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Analysis of the power sector in Bangladesh: current trends, challenges, and


future perspectives

Article in Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics · December 2024


DOI: 10.11591/eei.v13i6.7503

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Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Vol. 13, No. 6, December 2024, pp. 3862~3879
ISSN: 2302-9285, DOI: 10.11591/eei.v13i6.7503  3862

Analysis of the power sector in Bangladesh: current trends,


challenges, and future perspectives

Md. Tanjil Sarker1, Fahmid Al Farid2, Mohammed Jaber Alam3, Gobbi Ramasamy1, Hezerul Abdul
Karim2, Sarina Mansor2, Md. Golam Sadeque4
1
PV Energy Storage Lab, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Malaysia
2
Centre for Digital Home, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Malaysia
3
School of Engineering and Technology, CQUniversity, Norman Gardens QLD, Australia
4
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna, Bangladesh

Article Info ABSTRACT


Article history: Bangladesh’s economic development is largely dependent on the power
sector, which promotes sustainability and growth. The country’s future
Received Sep 1, 2023 energy security, however, is seriously threatened by the natural gas reserves
Revised Apr 18, 2024 running out by 2028. As a result, the current energy mix has to be modified
Accepted May 17, 2024 right away to ensure Bangladesh’s sustained economic growth. This research
paper offers a thorough analysis of Bangladesh’s power sector’s current
state. With a focus on important metrics like installed capacity, electricity
Keywords: generation, and distribution infrastructure, the study seeks to provide
insights into the sector’s opportunities, challenges, and strengths. The
Energy sector research highlighting the importance of energy security and forecasting the
Nuclear power projected energy demand in Bangladesh. The study also looks at current
Power consumption projects and advancements that have shaped Bangladesh’s power industry.
Renewable energy This research also provides an ideal energy option that supports
Solar energy Bangladesh's sustainable growth. This analysis offers significant insights
Wind energy into the dynamics of the power industry in Bangladesh, elucidating it is
present trajectory, the challenges it encounters, and the potential avenues for
achieving a more sustainable and resilient energy future.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Gobbi Ramasamy
PV Energy Storage Lab, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University
Cyberjaya-63100, Malaysia
Email: gobbi@mmu.edu.my

1. INTRODUCTION
The annual increase in gross domestic product (GDP) serves as an indicator of a country’s
socio-economic progress. This growth rate is closely linked to the long-term energy security and stability of
the country’s energy market. The energy market encompasses various aspects such as electricity generation,
power plants, transmission and distribution infrastructure, utilities maintenance, and an effective energy
strategy to regulate the market. The fuels used for electricity generation play a crucial role as they determine
the associated costs [1]. Electricity, a secondary form of energy, is produced through the conversion of
different energy sources, including fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and renewable sources (hydro, wind,
tidal, solar, nuclear energy). However, fossil fuel-based generation poses environmental challenges due to
greenhouse gas emissions. In contrast, renewable energy sources offer clean alternatives, but their conversion
to electricity presents it is own set of challenges [2]. Bangladesh, known for it is high population density and
lower-middle-income status, aims to become a high-income nation by 2041. To achieve this, the country
forecasts a net electricity demand of 61 GW by 2041 [3]. Figure 1 shown the generation capacity expansion

Journal homepage: http://beei.org


Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285  3863

plans from 2021 to 2041. Currently, renewable energy sources contribute around 3% to Bangladesh’s total
electricity generation, with solar energy showing significant potential [4]. The country’s economic growth
rate has consistently remained above 6.5% since 2002, and the vision is to sustain this growth momentum [5].

Figure 1. Generation capacity expansion plans (2021-2041)

Currently, Bangladesh has a power generation capacity of approximately 25,700 megawatts (MW).
However, the per capita electricity generation stands at 440 kWh, which is relatively low compared to
developed nations [6]. The country heavily relies on fossil fuels, particularly natural gas, which accounts for
about 65% of the total power generation. The remaining portion comes from coal, imported liquid fuel, and
hydropower. Despite a high electricity connectivity rate of over 97% of the population, the availability of
continuous power supply remains a challenge, resulting in load shedding for consumers. This situation is
attributed to insufficient power plants, limited energy fuel sources, inadequate hybrid power plant operations,
and a lack of effective planning to regulate the local energy market [7]. Moreover, the depletion of fossil fuel
reserves within the next decade necessitates the development of a sustainable energy policy in Bangladesh.
This policy aims to reduce dependency on domestic natural gas and various imported fuels such as coal,
liquefied natural gas (LNG), and imported hydro power.
This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the energy sector in Bangladesh and presents an
optimal energy solution to facilitate the country’s long-term socio-economic development. It also looks at
installed capacity and the main energy sources in the present energy mix of the market for electricity. Along
with an analysis of the developments in the global energy industry, a variety of energy sources, including
fossil fuels (coal, natural gas) and renewable energy sources (hydropower, solar, wind, biomass, and nuclear
energy), are examined [8]. A hybrid energy system (energy mix) is recommended as the most acceptable
energy solution for Bangladesh’s demands based on an analysis of the performance metrics of the available
energy resources [9]. We are confident that our analysis and suggested energy mix scenario will pave the way
for ensuring long-term energy security in Bangladesh.
The remaining portion of the paper is structured as follows, Effects of uninterrupted energy supplies
for the sustainable development is described in section 2. Sections 3 and 4 deliver the estimated energy
demand in Bangladesh and renewable energy resources of Bangladesh, respectively. In sections 5 and 6 are
discribed the nuclear energy in Bangladesh and development challenges in power sector of Bangladesh,
respectively. Future prospects for the power sector in Bangladesh is shown in section 7. Final thoughts and
recommendations for further work are offered in section 8.

