercom for communication.
 A glass window between PCR and studio floor for direct visual contact.
 Wall box which is used as patch panel
Cameras
A camera is an optical instrument that records images that can be stored directly, transmitted to
another location or both.
Camera is a device to capture an image on a desired medium. In case of motion pictures, cameras
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are series of individuals. Pictures are captured and then presented in rapid succession to give the
illusion of having captured motions. There are two types of professional cameras:-
A. Studio camera:-most television studio cameras stand on the floor, usually with pneumatics or
hydraulic mechanisms called pedestals to adjust the height, and are usually on wheels. Any video
camera ,when used along with other video cameras in a multiple camera set up is controlled by a
device known us camera control unit (CCU), to which they are connected via a Triax, Fiber optics
or almost obsolete multi core cable. These type of cameras have a tally light, a small signal lamp
used that indicates, for the benefit of those being filmed as well as the camera operator, that the
camera is live (i.e. its signal is being used for the main program at that movement).
B. Filed cameras:-Filed cameras are two kinds Filed camera and Null .The difference between
the two are their own capability .Filed video cameras were originally designed for use by news
camera operator; those have become the dominant style of professional video camera for most
video productions. From dramas to documentaries, from videos to co-corporate video training
.They have interchangeable lenses. The lenses are focused manually and directly. But Null camera
are less capacity than Field camera, so Null camera are used for short period of time.
Generally, studio camera has no video tape recorder or VTR. But Field camera have video tape
recorder or VTR.
The studio television camera has three fundamental parts: lens, the camera itself, and the view
finder.
Lens: - in all photography (meaning “writing with light”) the lens selects part of the visible
environment and produces a small optical image of it. In standard still and movie cameras, the
image is then projected onto film; in digital still cameras and television cameras, it is projected
onto the imaging device, which converts the light from the optical image into an electrical signal.
All television cameras have a zoom lens, which allows you to smoothly and continuously change
from a long shot (showing a wide Vista) to a close-up view without moving either the camera or
the object you are photographing.
The camera itself: - the camera is principally designed to convert the optical image as projected
by the lens into an electrical signal the video signal. As mentioned earlier, the major conversion
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element is the imaging device, a small electronic chip called the CCD (charge-coupled device). It
responds to light in a manner that resembles a light meter. When the CCD receives a large amount
of light, it produces a strong video signal (just as the needle Of a light meter goes way up); when
it receives faint light, it produces a weak signal (just as the light meter needle barely moves from
its original position). Other optical and electronic components enable the camera to reproduce the
colors and the light-and-dark variations of the actual scene as accurately as possible, as well as to
amplify the relatively weak video signal so that it can be sent to the camera control unit without
getting lost along the way. For both analog and digital cameras, the basic imaging devices are the
same.
The Viewfinder: is a small television set mounted on the camera that shows what the camera is
seeing. Most view finder of professional cameras are monochrome, which means that the display
is in black-and white. Many consumer camcorders and some high-quality Studio cameras, on the
other hand, have color viewfinder. Generally, black-and-white viewfinders show more pictures
detail than color displays do, which makes it easier to achieve sharp focus.
Operation principles of camera: Digital cameras capture their image on a silicon semiconductor
referred to as digital sensors. These sensors are composed of an array of photo sensitive diodes
called photo sites. The captured photos (sub atomic light particles) and converts them to electrons,
much like solar panels converted to energy. This is buildup of electrons in each photo site is
converted to a voltage which in turn is converted to a digital data as picture elements (pixels).This
pixels are them relayed in consecutive order and stored as an image on the camera’s memory as
a file. This file can then be viewed on the camera in the LCD screen, or uploaded to a computer
where they can also be viewed or manipulated, with imaging software.
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Figure 2.1 studio cameras
Wireless microphone
A wireless microphone is a micro phone without a physical cable connecting it directly to the
sound recording or amplifying equipment with which it is associated. Also known as a radio
microphone, it has a small battery-power radio transmitter in the microphone body, which
transmits the audio signal from the microphone by radio wave to a nearby receiver unit, which
recovers the audio. The other audio equipment is connected to the receiver unit by cable. Wireless
microphones are widely used in the entertainment industry television broad casting, and public
speaking to allow public speakers, interviewers, performers, and entertainers to move about freely
while using a microphone to amplify their voices.
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There are many different standards, frequencies and transmission technologies used to replace the
microphone's cable connection and make it into a wireless microphone. They can transmit, for
example, in radio waves using UHF or VHF frequencies FM, AM, or various digital modulation
schemes.
Advantages and disadvantages of wireless microphone
The advantages are:
 Greater freedom of movement for the artist or speaker.
 Avoidance of cabling problems common with wired microphones, caused by constant moving
and stressing the cables.
 Reduction of cable "trip hazards" in the performance space.
The disadvantages are:
 Sometimes limited range (a wired balanced XLR microphone can run up to 300ft or 100
meters). Some wireless systems have a shorter range, while more expensive models can exceed
that distance.
 Possible interference with other radio microphones, though models with many frequency-
synthesized switch-selectable channels are now plentiful and cost effective.
 Operation time is limited relative to battery life; it is shorter than a normal condenser
microphone due to greater drain on batteries from transmitting circuitry and from circuitry
giving extra features
In television studio the audio and video signals are processed independently, hence audio signal is
traveled by wireless microphones use receivers that capture a high-frequency signal sent from the
microphone. These microphones can be handheld or lavalieres. Lavalieres are microphones on a
wire, usually small and round with a pop filter that attach to a shirt lapel. The transmitter is a small
box that fits on the belt. To connect your wireless microphone to your sound system, you will need
the right cables and a sound board into which to plug the receiver, the wireless receiver obtains the
signals given off by a wireless microphone and then send the information into a mixing board.
Having the wireless receiver connected to the mixing board is important; otherwise the audio
signal is not going to be streamed through the speakers. A wireless receiver obtains the signals
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which transmit from wireless microphone and then send the information. The wireless receiver is
part of wireless reds tone and is meant to be used with the wireless transmitter or wireless remote.
It will receive any signal input of the same frequency. The receiver will pick up signals from any
emitter as long as it is in the same chunk.
Lavaliere Microphone
A lavaliere microphone is a small electric or dynamic remote used for television, theatre, and
public speaking applications, in order to allow hands-free operation. They are most commonly
provided with small clips for attaching to collars, ties, or other clothing. The cord may be hidden
by clothes and either run to a radio frequency transmitter kept in a pocket or clipped to a belt, or
routed directly to the mixer or a recording device.
Figure 2.2 lavaliere microphone mounted on a T-shirt.
Studio Monitors
Studio monitors are high-quality television sets that display the video feed from the program
switcher. Contrary to the television set in your home a monitor cannot receive a broadcast signal.
Studio monitors are an important production aid for both crew and talent. The production crew can
see the shots the director has selected and thus anticipate their future tasks. The studio monitor is
essential for the newscaster to see whether the various tape or live inserts are actually appearing
as per the script.
Clocks and Stopwatches
Time is an essential organizing element in television production. Programs are rearranged

