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    ATOMIC STRUCTURE Class 7

    Uploaded by

    Sree Valli Yaddanapudi

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    ATOMIC STRUCTURE Class 7

    Uploaded by

    Sree Valli Yaddanapudi
    4 views12 pages

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    ATOMIC STRUCTURE class 7

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    4 views12 pages

    ATOMIC STRUCTURE Class 7

    Uploaded by

    Sree Valli Yaddanapudi

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    ATOMIC STRUCTURE

    CLASS 7
    Radicals
    • A group of atoms possessing either
    positive or negative charge by losing or
    gaining one or more electrons is called
    radical.
    • It behaves as a single unit with positive
    or negative charge.
    • Basic Radical: Have positive charge and
    called cations. Metallic ions and
    ammonium ion.
    • Acid Radical: Negative charge and called
    Anions.
    • Non-metallic atoms and groups of non
    metallic atoms are acid radicals.
    Valency
    • The number of electrons gained or lost by an atom
    of an element for attaining the stable octet
    configuration is called valency.
    • The combining capacity of an element or of a
    radical.
    • The electrons in an atom are distributed in the
    shells of an atom. The last shell electrons play an
    important role while combining with other atoms.
    • The last shell of an atom is called its valence shell.
    • The electrons in the valence shell are called
    valence electrons.
    • The valence electrons take part in chemical
    reactions.
    • The number of valence electrons determines the
    chemical reactivity of the element.
    Valency of First 20 elements.
    VARIABLE VALENCY.
    • Some metals may lose different number
    of electrons to form ions with different
    charges.
    • This is called variable valency.
    • In some cases, the electrons are also lost
    from the shell inner to the valence shell.
    • Example: iron loses two electrons from
    its valence shell to form Fe+2 and loses
    one more electron from the shell inner to
    the valence shell to form Fe+3.
    • The ‘ous’ suffix is added to the name of
    the ion which exhibits lower valency,
    • whereas the ion with higher valency is
    named by adding ‘ic’ suffix.
    Criss cross method
    • In the criss-cross method,
    the numerical value of the
    ion charge of the two
    atoms are crossed over,
    which becomes the
    subscript of the other ion.
    Using this technique, we
    will write the chemical
    formula of
    Examples
    Give the formula of the following
    • Sodium Oxide
    • Sodium Hydroxide
    • Sodium Chloride
    • Potassium Oxide
    • Potassium Hydroxide
    • Potassium Chloride
    • Sodium Carbonate
    • Potassium Bromide
    • Potassium Sulphate
    • Zinc Sulphate
    Chemical Reaction
    • A chemical reaction is in which the bonds are broken within
    reactant molecules, and new bonds are formed within product
    molecules in order to form a new substance.
    • A Chemical Reaction is a process that occurs when two or more
    molecules interact to form a new product(s).
    • Compounds that interact to produce new compounds are called
    reactants whereas the newly formed compounds are called
    products.
    Chemical Equation
    • Due to the vast amounts of chemical reactions happening around us, a
    nomenclature was developed to simplify how we express a chemical
    reaction in the form of a chemical equation. A chemical equation is
    nothing but a mathematical statement which symbolizes the product
    formation from reactants while stating certain condition for which how
    the reaction has been conducted.
    • The reactants are on the left-hand side whereas the products formed
    are on the right-hand side. The reactants and products are connected
    by a one-headed or two-headed arrows.
    • For example, a reaction
    •A+B→C+D
    • Here, A and B are the reactants, which
    react to form the products C and D.
    • In an actual chemical equation,
    reactants are denoted by
    their chemical formula. In order to
    assure the law of conservation of mass,
    a chemical equation must be balanced
    i.e. the number of atoms on both sides
    must be equal. This is the balancing of
    the equation.
    • Let us consider an actual chemical
    reaction between Methane(CH₄) and
    Oxygen (O2),

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