2. EFFECTS OF UNINTERRUPTED ENERGY SUPPLIES FOR THE SUSTAINABLE


DEVELOPMENT
Access to uninterrupted energy supplies is fundamental for achieving sustainable development, as
recognized by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7). Reliable energy sources are
crucial for powering economic activities, improving living standards, ensuring equitable access to basic
services, and mitigating environmental impacts. Uninterrupted energy supplies contribute to energy security
and resilience. Diversification of energy sources, along with robust transmission and distribution systems,
reduces vulnerability to supply disruptions. This becomes especially important in the face of natural disasters,
geopolitical uncertainties, and global energy market fluctuations. The concept of “energy security” refers to
the availability of uninterrupted and affordable energy supplies to consumers [9]. It encompasses both

Analysis of the power sector in Bangladesh: Current trends, challenges, and future … (Md. Tanjil Sarker)
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short-term and long-term aspects. Short-term energy security focuses on the ability to quickly respond to
sudden changes in energy supply and demand, ensuring a reliable energy system [1]. Long-term energy
security involves making timely investments to meet the growing energy demand in a sustainable manner,
considering economic and environmental factors. Energy transmission and distribution play a crucial role in
maintaining energy security, requiring significant investments in infrastructure and human resources [10].
Insufficient energy security can negatively impact socio-economic development [11]. While
achieving complete energy self-sufficiency is rare, countries strive for a balance between domestic
production and imports to enhance energy security. However, reliance on imported fuels and geopolitical
uncertainties pose risks to global energy security. Therefore, a combination of domestic and imported energy
sources is essential to ensure robust energy security for sustainable economic growth [12]. Figure 2 illustrates
the key elements of energy security for clarity. Governments and policymakers play a pivotal role in ensuring
uninterrupted energy supplies for sustainable development. Comprehensive energy policies that prioritize
investments in infrastructure, promote renewable energy adoption, and improve energy efficiency can pave
the way for long-term benefits [13]. Cross-sectoral coordination, regulatory frameworks, and partnerships
with the private sector are essential for effective policy implementation.

Figure 2. Energy security at a glance [8]

Continuous energy sources are essential to industrial operations. When they can count on a steady
and uninterrupted power supply, industries of all sizes enjoy higher productivity and operational efficiency.
Adoption of cutting-edge technologies and innovation are fostered by a stable energy infrastructure. This in
turn encourages the emergence of new businesses and services, which boosts economic growth. The growth of
electric transportation networks, which include electric cars and effective public transit systems, is facilitated
by uninterrupted energy. This lessens the impact on the environment and helps us rely less on fossil fuels.
In order to achieve sustainable development, intelligent technologies must be incorporated into
infrastructure [14]. Powering digital communication systems, smart grids, and other technological
advancements that improve the overall efficiency of infrastructure requires uninterrupted energy. For healthcare
facilities to maintain the continuous operation of medical equipment, vaccine and medication refrigeration, and
overall healthcare delivery, reliable energy is crucial [15]. Continued power supply leads to better public health
results. Consistent energy supplies help improve education by supporting e-learning environments, supplying
energy to colleges and universities, and allowing students to regularly access learning materials.
Switching to cleaner energy sources is a necessary step towards sustainable development.
Continuous energy makes it easier to incorporate renewable energy sources, like wind and solar energy,
which lowers greenhouse gas emissions and improves the environment [16]. Uninterrupted energy supplies
have far-reaching effects on sustainable development, spanning economic growth, social well-being,
environmental sustainability, and technological progress. By recognizing the critical role of energy access
and investing in reliable and clean energy sources, countries can propel themselves towards achieving their
sustainable development goals while fostering a more resilient and inclusive society.

3. OVERVIEW OF THE ENERGY DEMAND IN BANGLADESH


Bangladesh, a country in South Asia that is developing quickly, is at a crossroads between social
advancement and economic growth [17]. The indispensible need for energy, a vital facilitator of growth
across sectors, powers this revolutionary journey. Understanding and precisely projecting the country's
energy demand is critical as it moves forward, acting as a compass for stakeholders, industry leaders, and
policymakers as they work towards a resilient and sustainable future.

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Bangladesh’s energy demand has been steadily increasing due to population growth, urbanization,
and industrialization [18]. The growing need to understand the complexities of the country’s energy needs is
highlighted by the increasing demand for electricity to power homes, businesses, and public infrastructure.
The foundation of strategic energy planning is thus a thorough examination of the demand-influencing
variables, current trends, and future projections. The energy demand primarily consists of electricity, natural
gas, petroleum products, and biomass. The power sector is a major driver of energy demand, accounting for a
significant portion of the country’s energy consumption [19]. Electricity demand in Bangladesh has been
growing rapidly, driven by increased urbanization and industrialization. The demand for electricity is
influenced by factors such as economic growth, population expansion, and lifestyle changes. The government
has been making efforts to increase electrification rates, particularly in rural areas. In pursuit of its long-term
goal to become a high-income country by 2041, Bangladesh has formulated the power system master plan
(PSMP-2016) to guide it is power sector development [2]. The Bangladesh power development board
(BPDB) and other relevant agencies regularly publish energy demand forecasts and projections. These
projections take into account factors such as economic growth, population growth, technological
advancements, and policy initiatives. The government has been working to diversify it is energy mix by
increasing the share of renewable energy sources like solar and wind to meet the growing energy demand and
reduce dependency on fossil fuels [20].
The plan takes into account the projected electricity demand and growth rate, which have a direct
correlation with the country’s GDP growth rate. Table 1 presents the projected electricity demand and growth
rate, indicating a robust real GDP growth rate exceeding 8.27% until the 2020s [21]. Beyond that, the GDP
growth rate is expected to stabilize as the economy approaches a certain level of maturity. The key sectors
driving the economy of Bangladesh include the ready-made garments (RMG) industry, agriculture,
manufacturing, and commercial building sectors [22]. The performance of these sectors heavily relies on the
availability of a reliable and uninterrupted supply of electricity. To sustain a high GDP growth rate, it
becomes imperative to ensure a surplus of electricity by increasing the overall production capacity [23]. The
projected electricity demand has been calculated based on the latest data from the BPDB and the power cell,
utilizing (1) as the basis for estimation:

𝑃𝑡 = (1 + 𝑟𝑡)𝑃0 (1)

where Pt represents the value of the installed capacity of the present year, Po represents the value of the
installed capacity of the previous year, t is the time interval between the previous and present year, and r is
the growth rate. An important factor in guiding Bangladesh towards a future of resilience, inclusivity, and
sustainable growth is the country’s estimated energy consumption. Bangladesh can create a path that not only
satisfies it is present energy needs but also guarantees a stable and sustainable energy landscape for future
generations by thoroughly comprehending and addressing these energy dynamics.