according to a second-by-second schedule called the log. The two timing tools for the director are
the clock and the stopwatch. The clock indicates when a certain program should start or finish.
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Acoustic treatment
The studio ceiling and walls are usually treated with acoustic material that prevents sound from
bouncing indiscriminately around the studio. This is why television studios sound “dead.” When
you clap your hands in an acoustically treated studio, the sound seems to go nowhere; in a more
“live” studio, you hear reverberations, Similar to a slight echo.
Studio Light
Like the human eye, the camera cannot see well without a certain amount of light. Because it is
not objects we actually see but the light reflected off of them, manipulating the light falling on
objects influences the way we perceive them on-screen. Such manipulation is called lighting.
Lighting has four broad purposes:
 To provide the television camera with adequate illumination for technically acceptable
pictures;
 To tell us what the objects shown on-screen actually look like;
 To show us where the objects are in relation to one another and to their immediate environment,
and when the event is taking place in terms of time of day or season;
 To establish the general mood of the event.
In television studio there are different kinds of lights of figures which are used to get quality of
pictures and to reduce unwanted shadows. Because the DV camera can only handle relatively
limited constants and requests carefully controlled exposure to produce the highest picture quality,
so we need to adjust the contrast and intensity illuminations, for optimum results. There are various
different lamps in studio in the form of wattages .These are: fluorescent and incandcent lamps such
as one kilowatt, two kilowatt, three kilowatt.
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Figure 2.3 studio light
Triax cable
This cable is the type of electrical cable similar with coaxial cable but with addition of an extra
layer of insulation and a second conducting sheath .It provides greater band width and rejection of
interference than coaxial but is more expensive.
Application of triax cable: This cable is used to connect between a camera and its camera control
unit (CCU) outer sheath used as a protective earth conductor. The core provides both power and
signal connections. Through the frequency division multiplexing, the camera can send audio and
video signals along the triax while the camera control unit can send camera control information,
such as exposure setting, intercom, return audio and video usually that of the programs, and tally
(a signal altering the operators that their camera is on air and power for camera.
Figure 2.4 triax cable
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2.3.1.2 Production Control Room (Studio Control Room)

The studio control room (SCR) is the place in a television studio in which the composition of the
outgoing program takes place. The production control room is occasionally also called a studio
control room (SCR) or a "gallery". Facilities in a PCR include:-
Operation Control Panel (OCP)
These are used to control camera functions in television Production. It allows for maximum control
and quality. Only framing and focusing are performed by a camera man while most of functions
such as white balance, shutter speed, brightness, Chroma and others are controlled by the technical
director remotely. This allows the camera man to concentrate on framing and composition without
being destructed by technical issues. Here, we observed that the technical director and camera man
communicates through talkback matrix.
Figure 2.5 operational control panels
Video Monitor Wall or Multi viewer
It is monitors for program preview, VTRs, cameras, graphics and other video sources. In some
facilities, the monitor wall is a series of racks containing physical television and computer
monitors; in others, the monitor wall has been replaced with a virtual monitor wall ,one or more
large video screens, each capable of displaying multiple sources in a simulation of a monitor wall.
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Figure 2.6 Video monitor
Vision Mixers
It is a device used to select between several different video sources and in some cases compositing
(mix) video sources together to create special effect this is similar to what a mixing console does
for audio. Inputs of vision mixer are VCR, DVD, MIC, telephone hybrid, tape, audio mixer and
external.
Figure 2.7 vision mixer
Operation: The main concept of a professional vision mixer is the bus, basically a row of
buttons with each button representing a video source. Pressing such a button will select the video
out of that bus. Older video mixers had two equivalent buses (called the A and B bus; such a mixer
is known as an A/B mixer). One of these buses could be selected as the main out (or program) bus.
Most modern mixers, however, have one bus that is always the program bus, the second main bus
being the preview (sometimes called preset) bus. These mixers are called flip-flop mixers, since
the selected source of the preview and program buses can be exchanged. Both preview and
program bus usually has their own video monitor.
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Modern vision mixers may also have additional functions, such as serial communications with the
ability to use proprietary communications protocols, control aux channels for routing video signals
to other sources than the program out, macro programming, and DVE (Digital Video Effect)
capabilities. Mixers are often equipped with effects memory registers, which can store a snapshot
of any part of a complex mixer configuration and TV then recall the set up with one button press.
Character Generator (CG)
Character generator is which creates the majority of the names and full digital onscreen graphics
that are inserted into the program lower third portion of the television screen used to write text
news, different graphics.
Figure 2.8 character generator
Digital Video Effects (DVE)
It is for manipulation of video sources. In newer vision mixers, the DVE is integrated into the
vision mixer; older models without built-in DVE's can often control external DVE devices, or an
external DVE can be manually run by an operator. While the name suggests that the device is
only capable of storing still images, newer still stores can store moving video clips and motion
graphics
In some facilities, VTRs may also be located in the PCR, but are also often found in the central
apparatus room. Intercom for communication with talent and television crew
Lighting Control Console
A lighting control console (also called a light board, lighting board, or lighting desk) is an
electronic device used in theatrical lighting design to control multiple lights at once.
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All lighting control consoles can control dimmers which control the intensity of the lights. Many
modern consoles can also control intelligent lighting (lights that can move, change colors and
gobo patterns), fog machines and hazers, and other special effects devices. Lighting consoles
communicate with the dimmers and other devices in the lighting system via an electronic control
protocols.
Here there are three cabinet dimmers, two of them are indirect and the one is direct gives the source
to the console.
Figure 2.9 light console
Generally lighting console has 4 layer & each layer has 24 output in general light mixer has 96
output. The lighting systems are as follows key light, filler light, back light and back ground light.
2.3.1.3 Central apparatus room