Table 1. The projected electricity demand and growth rate


Fiscal year 2016 2021 2026 2031 2036 2041
GDP growth rate (p.a) 6.70% 7.70% 7.72% 6.70% 5.70% 4.75%
Projected demand of electricity (MW) 13100 17200 24347 34005 45314 61330

3.1. Primary energy mix for power generation in Bangladesh


As of June 2022, the combined power generation capacity of the public and private sectors in
Bangladesh reached 25,700 MW [24]. To account for maintenance and forced outages, approximately 20%
of the capacity was allocated, resulting in an available generation capacity of around 22,482 MW without any
fuel constraints. However, the maximum generation achieved by June 30, 2022, was only 14,782 MW, which
fell short of the available capacity. This discrepancy could be attributed to limitations in fuel supply. The
distribution of the total generation capacity shows that the public sector accounts for 45.5% while the private
sector entities contribute 49%, and the remaining 5% is obtained through imports [6]. Bangladesh’s power
sector: At a glance is shown in Table 2.
It is important to note that the energy mix can change due to evolving policies, advancements in
technology, and shifts in global energy trends. The Bangladesh government has been working on various
initiatives to improve energy security, promote energy efficiency, and increase the share of renewable energy
in the power generation mix. In Bangladesh’s past, natural gas has been the primary energy source used to
generate electricity. The majority of the electricity produced in the nation comes from gas-fired power plants,
on which the nation is heavily dependent [25]. Bangladesh has a wealth of natural gas resources, which
makes it an essential part of the country’s energy mix. Bangladesh has been reducing its reliance on a single
energy source by progressively adding coal to its energy mix. The rampal power station and other coal-fired
Analysis of the power sector in Bangladesh: Current trends, challenges, and future … (Md. Tanjil Sarker)
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power facilities seek to improve energy security and diversify the nation’s energy supply. In contrast to
natural gas, coal still makes up a smaller portion of the energy mix. The importance of raising the proportion
of renewable energy in Bangladesh’s electricity generation has grown in recent years [26]. To take advantage
of its plentiful solar resources, Bangladesh has been investing in solar energy projects, such as rooftop solar
installations and solar parks [27]. Despite it is relative lack of prominence compared to other power sources,
efforts have been made to investigate and harness wind energy for the production of electricity. Bangladesh’s
energy mix includes a small number of hydroelectric power plants, but their contribution is less than that of
other energy sources [28]. Figures 3 and 4 are representing the power production capacity (technology wise)
and sector wise power consumption pattern, respectively.

Table 2. Bangladesh’s power sector: at a glance (2022-2023)


Types Amount
Electricity growth 8.27%
Number of power plants 153
Installed capacity (MW) 25,700
Maximum generation (MW) 14,782
Total consumers (in Millions) 43.10
Transmission lines (km) 13,889
Distribution lines (km) 629,000
Grid substation capacity (MVA) 56,882
Per capita generation (including captive) 608.76 kWh
Access to electricity (including off-grid renewable) 100%
Overall system loss (%) 10.41

Figure 3. Power production capacity (technology wise) (2022-23)

Figure 4. Sector wise power consumption pattern (2022-23)

Figure 5 displays the levelized cost of energy (LCoE) for solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. By the
end of 2020, the global weighted average total installed cost of solar PV systems had significantly decreased
from USD 4,602/kWp in 2015 to USD 895/kWp. There was also a discernible decrease in the Bangladeshi
situation. Technological developments that decreased the cost of solar PV components, decreased the cost of
operation and maintenance, and raised higher capacity factors (C.F.) made this advancement possible [29].

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The expansion of solar PV power penetration in Bangladesh has been aided by the more affordable mass
production of PV modules and accessories in China as well as faster imports from that country. The cost of
C.F. was steadily declining due to a number of factors, including increased use of tracking facilities in
large-scale projects, deployment in regions with relatively higher radiation, and a decrease in system losses.
Thus, in 2022, the utility-scale solar PV projects’ global weighted average LCoE is expected to be US
$69/MWh. This amount represents an 85% decrease from 2015.

Figure 5. Previous and predictable future of worldwide LCoE from different sources

3.2. Electricity import scenario of Bangladesh


Bangladesh is part of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), which aims
to enhance regional cooperation in various sectors, including energy. Cross-border electricity trading and
cooperation have been discussed as a means to ensure energy security and optimize energy resources within
the region. Since October 2013, Bangladesh has been importing 500 MW of energy from India, with an
additional 100 MW added in March 2016 and an extra 560 MW in December 2018 [21]. The amount of
power generated in Bangladesh as a whole thanks to these imports is about 10%. The scenario for power
imports in the fiscal year 2022-2023 is shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Electricity import scenario 2022-2023


Import location Power transmission capacity Imported electricity amount (MW)
Bheramara, Kustia (from Baharampur, India) 400 KVA 1000
Cumilla (From Tripura) 160
Total Import from India 1160

About 62% of the power produced at this time was produced domestically utilizing fuels including
natural gas, coal, and hydro. Diesel and furnace oil were among the petroleum fuels imported, which made
up 28.44% of the power generated [21]. Additionally, through international energy commerce, 5% of the
electricity was imported from India. There are plans to dramatically boost the 1,160 MW of power that
Bangladesh now imports from India in the foreseeable future [30]. Various projects and proposals were being
explored to facilitate electricity trade between the two countries. These projects include the Bangladesh-India
Grid Interconnection, which aimed to establish transmission links between the two countries to facilitate
cross-border electricity exchange. Discussions were also underway regarding potential electricity cooperation
between Nepal and Bangladesh. Nepal has significant hydropower potential, and exporting surplus electricity
to neighboring countries like Bangladesh was being explored as a means of mutual benefit [31].

4. RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES OF BANGLADESH


Renewable energy sources have the potential to improve Bangladesh’s energy security and lessen its
reliance on gas. Biomass is used for cooking in regions of the nation where access to the electric grid or
natural gas supplies are few, while solar and wind energy are used to dry different types of cereals and
clothing. Currently, biomass is used extensively in the production of renewable energy, particularly for
heating and cooking. It makes for 27% of Bangladesh’s overall primary energy consumption [32]. The nation
also has excellent solar energy production potential. Due to its reputation for being environmentally friendly,
Analysis of the power sector in Bangladesh: Current trends, challenges, and future … (Md. Tanjil Sarker)
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renewable energy is becoming more and more popular on a global scale as non-renewable fossil fuel stocks
are depleted [33]. Traditional biomass fuels, conventional hydropower, and novel renewable resources
including solar PV, wind, and biogas are the three primary categories of renewable energy sources used in
Bangladesh.

4.1. Traditional biomass fuels in Bangladesh


Traditional biomass fuels in Bangladesh include wood, agricultural residues, animal dung, and crop
waste. These resources are often readily available in rural areas and have been used for generations to meet
basic energy needs. The different woods and trees that may be found in rural locations provide a source of
wood fuel. The country’s biomass fuel is also mostly composed of agricultural waste and animal excrement
[34]. A fraction of the available agricultural wastes and a portion of the overall amount of animal dung
generated are used as fuel during crop harvesting. These materials’ suitability as fuel relies on the
environment and the socioeconomic status of the owners. The chance to enhance the rural energy
consumption pattern is presented by the conversion of biomass into more energy-efficient fuel. Cooking,
lighting (Mantel/Hazak), and using tiny generators to produce energy are all excellent uses for biogas. In
Bangladesh, there are already over 80,000 homes and village-level biogas plants, with Infrastructure
Development Company Limited (IDCOL) installing about 50,000 residential biogas plants [21]. Expanding
basic biogas technology through village-level biogas production, rural electrification, and power generation
using internal combustion engines or micro turbines has tremendous potential. The biomass potential of
Bangladesh is seen in Figure 6.