In broadcast facilities, a central apparatus room (CAR, pronounced "C-A-R"), central machine
room, or central equipment room (CER), or central technical area (CTA), or rack room is where
shared equipment common to all technical areas is located. Some broadcast facilities have several
of these rooms. It should be air-conditioned; however low-noise specifications such as acoustical
treatment are optional. These rooms contain broadcast and broadcast IT mission critical gear
necessary to broadcast and television operations. CARs usually house audio routers, video routers,
video routers .compressors and multiplexers that utilize broadcast automaton systems with
broadcast programming applications to play out television programs.
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They contain broadcast and monitoring equipment, through which all the operations are monitored
by the transmission engineer without disturbing the Studio Recordings. CER usually houses audio
and video routers, video servers, compressors and multiplexers, analog transmission system,
uplink, digital processing synchronizer, video patch panels, and audio Patch Panels, including
video monitors etc. Facilities in the central apparatus room Includes:-
Encoder: An encoder is a device, circuit, transducer, software program or person that converts
information from one format or code to another, for the purposes of standardization, speed, security
or compressions. It also a device used to convert audio and video signals into a single optical data
to send it through optical fiber cable to parabolic dish.
Decoder: A decoder is a device which does the reverse operation of an encoder, undoing the
encoding so that the original information can be retrieved. It is a device used to convert optical
data to audio and video signals. The same method used to encode is usually just reversed in order
to decode. Decoding is necessary in applications such as data multiplexing, 7 segment display
and memory address decoding.
Audio router: Used for transporting audio signals from inputs to outputs.
Video router: A Video router or Matrix is used for transporting video signals from sources or
inputs to output destinations.
Distribution frame: In broadcast engineering, a distribution frame is a location within an

apparatus room through which all signals (audio, video, or data) pass, with the ability to arbitrarily
route and connect sources and destinations between studios and other internal and external points.
Connections can either be soldered, or made using terminal blocks. Because the frame may carry
live broadcast signals, it may be considered part of the air chain.
Frame synchronizer: A frame synchronizer is a device used in live television production to match
the timing of an incoming video source to the timing of an existing video system. They are often
used to "time in" consumer video equipment to a professional system but can be used to stabilize
any video. The frame synchronizer essentially takes a picture of each frame of incoming video and
then immediately outputs it with the correct synchronization signals to match an existing video
system. A gun lock signal is required to provide a means for video synchronizing with the house
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reference.
2.3.1.4 Master-control room

Master control is the final point before a signal is transmitted over-the-air for terrestrial television
cablecast satellite provider for broadcast, or sent on to a cable television operator. Television
master control rooms include banks of video monitors, character generator, camera control units
,satellite receivers, videotape machines, video servers, patch panels, Intercom, digital video effect,
television commercials equipment and more recently computer broadcast automations equipment
for recording and playback of television programming.
The Master control room is the place where the on-air signal is controlled. It may include controls
to play out television programs and television switch local or television networks feeds, record
satellite feeds and monitor the transmitter(s) or these items may be in an adjacent equipment rack
room. If the program is broadcast live, the signal goes from the PCR to MCR and then out to the
transmitter.
Camera Control Unit
The camera control unit (CCU) is typically part of a live television broadcast "chain". It is
responsible for powering the professional video camera, handling signals sent over the camera
cable (multi_ core cable, triax or fiber) to and from the camera, and can be used to control various
camera parameters such as iris remotely.
Figure 2.10 camera control unit
Digital Video Effect
Digital Video Effects, commonly called DVEs, are visual effects that provide comprehensive
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video image manipulation, in the same form as optical printer effects in film. DVE effects differ
from switcher effects (often referred to as "analog effects") such as wipes or dissolves, in that
they deal primarily with resizing, distortion or movement of the primary visual image.
Patch panel
A patch panel, patch bay, patch field or jack field is a number of circuits, usually of the same or
similar type, which appear on jacks for monitoring, interconnecting, and testing circuits in a
convenient, flexible manner.
Video tape recorder
A video tape recorder (VTR) is a tape recorder designed to record video material, usually on
magnetic tape. VTRs originated as individual tape reels, serving as a replacement for motion
picture film stock and making recording for television applications cheaper and quicker. An
improved form included the tape within a video cassette, which was used with video cassette
recorder.
Figure 2.11 VTR
2.3.1.5 Uplink and Downlink Chains

The term uplink chain is used to refer to the series of pieces of equipment that are used to produce
a radio frequency signal for sending out data. The description provided here is imprecise as the
exact configuration can vary widely. The downlink chain is built using nearly the same equipment
in reverse order.
Take a look at the drawing below and note the path of devices on the left hand side with all the
up arrows.
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Figure 2.12 up and down link chain
2.3.1.6 Digital Satellite Uplink Chain

How it works:
 Digital data is sent to the modulator which takes the data and converts it into a modulated
signal in the Intermediate Frequency range (70-140 MHZ). The modulators use standards
such as Digital Video Broadcast to organize communication over the microwave link.
 The Intermediate Frequency is piped to an "up converter" (usually via shielded coaxial cable)
which mixes the intermediate
 Frequency with a higher frequency to produce a final frequency which carries the modulated
data.
 Noise is removed from the signal via either a band pass filter or other means and then it is
amplified in a klystron, travelling wave tube or solid state amplifier.
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 The final cleaned signal is transmitted down the wave guide to the dish.
 The feed horn at the focal point of the dish emits the high frequency radio transmission,
which the dish focuses into a directional transmission at the satellite.
2.3.1.7 Downlink Chain

How it works:
 The satellite transmits a signal containing data
 The signal is received at the satellite dish
 The signal is amplified and fed to the Down Converter
 The Down Converter down mixes the signal to create an intermediate frequency. The
intermediate frequency is fed to the demodulator and converted into a data signal
 The data stream is forwarded into the network via a router.
2.3.1.8 Parabolic Antenna
Parabolic antenna is an antenna that uses a parabolic reflector, a curved surface with the cross-
sectional shape of a parabola, to direct the radio waves. The most common form is shaped like
a dish and is popularly called a dish antenna or parabolic dish. The main advantage of a parabolic
antenna is that it has high directivity. It functions similarly to a searchlight or flashlight reflector
to direct the radio waves in a narrow beam, or receive radio waves from one particular direction
only. Parabolic antennas have some of the highest gains, that is, they can produce the
narrowest beam widths, of any antenna type. In order to achieve narrow beam widths, the parabolic
reflector must be much larger than the wave length of the radio waves used, so parabolic antennas
are used in the high frequency part of the radio spectrum, at UHF and microwave (SHF)
frequencies, at which the wavelengths are small enough that conveniently-sized reflectors can be
used.
- 26 -
Figure 2.13 parabolic antenna
Parabolic antennas are used as high gain antennas for point to point communications, in
applications such as micro wave relay links that carry telephone and television signals between
nearby cities wireless WAN/LAN links for data communications, satellite communications and
spacecraft communication antennas.
2.4.1. Radio Broadcasting Section

Radio: is the wireless transmission of signals through free space by electromagnetic radiation of
a frequency significantly below that of visible light, in the radio frequency range, from about 3 kHz
to 300 MHZ. These waves are called radio waves Electromagnetic radiation travels by means of
oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space.
Information, such as sound, is carried by systematically changing (modulating) some property of

the radiated waves, such as their amplitude, frequency, phase, or pulse width. When radio waves
strike an electrical conductor, the oscillating fields induce an alternating current in the conductor.
The information in the waves can be extracted.
2.4.2.1 Radio Studio

The studio wall is constructs from acoustic materials. Acoustic materials are things that have
ability to absorb redundant noise and enhance transmission of sound. Acoustic materials are used
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to eliminating noise and improve sound quality. It is used to minimize distortion. In the studio
there are 3 studio microphones, talk back, head phone, microphone amplifier and patch panel. As
we have seen in television studio the signal starts from camera and microphone but in radio studio
the signal stars in microphone.
Microphones
Microphones are types of transducers. It is a device which converts energy from one form to
another. Microphones convert acoustical energy (sound waves) into electrical energy (the audio
signal).
Operation of Microphones
Diaphragm: This is a thin piece of material (such as paper, plastic or aluminum) which vibrates
when it is struck by sound waves. In a typical hand-held microphone like the one below, the
diaphragm is located in the head of the microphone.
Location of Microphone Diaphragm
Figure 2.14 location of microphone diaphragm
When the diaphragm vibrates, it causes other components in the microphone to vibrate. These
vibrations are converted into an electrical current which becomes the audio signal.
Note: At the other end of the audio chain, the loudspeaker is also a transducer - it converts the
electrical energy back into acoustical energy.
Microphone Level & Line Level
The electrical current generated by a microphone is very small. Referred to as microphone level,
this signal is typically measured in mill volts. Before it can be used for anything serious the signal
needs to be amplified, usually to line level (typically 0.5 -2V). Being a stronger and more robust
signal, line level is the standard signal strength used by audio processing equipment and common
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domestic equipment such as CD players, tape machines, VCRs, etc.
This amplification is achieved in one or more of the following ways:
 Some microphones have tiny built-in amplifiers which boost the signal to a high microphone
level or line level.
 The microphone can be fed through a small boosting amplifier, often called a line amp.
 Sound mixers have small amplifiers in each channel. Attenuators can accommodate mics of
varying levels and adjust them all to an even line level.
 The audio signal is fed to a power amplifier - a specialized amp which boosts the signal enough
to be fed to loudspeakers.
Figure 2.15 Studio microphones
Computer monitor: .used to show whether the sending music signal has distortion or not between
news reading gap which comes from mixer within netia software. The audio signal is fed to a
power amplifier a specialized amplifier which boosts the signal enough to be fed to the loud
speakers.
The XLR cable to the microphone contains not only the out puts lines from the microphone units
but also the required power supply lines for FET (field effect transistor) and for the condensers.
Patch panel
A patch panel, patch bay, patch field or jack field is a number of circuits, usually of the same
or similar type, which appear on jacks for monitoring, interconnecting, and testing circuits in a
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convenient, flexible manner.
Figure 2.16 patch panel
Uses and connectors
In recording studios, television and radio broadcast studios and concert sound reinforcement
systems, patch bays are widely used to facilitate the connection of different devices, such as
microphones, electric or electronic instruments, effects (e.g. compression, reverb, etc.), recording
gear, amplifier or broadcasting equipment. Patch bays make it easier to connect different devices
in different orders for different projects, because all of the changes can be made at the patch bay.
Additionally, patch bays make it easier to troubleshoot problems such as ground loops; even small
home studios and amateur project studios often use patch bays, because it groups all of the input
jacks into one location. This means that devices mounted in racks or keyboard instruments can be
connected without having to hunt around behind the rack or instrument with a flashlight for the
right jack. Using a patch bay also saves wear and tear on the input jacks of studio gear and
instruments, because all of the connections are made with the patch bay.
General Purpose Input/ Output (GPIO) Nodes
GPIO (General Purpose Input /Output) is an interface that may be found on some computer IC
components such as a micro-controller or interface chipset. Typically, the GPIO is a one or more
pins on the IC which have no special purpose in of themselves, but which facilitate an optional
ability for device designers to create an interface/connection between the IC and a peripheral
component. Thereby, within limitations, GPIO pins can be tailored for use to provide some specific
function or purpose within a hardware device design.
- 30 -
Operations of GPIO Nodes
A GPIO pin on an IC is typically connected to some other chip, and performs some function by
reading or changing its state. GPIO pins can act as:
Input: to read digital signals from a circuit; that is, when configured for input mode, they read the
current state as either "high" or "low".
Output: to control or signal other devices attached to the IC and, as such, the pins are configured
to be “high” or “low” when in output mode. Usually each GPIO pin is individually configurable
as either an input or output. Each pin can be setup flexibly to accept or source different logic
voltages, with configurable drive strengths and pull up/downs. In others cases, GPIOs are arranged
into very simple groups, typically of 8 pins known as a GPIO port - that can be switched as a group
to either input or output.
2.4.2.2 Studio Control Room

There are a lot of equipment’s in this room. They are mixer consul, telos, microphone node, analog
& digital node, speakers, cd & tape player & computers which used to control all systems by using
netia software.
Axial Analog Line Node

The Analog line node has eight balanced stereo inputs and eight balanced stereo outputs, presented
on easy-to-install RJ-45connectors. The inputs are switchable to accommodate consumer level -
10dBv or professional level +4dBu. The short circuit protected outputs are capable of delivering
up to +24 dB before clipping. Create an Ethernet audio snake with Axial Analog Audio Nodes at
each end (or mix and match digital, microphone and analog line terminals), a single 100Base-T
link can be used to send and receive 8 stereo audio channels eliminating old-fashioned multi-pair
cable.
Figure 2.17 axial analog node lines
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Axial AES/EBU Digital Audio Node

The Axial AES Node provides eight digital AES3 inputs and outputs. The Axial AES/EBU Node
can also be employed as a 1x8, 2x4, 2x8, etc. AES distribution amplifier by using any of the AES
inputs to feed the eight AES outputs. Create an Ethernet audio snake with AES/EBU Nodes at
each end; a single 100Base-T link can be used to send and receive 8 stereo audio channels,
eliminating old-fashioned multi-pair cable. Node can be used to receive AES house master clock
to synchronize the entire Livewire network.
Figure 2.18 digital node
Axial Microphone Node: The Microphone Node has eight phantom-powered mic inputs. It also
contains eight balanced stereo analog line outputs for convenient delivery of associated headphone
and studio monitor feeds to the room in which the microphones are located. The inputs are on XLR
connections while the outputs are on RJ-45. The Axial Microphone Node can also be used as a
multiple-input microphone preamp and A/D converter or as the stage-end of a digital snake.
Telos: it’s a telephone hybrid. It can receive 12 incoming calls at the same time. They used it to
receive message, comment or suggestion from the audience or customer and to discuss on special
issue with different customers at the same time. But still now the agency didn’t use telos properly.
Figure 2.19 telos
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Mixing console
In professional audio, a mixing console, or audio mixer, also called a sound board, mixing
desk, audio production console, or mixers an electronic device for combining (also called
"mixing"), routing, and changing the level, timbre and/or dynamics of audio signals. A mixer can
mix analog or digital signals, depending on the type of mixer. The modified signals
(voltages or digital samples) are summed to produce the combined output signals.
Mixing consoles are used in many applications, including recording studios public address
system, systems, broadcasting, television, and film post-production. When used for live
performances, the signal produced by the mixer will usually be sent directly to an amplifier, unless
that particular mixer is "powered" or it is being connected to powered speakers. Among the highest
quality bootleg recording of live performances are the so-called soundboard recordings that are
sourced from this mixer output to the speakers.
Use of audio mixer
Radio broadcasts use a mixing desk to select audio from different sources, such as CD players,
telephones, remote feeds, or prerecorded advertisements. These consoles, often referred to as "air-
boards" are apt to have many fewer controls than mixers designed for live or studio production
mixing, dropping pan/balance, EQ, and multi-bus monitoring/aux feed knobs in favor of cue and
output bus selectors, since, in a radio studio, nearly all sources are either prerecorded or readjusted.
Public address systems use a mixing console to set microphones to an appropriate level, and can
add in recorded sounds into the mix. A major requirement is to minimize audio feedback.
Most bands use a mixing console to combine musical instruments and vocals. Analog consoles
remain popular due to their continuing to have one knob, fader or button per function, a reassuring
feature for the user. In Amhara mass media agency the radio studio mixing console is mix different
inputs. It mixes or its inputs are three studio guest microphones, two cd players, telephone hybrid,
two tape players & four pc input by using netial software. The studio technician controls every
program which is transmitting from the studio by this mixer.
- 33 -
Figure 2.20 mixing console
2.4.2.3 Central Apparatus Room for Radio studio