Figure 6. Biomass potential of Bangladesh

The power generation in Bangladesh heavily relies on non-renewable energy sources, particularly
natural gas, which is causing a rapid depletion of these finite resources. It is therefore essential to reduce the
dependence on non-renewable energy sources and instead harness the available renewable resources to meet
the country’s substantial energy demand. Many people residing in rural, remote, coastal, and isolated areas of
Bangladesh still lack access to electricity. However, renewable energy resources, especially biomass, have
the potential to play a crucial role in electrifying these underserved regions. Humanity has been using
biomass as an energy source for thousands of years. The potential for bio-energy in Bangladesh, as well as its
use and application of renewable energy technologies (RETs), are examined in research by Paul et al. [32].
Improved cooking stoves, biogas facilities, and biomass briquetting are examples of RETs that are often
used. The assessment takes into account the potential of animal dung, agricultural leftovers, and forest
residue. Bangladesh’s predicted total biomass resource for energy in 2021-2022, with an annual energy
potential comparable to 124.70 million tons of coal, was 249.40 million tons. The quantity of recoverable
biomass at that time was 249.40 million tons, or 2670 MW of energy.

4.2. Conventional hydropower in Bangladesh


According to a 1996 assessment, the nation’s total hydropower potential was 1,500 MkWh/year,
with Kaptai (1,000 MkWh/year), Matamuhury (300 MkWh/year), and Sangu (200 MkWh/year) having
particularly high potential. Five units totaling 230 MW were the installed hydroelectric capacity at Kaptai as
of 2018–19, producing 8934 MkWh of electricity. Depending on rainfall, hydroelectric facilities have an
annual ability to produce between 700 MkWh and 1,000 MkWh [21].
In order to investigate the possibility of building two further hydropower units at Kaptai with a
combined generating capacity of 100 MW, units 6 and 7, a feasibility study was carried out in 1998.
Hydropower stations might be built in the Sangu and Matamuhury rivers in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. In
addition, the option of building a second dam for hydroelectric purposes six kilometers downstream of the
current Kaptai dam exists. The Chittagong Hill Tracts community is already aware of the drawbacks of the

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Kaptai hydropower facilities that are now in operation, but appropriate rehabilitation initiatives should be put
in place. Given the lack of energy in the nation, it is crucial to investigate the viability of generating extra
electricity using both conventional and mini/micro hydropower methods in order to partially satisfy future
energy demands [35].
There is also a good chance that Bangladesh’s northeastern area will support the country’s
hydroelectric industry. For this reason, a preliminary assessment was carried out by the Northeast Regional
Water Management Project (FAP-6) under the flood action plan (FAP) to identify possible sites and rivers for
hydro energy production. The primary goal of the project was to identify the most viable locations for
runoff-based, low-head hydropower plants [29]. Based on the average monthly discharges and 5 metres of
head for these ten sites, they calculated an overall potential of 161 MW and 1,410 gigawatt hours of energy
production annually. From this study, nine rivers were also determined to be appropriate. Rivers typically
have high water discharge during the rainy season and nearly dry out during the winter. Thus, during the
winter, there will be a considerable drop in power generation. The annual production of these nine rivers is
predicted to be 307 GWh, with an estimated 35 MW of power output [29]. Table 4 displays the possible
small hydropower sites district wise capacity acknowledged by BPDB and Bangladesh water development
board (BWDB). Figure 7 is shown the electricity generation in percentage from hydropower sources in
Bangladesh from 2010 to 2023.

Table 4. Possible small hydropower sites acknowledged by BPDB and BWDB


SL District Potential of electrical energy (kW)
1 Chittagong 132
2 Sylhet 720
3 Jamalpur 95
4 Dinajpur 171
5 Rangpur 80

Electricity generation from hydropower sources in Bangladesh


Electricity production in %

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024
Years

Figure 7. Electricity generation in percentage from hydropower sources in Bangladesh from 2010 to 2023

4.3. New-renewable energy resource of Bangladesh


By 2015 and 2020, respectively, 5% and 10% of all power were to be produced using renewable
energy sources, according the renewable energy policy 2008 [36]. Under the sustainable and renewable
energy development authority (SREDA) Act of 2012, the SREDA was created to advance renewable and
efficient energy technologies. Currently, institutionalization is taking place inside the authority. As of June
2019, 368 MW of power were produced entirely from renewable energy sources, such as solar PV, biomass,
and biogas. The entire generation of renewable energy, including off-grid, renewable energy, and captive
sources, is 765.62 MW when hydropower generation (230 MW) is included. This represents around 3.035%
of the nation’s total electricity generation capacity of 25,235 MW in the FY 2021-22 [21]. The government
has already started a number of initiatives in the development of renewable energy, with some
projects/programs already finished and others still in progress.

4.3.1. Solar energy in Bangladesh


Solar energy has gained substantial popularity in Bangladesh, especially for off-grid and remote
areas. The government’s “solar home system (SHS)” program has provided millions of households with solar
panels, enabling access to electricity in areas without grid connectivity [37]. Additionally, grid-connected
solar power projects, including solar parks and rooftop solar installations, have been developed to contribute
to the country’s electricity generation [38]. Bangladesh enjoys a privileged geographic location that receives

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adequate sunshine for the most of the year, with the exception of the time when it rains heavily from June to
August, which is located within 20034' to 26038' north latitude. The nation has a lot of solar energy, ranging
from 4 to 7 kWh/m2/day, which is enough to meet the country’s energy needs. The solar power potential in
Bangladesh is represented in Figure 8.

Figure 8. PV solar power potential in Bangladesh

Cities in the northern area that receive a lot of solar radiation all year round are Rajshahi, Rangpur,
and Dinajpur [39]. The region’s flat terrain and comparatively lower humidity levels support ideal solar
conditions. The central region includes the capital city of Bangladesh, Dhaka, and the surrounding areas.
During the dry season in particular, these areas receive comparatively high levels of solar radiation. The
availability of solar energy is facilitated by the level terrain and reduced cloud cover. Significant solar
radiation benefits the southern cities, such as Barisal, Khulna, and Jessore. The climate is influenced by the
Bay of Bengal’s proximity, with high humidity during the rainy season. The eastern states of Sylhet and
Comilla enjoy good solar radiation, particularly in the dry season. The availability of solar energy is
influenced by topography and regional weather patterns. In general, the western region-which includes cities
like Khulna and Jessore-has favourable solar conditions. Solar irradiance patterns are influenced by both
climatic variations and geographic features. Due to terrain and elevation variations, hilly areas, like those in
the Chittagong Hill Tracts (e.g., Bandarban, Rangamati), may display variations in solar irradiance [39].