In broadcast facilities, a central apparatus room (CAR) central machine room, or central
equipment room (CER), or central technical area (CTA), or rack room is where shared
equipment common to all technical areas is located. Some broadcast facilities have several of these
rooms. It should be air-conditioned; however low-noise specifications such as acoustical
treatments are optional. Equipment is connected either directly with an attached foldout monitor,
keyboard and mouse or remotely. In this room we got a lot of devices which are used to frequency
modulation (FM) & amplitude modulation (AM) broadcasting, the only difference between FM &
AM devices is transmitter. Other devices are the same for both: devices are analog to digital &
reverse converter (A to D CONVERTER), mix- engine, server, change-over switchers and path
finder. There are also receivers for both individually.
Analog to Digital (A/D) Converter: In the real world, most data is characterized by analog
signals. In order to manipulate the data using a microprocessor, we need to convert the analog
signals to the digital signals, so that the microprocessor will be able to read, understand and
manipulate the data.
Distribution Amplifier
A distribution amplifier is used to distribute the output of a frequency reference to many different
places. Usually the frequency is 5 or 10 MHz but we manufacture distribution amps from DC to
over 2000 MHZ.
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FM transmitter AM transmitter Master Control
Figure 2.21 central apparatus room for radio broadcasting
Channel and Reverse Isolation: It's important that the reference frequency standard connected
to the frequency distribution system is protected against noise, shorts and poor VSWR's of the
equipment that may be connected to the system. Channel isolation should be at least 40 dB for a
standard amplifier and 90 dB for a high performance amplifier. Reverse isolation should be at
least 90 dB and ideally better than 125 dB to make sure the reference is well protected.
Telephone hybrid
A telephone hybrid is the component at the ends of a subscriber line of the public switched
telephone network (PSTN) that converts between two-wire and four-wire forms of bidirectional
audio paths. When used in broadcast facilities to enable the airing of telephone callers, the
broadcast-quality telephone hybrid is known as a broadcast telephone hybrid or telephone balance
unit. In broadcast studio facilities, the name for the functional part has come to refer to the whole,
and a telephone hybrid is the device that packages all the functions needed to connect telephone
lines to studio audio systems, providing electrical and physical interface between the telos lines
and studio equipment
FM receiver:-receives signal radio frequency via loop antenna. In the CAR the receiver is used as
a preview.
FM monitor: The RF (IF) signal is digitalized as soon as it enters the device and all signal
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processing is then made through DSP algorithms. The signal being digitalized in this way, at the
input, the equipment acquires measurement reproducibility over time. The high-accuracy DSP
based IF bandwidth filters help to solve difficult adjacent-signal. The DB7000 measures
conveniently all important parameters of FM transmissions. The built-in monitoring system
generates automatic warning messages in case of this system contains the following items: Analog
or digital nodes, primary nodes, back up nodes, live wire, master clock, intercom, master back up,
master monitor, router, production server and archive server.
Archive Server: The archive server stores data on tape. This makes storing massive amounts of
data more economical. Compared with disk memory, the drawback is the slower retrieval of data.
The archive server is a computer system that utilizes an automatic tape robot and a large amount
of disk space. The management program on the archive server is SGI DMF, offering an automatic
hierarchical file service Hierarchical Storage Management (HSM). The archive server is used
through the network to save files and read files back into the computation servers. When a file has
been saved on the archive server, it is first saved on the archive server disk and from there it is
later copied on tape. By default, two copies are always taken of files.
Production Server: A Production Server is a web server that delivers what is often called the
"live site." It is typically available to the entire web and houses the most recent version of its
respective site.
As opposed to a staging server, which might house untested and, indeed, broken components, the
files served by a production server are generally assumed to have undergone extensive testing.
The production server is set up in an environment separate from Cascade Server Pages, images,
documents and other web-related items are published out to a production server using the CMS.
Typically, the production server contains a web services platform which allows the testing
environment to be hosted and viewed within the confines of a company or other limited network.
Loop Antenna: These antennas have low radiation resistance and high reactance, so that their
impedance is difficult to match to a transmitter. As a result, these antennas are most often used as
receive antennas, where impedance mismatch loss can be tolerated.
Transmitter: The FM transmitter plugs into the audio output of audio devices and converts the
audio output into an FM or AM radio signal. The transmitter has a modulation circuit, amplifier
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circuit and oscillator for carrier Signal. Of course, the transmitter we observed was a link
transmitter, low power, which is used to transmit the information signal to the link receiver in Zege
site for further transmission via high Power transmitter through the antenna which is suitable to
cover the required bandwidth of broadcast. The channel of transmission from studio to the main
transmitter and from the main transmitter to the customer is through air.
2.5. Broadcast Signals or Radio Frequency [RF]