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During the dry season, clear skies maximise solar exposure, even though the hilly terrain can introduce
shading effects. The proximity of the Bay of Bengal and its associated weather patterns can cause variations
in solar irradiance in coastal areas, like Cox’s Bazar.
Bangladesh has clearer skies and less cloud cover from November to March, which is known as the
dry season. Because of the increased sunshine exposure and longer daylight hours during these months, solar
PV systems typically produce higher output. The dry and wet seasons change between April and October.
Even though solar PV output is still comparatively high, weather patterns can cause some variability [40].
Monsoon rains and increased cloud cover are hallmarks of the wet season, which runs from April to
September. Because of the frequent cloud cover that reduces sunlight exposure, solar PV output may
decrease during these months.
The local meteorological patterns can have an impact on the PV power output distribution. Higher
solar energy production is typically found in areas with more sunshine and fewer cloudy days. The amount of
sunlight that PV panels receive can be influenced by the topography of the area. Solar power generation can
be increased and is more consistent in flat terrain with little shading. A major factor is the distribution of
installed PV capacity, which takes into account both distributed solar installations and utility-scale solar
farms [41]. The total PV power output will be higher in areas where solar installations are more concentrated.
Level 0: Realistic potential that ignores any restrictions on land use level 1: practical potential up to level 0,
excluding land where utility-scale PV plants are physically prevented from operating. Level 2: practical
potential at level 1, excluding land that might be subject to land use restrictions because of environmental
concerns and cropland preservation. The distribution of PV power output in Bangladesh is shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9. Distribution of PV power output in Bangladesh

Rural populations in Bangladesh are using solar PV systems to power homes and small enterprises
in off-grid rural regions, demonstrating a growing acceptance of these technologies [42]-[45]. A significant
milestone in the country’s solar energy development is the establishment of the largest solar power plant in
Sundarganj Upazila of Gaibandha, which has been integrated into the national grid. With a capacity to
generate 200 MW of electricity, this solar power plant contributes to the government's target of achieving
10% of the total electricity generation from renewable energy sources by 2022 [6]. The power project has
been implemented at the cost of around Tk1,800 crore on a land of around 700 acres in the char areas of
Khodda and Lathshala at Tarapur Union. Located near the Teesta River, it has already become a tourist
attraction in the area. The solar power plant at Gaibandha has been fully equipped with 520,000 solar panels.
Table 5 is shown an overview of some notable solar power plants in Bangladesh.
Bangladesh is blessed with an abundance of sunlight all year round due to its tropical location.
Because of it is close proximity to the equator, the country has a high theoretical potential and consistently
high levels of solar irradiance [46]. Bangladesh has between 2,300 and 3,000 hours of sunshine on average
annually, which offers a sizable theoretical potential for the production of solar energy. Large tracts of open
land, including rooftops and vacant areas, exist in Bangladesh and have the potential to support a sizable
number of solar PV installations. Bangladesh’s larger plan to use solar energy and lessen reliance on fossil
fuels includes these solar power plants. The development of solar energy projects across the nation has been
greatly aided by government initiatives, including laws and subsidies. As Bangladesh continues to develop its
solar energy infrastructure, it is imperative to monitor new and ongoing projects. Summery statistics of the
theoretical and practical potential of PV system in Bangladesh is shown is Figure 10.
The rural electrification board (REB), a government organization, has been actively involved in
commercializing solar power solutions for home, commercial, and irrigation applications in order to promote solar

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power electrification in rural regions [47]. The government-owned company IDCOL has distributed SHS in
conjunction with partner NGOs. Despite solar energy’s relatively high production costs, attempts are being
undertaken to increase its commercial viability. Solar energy is becoming more and more popular in Bangladesh,
especially in the country’s outlying areas, and the government has put in place a number of programs to subsidize
its use. Additionally, the government intends to install solar panels with a 5 to 10 MW capacity [21].

Table 5. Overview of some notable solar power plants in Bangladesh


SL Name Location Capacity (MW) Description
1 Teesta solar Sundarganj, 200 Teesta Solar Limited, a sister concern of BEXIMCO Group. This is
power plant Gaibandha the largest capacity solar power plant in Bangladesh.
1 Shapla solar Khulna 20 Shapla Solar Power Plant, which has been in operation since 2016,
power plant is one of Bangladesh’s first solar projects and contributes to the
country’s grid.
2 Bangladesh-South Tentulia, 28 This solar power plant was the result of cooperation between South
Korea Friendship Panchagarh Korea and Bangladesh and was put into service in 2018.
solar power plant
3 Sirajganj 150 MW Sirajganj 150 The Sirajganj Solar Power Park, one of Bangladesh's biggest solar
solar power park power initiatives, was put into service to increase the nation's
capacity for renewable energy.
4 Mymensingh Mymensingh 10 This solar power plant has been in operation since 2018 and helps
solar power plant meet the region's increasing energy demand while also contributing
to the national grid.
5 Teknaf solar Teknaf, 50 The goal of this solar power plant in Bangladesh's southeast is to
power plant Cox's Bazar take advantage of the area's abundant solar energy.
6 Jamalpur solar Jamalpur 20 The Jamalpur solar power plant, which has been in operation since
power plant 2019, is a component of Bangladesh's initiatives to diversify its
energy mix and lessen its dependency on conventional sources.
7 Sutiakhali solar Sutiakhali, 50 The Sutiakhali solar power plant, another solar project in Cox's
power plant Cox's Bazar Bazar, supports the nation's effort to boost its capacity for
renewable energy.