RF is a frequency or rate of oscillation within the range of 3 to 300GHz. Which or respond to
frequency of Ac electrical signal used to produce and detect radio waves. What is the special
property with the electrical currents that oscillate at RF? [Not shared by DC]. They can ionize air
to create a conductive path through air.
Radio communication is typically in the form of AM radio or FM radio transmissions. The

broadcast of a single signal, such as a monophonic audio signal, can be done by straightforward
amplitude modulation or frequency modulation. More complex transmissions utilize sidebands
arising from the sum and difference frequencies which are produced by superposition of some
signal upon the carrier wave. That subcarrier is then modulated with a (L-R) or difference signal
so that the transmitted signal can be separated into left and right channels for stereo playback. In
television transmission, three signals must be sent on the carrier: the audio, picture intensity, and
picture chrominance. This process makes use of two subcarriers. Other transmissions such as
satellite TV and long distance telephone transmission make use of multiple subcarriers for the
broadcast of multiple signals simultaneously.
2.5.1 Radio
When information is broadcast from an AM radio station, the electrical image of the sound (taken
from a microphone or other program source) is used to modulate the amplitude of the carrier wave
transmitted from the broadcast antenna of the radio station. A radio receiver can be tuned to receive
any one of a number of radio carrier frequencies in the area of the receiver. This is made practical
by transferring the signal from the carrier onto an intermediate frequency in the radio by a process
called heterodyning. In a heterodyne receiver, most of the electronics is kept tuned to the
intermediate frequency so that only a small portion of the receiver circuit must be retuned when
changing stations.
- 37 -
Figure2.22 AM Radio
AM radio uses the electrical image of a sound source to modulate the amplitude of a carrier wave.
At the receiver end in the detection process, that image is stripped back off the carrier and turned
back into sound by a loud speaker.
2.5.2 FM Radio
FM radio uses the electrical image of a sound source to modulate the frequency of a carrier wave.
At the receiver end in the detection process, that image is stripped back off the carrier and turned
back into sound by a loud speaker.
Figure2.23 FM Radio
2.6. Transmitter and modulation

Each system contains a transmitter. This consists of a source of electrical energy, producing
- 38 -
alternating current of a desired frequency of oscillation. The transmitter contains a system to

modulate (change) some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it. This modulation
might be as simple as turning the energy on and off, or altering more subtle properties such as
amplitude, frequency, phase, or combinations of these properties. The transmitter sends the
modulated electrical energy to a tuned resonant antenna; this structure converts the rapidly
changing alternating current into an electromagnetic wave that can move through free space
(sometimes with a particular polarization).
2.7 Antenna
An antenna (or aerial) is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and
vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio
transmitter supplies an oscillating radio frequency electric current to the antenna's terminals, and
the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic wave (radio waves). In
reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce
a tiny voltage at its terminal. That is applied to a receiver to be amplified.
Antennas are essential components of all equipment that uses radio. They are used in systems such
as radio broadcasting, broadcast television, two way radio, communication receiver, radar cell
phone, and satellite communication, as well as other devices such as garage door openers wireless
microphones Bluetooth enabled devices, wireless computer networks baby monitors, RFID tags
on merchandise.
Typically an antenna consists of an arrangement of metallic conductor (elements), electrically

connected (often through a transmission line) to the receiver or transmitter. An oscillating current
of electrons forced through the antenna by a transmitter will create an oscillating magnetic field
around the antenna elements, while the charge of the electrons also creates an oscillating electric
filed along the elements. These time-varying fields radiate away from the antenna into space as a
moving transverse electromagnetic field wave. Conversely, during reception, the oscillating
electric and magnetic fields of an incoming radio wave exert force on the electrons in the antenna
elements, causing them to move back and forth, creating oscillating currents in the antenna.
Antennas may also include reflective or directive elements or surfaces not connected to the
transmitter or receiver, such as parasitic elements, parabolic reflector or, horns which serve to
- 39 -
direct the radio waves into a beam or other desired radiation pattern. Antennas can be designed to
transmit or receive radio waves in all directions equally (omnidirectional antennas), or transmit
them in a beam in a particular direction, and receive from that one direction only (directional or
high gain antennas).
Antennas are required by any radio receiver or transmitter to couple its electrical connection to the
electromagnetic field. Radio waves are electromagnetic which carry signals through the air (or
through space) at the speed of light with almost no transmission loss. Radio transmitters and
receivers are used to convey signals (information) in systems including broadcast (audio)
radio, television mobile telephones, In Amhara mass media agency there are two antenna, one is
for AM and the other is for FM .WI-FI (WLAN) data networks, trunk lines and point-to-point
communications links (telephone, data networks), satellite links, many remote controlled devices
such as garage, and wireless remote sensors, among many others. Radio waves are also used
directly for measurements in technologies including RADAR, GPS, and radio astronomy. In each
and every case, the transmitters and receivers involved require antennas, although these are
sometimes hidden (such as the antenna inside an AM radio or inside a laptop computer equipped
with Wi-Fi).
Figure 2.24 antenna
2.8. Impedance matching

Maximum power transfer requires matching the impedance of an antenna system (as seen looking
- 40 -
into the transmission line) to the complex conjugate of the impedance of the receiver or
transmitter. When a transmission line is used in between the antenna and the transmitter (or
receiver) one generally would like an antenna system whose impedance is resistive and near
the character impedance of that transmission line in order to minimize the standing wave ratio
(SWR) and the increase in transmission line losses it entails, in addition to supplying a good match
at the transmitter or receiver itself.
Antenna tuning generally refers to cancellation of any reactance seen at the antenna terminals,
leaving only resistive impedance which might or might not be exactly the desired impedance (that
of the transmission line. On the other hand, the addition of a series inductance or parallel
capacitance can be used to cancel a residual capacitive or inductive reactance, respectively.
2.8.1 Standing wave ratio