Figure 10. Summery statistics of the theoretical and practical potential of PV system in Bangladesh

- SHS in Bangladesh
SHS are dependable power sources that deliver electricity for lighting and running tiny electric fans,
radios, and televisions. They can also charge mobile phone batteries and power direct current (DC)-driven
devices like drills and soldering irons. Larger SHS systems are capable of powering several equipment,
including computers, freezers, and pumps [48]. SHS are being distributed to those who live off the grid by
IDCOL and BREB. While BREB has dispersed around 30,000 SHS units across the country, IDCOL has
already distributed over 6 million SHS units (with an installed capacity of 250 MW) through a number of
partner organizations. Bangladesh’s SHS program has received international recognition for its innovative
approach to rural electrification. It has been showcased as a model for other countries looking to provide
clean and affordable energy solutions to underserved populations.
- Solar ırrigation system in Bangladesh
Bangladesh is an agriculture-based country, and irrigation is crucial for crop production. Solar
irrigation systems can provide reliable water supply for fields, even in remote areas with limited access to

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electricity. Solar irrigation systems reduce dependence on grid electricity or diesel generators, which can be
expensive and unreliable. An innovative technique that addresses the energy issues encountered by
economies with an agricultural foundation is solar-powered irrigation. It provides an inventive and green
solution for irrigation systems, which at the moment rely on incredibly inefficient electric and diesel pumps
[47]. Solar water pumps can eventually replace electric and diesel pumps in irrigation systems, saving huge
amounts of power and money [49], [50]. A total of 2,125 solar irrigation pumps with a 44 MW capacity have
been installed as of June 2021. The IDCOL, a government-owned financial institution, has been
implementing solar irrigation projects across Bangladesh. This initiative aims to promote sustainable energy
use in agriculture.

4.3.2. Bio fuel in Bangladesh


The SREDA has been working to promote and facilitate the development of renewable energy
projects, including biofuel initiatives. Biofuels can be derived from various plant sources such as rapeseed,
mustard, corn, sunflower, canola, algae, soybean, pulses, sugarcane, wheat, maize, and palm. Among these
options, non-edible oilseed bearing trees are the most popular choice for biofuel production. Two highly
suitable tree species for this purpose are Jatropha curcas (locally known as Jamal gota) and Ricinus
communis (known as Verenda). These trees can thrive in diverse soil and climatic conditions across
Bangladesh. The use of biofuels is not a new concept in the country [51], [52]. In the early 20th century,
biofuels were commonly used for lighting lamps or lanterns. Given that Bangladesh is primarily an
agriculture-based nation, biofuels can serve as a promising alternative. It is possible to blend biofuels with
diesel or petrol at a ratio of 30%, making it an excellent fuel for lighting lamps in rural areas [21]. In addition
to liquid biofuels like biodiesel, Bangladesh has been actively promoting biogas production from organic
waste and animal manure. Biogas can be used for cooking, heating, and electricity generation. The utilization
of biofuels is on the rise in many European countries. Germany, for instance, has numerous fuel stations that
offer biofuels at a lower cost compared to petrol or diesel. The German government has set a target that by
2020, 5%of every liter of fuel must consist of biofuel.

4.3.3. Wind energy in Bangladesh


Bangladesh has some potential for onshore wind energy generation, primarily in coastal areas and
certain hilly regions. Bangladesh is actively investigating the viability of harnessing wind power as an
alternative energy source. Currently, there are operational windmills with a capacity of 2.9 MW in the coastal
regions of the country. However, to become more competitive with traditional commercial energy sources,
Bangladesh has been waiting for advancements in wind power technology [53]. As part of it is efforts, the
government has devised a pilot project to install windmills along the seashore, with a planned capacity of 20
MW. This initiative aims to further explore the potential of wind power in Bangladesh.
One excellent source of free renewable energy is wind. Bangladesh has just begun studying wind
energy. The study’s conclusions indicate that Bangladesh’s coastal areas have a great deal of potential for
capturing wind energy. The centre for wind energy technology (CWET) in India claims that the wind speed
in Bangladesh, with the exception of the coastal region, is insufficient (4 m/s) for the production of electricity
throughout the nation [54]. Another important component of wind flow is altitude. At different heights,
different wind speeds are noticed. Table 6 shows the wind speed at six different places in Bnagladesh. This
table shows that Chittagong, Kuakata, Charfassion, and Cox’s Bazar, which are coastal areas, have excellent
annual wind speeds that are ideal for producing electricity.

Table 6. The wind speed at six different places in Bangladesh


Location Height (ft) Avg. speed (m/s)
Sitakundu 65.62 3.02
Sitakundu 98.43 3.56
Kuakata 65.62 3.14
Kuakata 98.43 4.15
Kutubdia 65.62 3.65
Charfassion 82.02 4.44
Chittagong 82.02 4.37
Cox’s Bazar 82.02 3.8

The 22 turbines in Cox’s Bazar wind power project generate 60 MW, which is fed into the national
grid. China’s State Power Investment Corp. (SPIC) subsidiary Wuling Power Corporation is investing in and
Power China Chengdu Engineering Corporation is building the wind power project. Bangladesh has the
potential to develop a massive renewable energy generation capacity in the future. because one of the main

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goals in creating a developed nation is electricity. The findings of the pilot project indicate that there is a
potential to generate an additional 200 MW of power through wind energy.
As fossil fuel prices and CO2 emissions continue to rise, along with technological advancements and
the scaling up of renewable energy systems, it is expected that renewable-based systems will become more
cost-competitive in the future (IEA 2011). The EU has been focusing on promoting renewable energy and
energy efficiency through this package, which includes regulations and directives aimed at advancing
microgrids and distributed energy resources [55]. This directive sets binding targets for renewable energy use
and encourages member states to facilitate the integration of renewables through mechanisms like
microgrids. The government of Bangladesh has expressed interest in diversifying its energy mix and reducing
dependence on fossil fuels. The renewable energy policy, formulated in 2008, includes wind energy as one of
the priority areas for development. One of the main challenges for wind energy in Bangladesh is the
relatively low and inconsistent wind speeds in many parts of the country [56]. Wind energy projects require
consistent and sufficient wind speeds to be economically viable.

5. NUCLEAR ENERGY IN BANGLADESH


Nuclear power is known for its substantial initial investments, technical intricacies, and inherent
risks related to technology, market dynamics, and regulations. However, it boasts low operational costs and
has the capacity to generate significant amounts of baseload electricity while emitting minimal CO 2 [57].
Nuclear power is considered a low-carbon energy source, which can help Bangladesh in its efforts to mitigate
climate change. Typical construction durations range from five to eight years, starting from the first concrete
pouring. The Government of Bangladesh entered into a comprehensive agreement with Russia on December
25, 2015, to construct and establish the nation’s first nuclear power plant in Rooppur, Pabna. The Rooppur
Nuclear Power Plant is expected to contribute significantly to Bangladesh’s energy diversification efforts,
reducing dependence on fossil fuels and enhancing energy security. The Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant
features two VVER-1200 pressurized water reactors, each with a capacity of about 1,200 MW, is estimated
to cost $12.65 billion [21]. Rosatom is responsible for supplying all the fuel required for the Rooppur nuclear
power plant, and as per the standard practice followed by Russia in such cases, all used fuel will be returned
to Russia. In March 2017, a preliminary agreement was signed regarding the used fuel, specifying an annual
quantity of approximately 22.5 tons from each reactor (consisting of 42 fuel assemblies, with each assembly
containing 534 kg of fuel). Subsequently, in August 2017, an additional agreement was signed for the
repatriation and reprocessing of the used fuel.
To address the future electricity demands of the country, the Bangladesh Atomic Energy
Commission (BAEC) has initiated a survey in eight char areas of the southern region. The purpose of this
survey is to identify one or two suitable sites for the construction of Bangladesh’s second nuclear power
plant. The survey will encompass various aspects such as demographic analysis within a 5-km radius,
assessment of seismic stability, geological considerations, and evaluation of power infrastructure and
communication systems.

6. DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES IN POWER SECTOR OF BANGLADESH


Bangladesh has been struggling to bridge the gap between electricity demand and supply [20]. The
demand for electricity was consistently increasing due to population growth, urbanization, and
industrialization, putting pressure on the power generation capacity. Inefficient distribution systems,
technical losses, and electricity theft were prevalent issues in the power sector. Resistance and inefficiencies
in the equipment and power lines during the transmission and distribution process result in technical losses.
Technical losses are a result of ageing infrastructure and low grid modernization investments. A sizable
portion of T&D losses in Bangladesh are commercial losses, which are frequently linked to theft, inefficient
billing, and non-payment. Reducing commercial losses requires concerted efforts to enhance billing and
collection procedures and fight electricity theft [20]. Reducing losses can be aided by the use of smart grid
technologies, which allow for real-time monitoring and management of the electrical distribution system.
Smart grids lower technical losses and enable better energy flow management. These factors contributed to
transmission and distribution losses, which further strained the sector’s financial sustainability. Bangladesh
heavily relied on natural gas for power generation, and there were concerns about the availability and
sustainability of this fuel source. Frequent gas shortages led to reduced power generation capacity, causing
electricity shortages. State-owned utilities, such as BPDB and REB, faced financial challenges due to a
combination of factors including inadequate tariff structures, inefficient operations, and a high level of non-
performing loans. Insufficient investments in the power sector hindered the development of new generation
capacity and the modernization of infrastructure. This lack of funding affected the sector’s ability to keep up

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with growing demand. Bangladesh’s heavy reliance on fossil fuels for power generation raised environmental
concerns, contributing to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions [58]. There was a growing need to
transition towards cleaner and more sustainable energy sources [59]. Inconsistent policies and regulatory
frameworks posed challenges for investors and stakeholders in the power sector. Clear and stable policies are
essential to attract investments and foster sector growth. While Bangladesh was making efforts to diversify
its energy mix by incorporating renewable energy sources like solar and wind, integrating these sources
effectively into the grid and addressing technical challenges remained a hurdle. The power sector required
skilled manpower to manage operations, maintenance, and technological advancements [59]. Ensuring a
well-trained workforce was vital for the sector's growth and sustainability. Political instability and social
unrest could impact the implementation of long-term plans and policies in the power sector. Consensus-
building and stakeholder engagement were essential to overcome these challenges.

7. FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR THE POWER SECTOR IN BANGLADESH


Bangladesh is probably going to keep concentrating on increasing the amount of renewable energy
available, especially solar and wind power. Wind farms and large-scale solar projects are anticipated to make
major contributions to the nation's energy mix [54]. It is probable that the government will impose additional
regulations on energy efficiency in a number of industries. In order to lower overall energy consumption, this may
entail implementing energy-efficient building codes, practices, and technologies. Bangladesh’s reliance on natural
gas for electricity production suggests that efforts to effectively explore and utilise the country's natural gas
resources may continue. This entails using ethical extraction methods and making technological investments to
increase recovery rates. Bangladesh might investigate additional prospects for transnational power trading in order
to augment energy security, foster interregional collaboration, and tackle fluctuations in supply and demand.
Because they offer better grid management, lower transmission losses, and increased reliability,
smart grid technologies are expected to become more widely used. Demand-side management and improved
integration of renewable energy sources are made possible by smart grids. Continuous investments in power
infrastructure are necessary to meet the rising demand for electricity. These investments include building new
power plants, transmission lines, and distribution networks. Bangladesh might keep pushing for private
industry involvement in the electricity industry. In order to finance and carry out new projects, foreign
investments and public-private partnerships (PPPs) may be important factors. It is likely that efforts to
increase rural and remote areas’ access to electricity will continue. To combat energy poverty, this might
entail putting off-grid and micro-grid solutions into place, such as systems based on renewable energy. In
order to address the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources and increase overall system efficiency,
research and development on energy storage technologies, grid management systems, and other innovations
should continue. Bangladesh might strengthen its commitment to cutting carbon emissions from the power
sector in line with international initiatives. To lessen the effects of climate change, this may entail
implementing greener technologies and practices.
With the world’s energy ecosystem being so dynamic and interconnected, adopting cutting-edge
technologies has come to be associated with advancement. Energy storage technologies, which include
everything from state-of-the-art battery systems to creative thermal storage solutions, have the potential to
completely transform how we store and use energy. Concurrently, the adoption of smart grid systems, which
are distinguished by advanced communication networks and real-time data analytics, signifies a fundamental
change in the way power grid management and optimisation are conducted. For Bangladesh, a country
grappling with the intricacies of swift economic expansion and increasing energy requirements,
implementing these cutting-edge technologies is not just a matter of preference but also a tactical imperative.
Energy storage solutions present the prospect of reducing the intermittent nature of renewable energy
sources, offering grid stability, and guaranteeing a steady supply of electricity as the nation works to ensure a
resilient and sustainable energy future [60]. In a similar vein, integrating smart grid systems could improve
grid management, lower transmission losses, and give customers more control over how much energy they
use. Conceiving of a fully integrated smart grid network that combines real-time data analytics,
communication technologies, and cutting-edge sensors. Predictive maintenance, adaptive management, and
efficient resource use would all be possible with this intelligent grid system. Establishing research and
development hubs to create a thriving innovation ecosystem and to encourage cooperation between
government, business, and academia. putting money into cutting-edge technologies like artificial intelligence
and quantum computing to keep pushing the envelope of what's feasible in the power industry.