In telecommunication, standing wave ratio (SWR) is the ratio of the amplitude of a partial
standing wave ratio at an anti-node (maximum) to the amplitude at an adjacent node (minimum),
in an electrical transmission line.
The SWR is usually defined as a voltage ratio called the VSWR; For example, the VSWR value
1.2:1 denotes maximum standing wave amplitude that is 1.2 times greater than the minimum
standing wave value. It is also possible to define the SWR in terms of current, resulting in the
ISWR, which has the same numerical value. The power standing wave ratio (PSWR) is defined as
the square of the VSWR.
SWR is used as an efficiency measure for transmission lines, electrical cables that conduct radio
frequency signals, used for purposes such as connecting radio transmitter and receivers with their
antennas, and distributing cable television signals. A problem with transmission lines is that in the
cable tend to reflect the radio waves back toward the source end of the cable, preventing all the
power from reaching the destination end. SWR measures the relative size of these reflections.
2.9. Polarization
The polarization of an antenna is the orientation of the electric field (E-plane) of the radio wave
with respect to the Earth's surface and is determined by the physical structure of the antenna and
by its orientation. Reflections generally affect polarization. For radio waves the most important
- 41 -
reflector is the ion sphere - signals which reflect from it will have their polarization changed
unpredictably. For line of sight communications for which polarization can be relied upon, it can
make a large difference in signal quality to have the transmitter and receiver using the same
polarization; many tens of dB differences are commonly seen and this is more than enough to make
the difference between reasonable communication and a broken link.
Generally the polarization of a radiated wave is in the direction of the electrostatic field of the
antenna in addition horizontal antenna produce horizontal radio wave and vertical antenna produce
vertical radio wave.
Reception of Radio Waves
A radio wave acts as a carrier of information-bearing signals; the information may be encoded
directly on the wave by periodically interrupting its transmission (as in dot-and-dash telegraphy)
or impressed on it by a process called modulation. The actual information in a modulated signal is
contained in its side bands, or frequencies added to the carrier wave, rather than in the carrier wave
itself. The two most common types of modulation used in radio are amplitude modulation (AM)
and frequency modulation (FM). Frequency modulation minimizes noise and provides greater
fidelity than amplitude modulation, which is the older method of broadcasting. Both AM and FM
are analog transmission systems, that is, they process sounds into continuously varying patterns of
electrical signals which resemble sound waves. Digital radio uses a transmission system in which
the signals propagate as discrete voltage pulses, that is, as patterns of numbers; before
transmission, an analog audio signal is converted into a digital signal, which may be transmitted
in the AM or FM frequency range. A digital radio broadcast offers compact-disc-quality reception
and reproduction on the FM band and FM-quality reception and reproduction on the AM band.
Receiving antennas intercept part of this radiation, change it back to the form of electrical signals,
and feed it to a receiver. The most efficient and most common circuit for radio-frequency selection
and amplification used in radio receivers is the super heterodyne. In that system, incoming signals
are mixed with a signal from a local oscillator to produce intermediate frequencies (IF) that are
equal to the arithmetical sum and difference of the incoming and local frequencies. One of those
frequencies is applied to an amplifier. Because the IF amplifier operates at a single frequency,
namely the intermediate frequency, it can be built for optimum selectivity and gain. The tuning
- 42 -
control on a radio receiver adjusts the local oscillator frequency. If the incoming signals are above
the threshold of sensitivity of the receiver and if the receiver is tuned to the frequency of the signal,
it will amplify the signal and feed it to circuits that demodulate it, i.e., separate the signal wave
itself from the carrier wave.
There are certain differences between AM and FM receivers.
 In an AM transmission the carrier wave is constant in frequency and varies in amplitude

(strength) according to the sounds present at the microphone;
 In FM the carrier is constant in amplitude and varies in frequency. Because the noise that
affects radio signals is partly, but not completely, manifested in amplitude variations, wideband
FM receivers are inherently less sensitive to noise.
 In an FM receiver, the limiter and discriminator stages are circuits that respond solely to
changes in frequency.
 The other stages of the FM receiver are similar to those of the AM receiver but require more
care in design and assembly to make full use of FM's advantages. FM is also used in television
sound systems. In both radio and television receivers, once the basic signals have been
separated from the carrier wave they are fed to a loudspeaker or a display device (usually a
cathode-ray tube), where they are converted into sound and visual images, respectively
2.10. Major Duties of the Intern

As Amara mass media agency is the media agency ,so as electrical engineer our major duty is
knowing audio signal processing and each material’s function and operation in radio studio and
from television studio both audio and video signal processing and each apparatus function and
operation principles. In addition to the power source and signal source for each devices.
2.10.1 Challenges we faced and measures taken

Throughout our internship we faced various challenges .Among them, the followings are the
main.
1. As it is media agency most of the time they are on air (direct transmission)
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2. Ato getachew who is the director of television broadcasting didn’t permit to get in TV
studio. So that we meet technical manager of AMM Ato Teshome.
3. At the new installation areas, the foreigners who came here for installing didn’t want to
watch or work with them
- 44 -
Chapter Three
Benefits Gained From Internship

During internship at Amhara mass media agency we had gains so many benefits from the
internship. During these four months of our internship program we were able to bridge the gap
between student life and professional life. This internship program provided us a platform to
introduce ourselves in professional field. We greatly benefited from working with the dedicated
professionals in the company. The company has provided a conductive working atmosphere
among the staffs. This has opened doors for us to understand what is waiting for us when we have
finished our graduate studies at this field. This internship experience has made us respect the
company advisor stream more and more throughout these four months. We are very glad to get
opportunity to be a part of this internship program. Having a dedicated advisor and mentors made
the outcome of this experience very fruitful. We had the opportunity to ask question. In short this
internship was more interesting rather than being tedious and routines. In overall within these four
months we had the opportunity to improve our theoretical knowledge, our interpersonal
communication skills, team playing skills, leadership skills and etc. In the next pages will try to
describe what we have learnt in the different aspects that we have mentioned before.
3.1 Theoretical Knowledge

We have been able to gain a great deal of knowledge in this internship. Among them we will try
to mention some of them. These are:-
Learning the different studio equipment’s and their application in the studio’s
 How to read the installation studio schematic diagram.
 Learning and reading different manuals that were used as guidance
 Learning different kinds of electronics devise and their use in real life. Example mixer,
microphone, antenna, video camera, monitor, studio equipment’s, parabolic dish and so on.
Generally we understood how to radio and television broadcast (i.e. audio and video signals
traveling)
- 45 -
3.2 Interpersonal Communication Skills

During the internship we had been able to improve our communication skill. At that time we have
gained confidence on how: -
a) To ask different questions which are related to real world.
b) To make discussions with workers example mentor, technician.
c) To answer questions when our supervisor asked us.
We were improving interpersonal communication skills since the role of interpersonal skills are
needed to communicating, interact and gate along with other people. Those with this kind of skills
can interpret other people and are always aware how their behavior impacts them. The
development of interpersonal skills being early in life and is influenced by family, friends and our
observation. So communicating skills had to come handy at these times. In short during this four
month we had been able to upgrade our communication skills properly.
3.3 Team Playing Skills

During the internship period we recognized that team work is necessary for a given task to be
accomplished early and qualitatively. Regarding to this we played a great role in achieving the
direct transmission (live) when there is special issue such as meeting and in the cities week by
installation and carrying different media instruments such as vision mixer, power cable, camera,
distribution amplifier and so on .In addition to these we have contribute the a greatest of our team
playing skill. As the proverb said that “many hands make the work light” we have accomplished a
great role with in team for the company. During this time we have strengthen our communication
skill and co-operative work as well. In general we can say that our team playing skill were great
throughout the internship
3.4 Leadership Skills

At the company we have been able to see different workers in their hierarchy they lead the
company in straight way. During these times we have been able to observe that one should have
great skills to be a leader. We develop our leadership skill. Most of times we were meet with vice
manager of the agency to solve challenges what are we faced. So we are learning in leadership
how we can solve the problem. Our teams also meet a lot of time. In the company we were face
- 46 -
different challenge, so to solve these challenge we were meet again & again. We understood how
can lead the team. Among them: -
 Good speaking ability.
 To have the ability to listen to others.
 To be decisive
 Good management skills
 To know the subject one is working on thoroughly.
 By hard working
 By self-starting
 By setting of personal goals
 By confidentiality
 By respective new idea & being selective
 By information seeking
Now we understand what leadership is. It was one of the benefits we are got from the internship.
3.5 Work Ethics

Work ethics is generally accepted guidelines for right & wrong behavior in work place & it
involving several principles related to effective work habit & personal qualifies. The following
working area rules and after regulations that the company require from its workers:-
 Being punctual
 Being honest for whatever you do.
 Having willing to do some task.
 Integrity
- 47 -
 Transparency
 Accountability
 Serving the public interest
 Responsibility
 Impartiality
 Exercising leadership
 Respecting the law
 Confidentiality
3.6 Entrepreneurship Skill: -

It is a skill that every person must have especially student like us. We got this skill from the owner
of the company like job creativity in team & in individuals.
 As it is media agency most of the time they are on air (direct transmission)
 The first problem we faced was the distance of the work place from our homes.
 Mr. Getachew who is the director of television broadcasting was not permit to us to get in TV
studio. So we are meet with vice manager of AMMA Mr. Muluken
 The number of intern students was many around 15 included other students who are come from
other campus but the number of work sections were limit. we agree to work two days per
week.
 Some time there was programs which are prepared by the government, at this time there will
be direct transmission so every technician includes our advisor will be out of the work place at
this time we did not do anything. To solve it we were discus with them to allow for to go to
with them at the time of direct transmission and they were agree. At this time we knew what
are devices used to direct transmission.
 Devices which are used by the agency are new for the agency also for workers. They were
- 48 -
not familiar with the devices. Because of this they did not permit for us to practice. Also they
cannot give us briefly information about operations of devices. To solve it we were tried to
search internet to know more about devices. Another and a big challenge was difficulties to
understand what they told us because of the courses which are we did not taken before
internship
- 49 -
CHAPTER FOUR
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDAION
4.1 Conclusion
Our overall time in the company was great, it makes us have so many experience, communication
skill, hardworking and good perspective about work and good perspectives about the field and we
would like to thank our staff of electricians help and sharing their knowledge without limit
Generally we conclude that our internship was a rewarding experience and provide us with some
new perspectives that we didn’t get yet and we can say that our benefited from our stay in the
company in a number of respects.
4.2 Recommendation
4.2.1 Recommendation for company

Strength
 Since the company has good outlooks, attitudes and respect for interns the intern suggest that
the company must keep up as it deems necessary for the interns.
 The company has enough equipment (modern and latest instruments)
 The company workers has good work ethics we attracted by them.
 It plays a critical role by contribute to the community by giving a lot of services so we

appreciate them to continue to serve peoples.
 The technicians work together and they are ready to share their experience.
Weakness
 Students who are accepted by the company were many. It is difficult to control & full fill the
benefits of internship. So the company must be minimized the number of students who are
join in to the company to intern or practice.
 Technician does not have manuals or modules. The company has to prepare enough
manual/ handout and give it out to technician for the future and the company must put the
- 50 -
copy of the manual in the library, so that technician can use of them whenever necessary
 Technicians do not have much awareness about the device, so the company should prepare
tutorial for technicians.
 The company does not have enough class rooms or offices which is used for interns.
4.2.2 Recommendations for faculty

 Most of the time the company workers asked us what did we wants to learn from the company.
So if it is possible try to guide the company super visor what the student learn or gained from
the company before students join in to the company.
- 51 -
References
[1]. J. L. Massey. "Optimum frame synchronization" IEEE trans. comm., com-20(2):115-119,
April 1972.
[2]. R Scholtz. "Frame synchronization techniques" IEEE Transactions on Communications,

1980.
[3]. http://www.tech4g.com/2011/01/production-control-room/#sthash.nhByIwn5.dpuf
[4]. SRT (Hrsg.) (2000). “Ausbildungshandbuch audiovisual Medienberufe” Band 2 (2nd)
- 52 -

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INTERN SHIP FINAL REPORT 2017 BAHIR DAR, ETHIOPIA

BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY

INTERSHIP PERIOD፦ From February15-June 15/2017

INTERNSHIP FINAL REPORT 2017

Name of the Inter: DANIEL YISMAW ………..…………… 0600494

Mentor: Mr. Fasil & Mr. Solomon

Submission Date፦ September 26/2017

Mentor Fasil ......................................

(Name of the Academic Advisor) Signature Date

Mentor Solomon ……………………..

(Name of the Academic Advisor) Signature Date

Daniel Yismaw ……………………..

(Name of the Student) Signature Date

Daniel Mengiste ……………………..

(Name of the Student) Signature Date

List of Figure ................................................................................................................................................. VI

2.4.1. Radio Broadcasting Section ...................................................................................................... - 27 -

Figure 1.2 work flow in section ………..……………………………………………..………...4

Figure 1.3 radio production process …………...………………………………..……………...5

Figur 1.4 television production process old……………………………………………….....…5

Figure 1.5 television production processes new…………………………………………………6

Figure 2.1 studio camera ………………………..………………………………………..……10

Figure 2.2 lavaliere microphone mounted on a t-shirt.…………………………………..…….12

Figure 2.3 studio light ……………………………………………………………………..…...14

Figure 2.4 triax cable ………………………………………………………………………..…15

Figure 2.5 operational control panels……………………….…………………………….……15

Figure 2.6 video monitor……………………………………………………………………….16

Figure 2.7 vision mixer……………………………………………………………..…………..16

Figure 2.8 character generator ………………………………………………………………....17

Figure 2.9 light console………………………………………………………………….……..18

Figure 2.10 camera control unit……………………………………………………………….21

Figure 2.11 VTR …………………………………………………………………….………...21

Figure 2.12 up and down link chain …………………………………………………………...22

Figure 2.13 parabolic antenna……………………………………………………………….…24

Figure 2.14 location of microphone diaphragm…………………………….……………….…25

Figure 2.15 studio microphones…………………………………………………………….…26

Figure 2.16 patch panel……………………………………………………………………….27

Figure 2.17 axial analog node lines…………………………………………..….…..…………28

Figure 2.18 digital node ……………………………………….……….…….……………….29

Figure 2.19 telos ……………………………………………..…………..……………………29

Figure 2.20 mixing console………………………………………………………………………31

Figure 2.21 central apparatus room for radio broadcasting room………………………………..32

Figure 2.24 antenna………………………………………………………………………………37

AMMA……………………………………………………..………..Amhara mass media agency

ANRS………………………………………………………….….. Amhara national regional state

CCD…………………………….…………………………………….Charge coupled device

CCU……………………………………………………………..……. Camera control unit

DVE…………………………..…………………………………..…... Digital video effects

FET……………………………………………………………………. Field effect transistor

GPI/O…………………………...................................................….. General purpose input out

LAN…………………………………………………………….……. Local area network

SHF………………………………………………………………….. Super high frequency

WAN………………………………………………………………….wide area network

UHF………………………………………………………………….Ultra high frequency

VHF…………………………………………………………………..Very high frequency

Main Service of the company

1.2. Vision, Mission and Objective of the company

 To give sequential description on fundamental directives that the country pursue.

1.3 Over all Organization Structure of the Company