8. CONCLUSION
Electricity is in high demand globally and is essential for a country’s technical, economic, and social
advancement. The analysis of the power industry in Bangladesh highlights the substantial significance of
Analysis of the power sector in Bangladesh: Current trends, challenges, and future … (Md. Tanjil Sarker)
3876  ISSN: 2302-9285

tackling existing obstacles while embracing forthcoming prospects in order to guarantee a sustainable and
resilient energy future for the country. In recent years, Bangladesh’s power sector has achieved great
progress despite encountering obstacles such as insufficient infrastructure, transmission losses, and budgetary
limitations. This progress is evident via the growth in capacity and the diversity of energy sources.
Nevertheless, in order to maintain this progress and satisfy the increasing requirement for power, together
endeavours are required to surmount the mentioned obstacles. This calls for a comprehensive strategy that
encompasses various aspects, such as allocating resources towards the development of infrastructure,
strengthening regulatory frameworks, advocating for the utilisation of renewable energy sources, and
implementing energy efficiency measures. Furthermore, it is crucial to promote cooperation among the
government, corporate sector, and foreign partners in order to secure resources and expertise for the sector's
goals.
Looking forward, the power sector in Bangladesh holds significant potential for growth, namely in
harnessing renewable energy sources like solar and wind power, while also investigating novel technologies
and business models. Seizing these prospects will not only bolster energy security and environmental
sustainability, but also foster economic expansion and improve the overall welfare of the population. The
opportunity for Bangladesh to convert its power industry into a powerful, inclusive, and sustainable engine of
growth and development lies in its ability to address present difficulties and embrace future prospects.
Through collaborative endeavours and calculated financial commitments, the country may establish a path
towards a more promising energy future, guaranteeing dependable and cost-effective electricity availability
for its entire population, while also making a valuable contribution to worldwide initiatives aimed at reducing
the impact of climate change.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author expresses gratitude for the financial support provided by the Multimedia University,
Malaysia through the post-doctoral research fellowship programme, with the grant number MMUI/230014.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Md. Tanjil Sarker obtained his Ph.D. degree in Engineering in the Faculty of
Engineering, Multimedia University (MMU), Malaysia in 2022. He has been a Research
Scholar in the same institution for four years. He has completed his M.Sc. degree in Computer
Science and Engineering (CSE) from Jagannath University (JnU), Dhaka, Bangladesh in
2017. He received the B.Sc. degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE) and MBA
degree in Human Resource Management (HRM) from Bangladesh University (BU), Dhaka,
Bangladesh in 2013 and 2015, respectively. Now he is working as post-doctoral research
fellow in the Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Malaysia. He was a graduate
student member in the IEEE Student Branch of the Malaysia Section. He has conducted many
research works in relevant fields. His research interest is in system identification, signal
processing and control, power system analysis and high voltage engineering, renewable
energy and solar system. He can be contacted at email: tanjilbu@gmail.com.

Fahmid Al Farid received his Ph.D. by research in Information Technology


from Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Malaysia in 2023. He received the B.S. degree in
computer science and engineering from University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, in 2010, and
the M.S. degree from the faculty of computer science and electrical engineering, University of
Ulsan (UOU), South Korea, in 2015. From 2013 to 2014, he was a Research Assistant in
Embedded System laboratory, University for Ulsan, South Korea. In 2015, he was a Research
Assistant in Ubiquitous Computing Technology Research Institute (UTRI), Sungkyunkwan
University, South Korea. He received Korean BK21 PLUS Scholarship, Supported by Korean
Government in MS (2012-2014). Now he is working as post-doctoral research fellow in the
Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Malaysia. He can be contacted at email:
fahmid.farid@gmail.com.

Mohammed Jaber Alam has been pursuing his Ph.D. degree from
CQuniversity, Australia. He is a research fellow at the School of Engineering and
Technology, CQUniversity. He has completed his Master of Engineering Science by research
from Multimedia University, Malaysia in 2019. He has been a Research Scholar in the same
institution for couple of years. Previously in 2016, he has completed his Bachelor of
Engineering Science degree with distinction achieving the best CGPA among the departments
from IIUC, Bangladesh. He has authored and co-authored several publications in the field of
engineering. His research interests include wireless communication, antenna systems,
electrical systems, and semiconductor electronics fields. He can be contacted at email:
alam.jaber42@gmail.com.

Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 13, No. 6, December 2024: 3862-3879
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285  3879

Gobbi Ramasamy received the Bachelor degree in electrical engineering from


University of Technology, Malaysia, and the Master degree in technology management from
the National University of Malaysia, and the Ph.D. degree in the area of torque control of
switched reluctance motors from Multimedia University, Malaysia. He has been associated
with technical education for more than ten years. He has supervised many research projects on
power electronics, variable-speed drives, automation, and domestic electrical installations. He
is a project leader and member of various government research projects related to electric
motors and drives system. He is a consultant providing solutions for many problems
associated to electric motors and drives system for various industries. He is an associate
professor in Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Malaysia. He can be contacted at
email: gobbi@mmu.edu.my.

Hezerul Abdul Karim obtained his B.Eng. degree in Electronics with


Communications from University of Wales Swansea, UK, in 1998 and M. Eng Science degree
from Multimedia University, Malaysia in 2003. He obtained his Ph.D. degree from Center for
Communication Systems Research (CCSR), University of Surrey, UK in 2008. He is an
Associate Professor at Multimedia University since November 2015. He is also Deputy Dean
of Student Affair and Alumni at Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University. He has been
teaching multimedia and computing engineering subjects. His research interests include
telemetry, 2D/3D image/video coding and transmission, error resilience and multiple
description video coding, and deep learning in image and video. He is Senior Member of
IEEE and currently the Vice Chair of IEEE Signal Processing Society, Malaysia Section. He
can be contacted at email: hezerul@mmu.edu.my.

Sarina Mansor is a Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Engineering at Multimedia


University (MMU) Malaysia. She is currently the Program Coordinator of B.Eng. (Hons)
Electronics Majoring in Computer. She received her B.Eng. (Hons) Electronic and Electrical
from University of College London in 1998 and M.Eng.Sc. degree from Multimedia
University in 2002. She completed her DPhil in Engineering Science from University of
Oxford (UK) in 2009. Her research interests are signal and image analysis, medical imaging,
computer vision, machine learning, and internet of things. She can be contacted at email:
sarina.mansor@mmu.edu.my.

Md. Golam Sadeque has received B.Sc. Eng. degree in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering (EEE) from Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology
(RUET) in 2011. He is pursuing a Master of Engineering Science (M.Eng.Sc.) degree under
the faculty of engineering at Multimedia University. He is also working as an assistant
professor since 23 June 2015 in the department of EEE at Pabna University of Science and
Technology (PUST), Pabna-6600, Bangladesh. His research interests include the design of
radio frequency power amplifier (RFPA) and biomedical engineering. He can be contacted at
email: msadeque.eee@pust.ac.bd.

Analysis of the power sector in Bangladesh: Current trends, challenges, and future … (Md. Tanjil Sarker)

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