Project Physics

TRANSFORMERS
PHYSICS PROJECT
[Date]
NAME AKRITI - PANDEY

CLASS-12
Certificate
This is to certify that AKRITI PANSEY
student of Class XII, INTELLIGENT PUBLIC

SCHOOL,has completed the project titled
‘‘Transformers’’ during the academic year 2024-
2025 towards partial fulfilment physics project
and submitted satisfactory report, as compiled in
the following pages, under my supervision.
_
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special
thanks of gratitude to my teacher
Mr DINDAYAL BAGHEL
who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic
Transformers, which also
helped me in doing a lot of
Research and I came to know
about so many new things I am
really thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to
thank my parents and friends
who helped me a lot in finalizing
this project within the limited
time frame
The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or a
high alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage.
It is a static electrical device that transfers energy by
inductive coupling between its winding circuits.
Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized
coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone
to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used in power
plant substations or to interconnect portions of the
power grid. All operate on the same basic principles,
although the range of designs is wide. While new
technologies have eliminated the need for transformers
in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found
in many electronic devices. Transformers are essential
for high-voltage electric power transmission, which
makes longdistance transmission economically
practical. A transformer is most widely used device in
both low and high current circuit. In a transformer, the
electrical energy transfer from one circuit to another
circuit takes place without the use of moving parts. A
transformer which increases the voltages is called a
step-up transformer.
A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is
called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece
of apparatus both for high and low current circuits.
Close-up of single-phase pole mount transformer.
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core
made of laminated sheets, well insulated from one
another. Two coils p1 & p2 and s1 & s2 are wound on the
same core, but are well insulated with each other. Note
that the both the coils are insulated from the core, the
source of alternating e.m.f is connected to p 1p2, the
primary coil and a load resistance R is connected to s 1
s2, the secondary coil through an open switch S. thus
there can be no current through the sec. coil so long as
the switch is open. For an
The ideal transformer as a circuit element
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil
p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The
altering current in the primary produces a changing
magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the
primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with
primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the
induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is
equal to that induced in each turn of the primary.
Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the

e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the secondary and
Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary
coils of the transformer and, Dфь / dt = rate of change
of flux in each
turn of the coil at this instant, we have
Ep = -Np Dфь/dt (1)
Es = -Ns Dфь/dt (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so
by dividing 2 by 1, we get
E s / Ep = - Ns / Np (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced

in the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in
primary coil is due to the difference (E – E p ) in the
instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f.
further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by
I =E – E p / Rp
E – E p = I p Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, R p Ip can be

neglected so therefore
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as Es / Ep = Es / E =

output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.
In a step up transformer
Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np
In a step down transformer
Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np
If Ip=value of primary current at the same instant t
And Is =value of sec. current at this instant, then Input

power at the instant t = Ep Ip and Output power at the
same instant = E s Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then
Input power = output power or
E p Ip = E s Is Or
E s / Ep = I p / Is = K
In a step up transformer
As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
I.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage is

higher. Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in
current in the same ratio. Similarly it can be shown,
that in a step down transformer, whatever we lose in
voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the

current & a step down transformer steps up the current.
BASIC IDEA OF STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

BASIC IDEA OF STEP UP TRANSFORMER
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of

output power to the input power i.e.
η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power

losses, η = 1. But in actual practice, there are many
power losses; therefore the efficiency of transformer is
less than one.
In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always
less than the input energy, because energy losses occur
due to a number of reasons as explained below.
1. Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the
coils is seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux
produced by the primary coil is not linked up with the
secondary coil.
2. Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite of
lamination, Eddy currents are produced. The magnitude
of eddy current may, however be small. And a part of
energy is lost as the heat produced in the iron core.
3. Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the
transformer possess resistance. So a part of the energy
is lost due to the heat produced in the resistance of the
coil.
4. Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil
tapes the iron core through complete cycle of
magnetization. So Energy is lost due to hysteresis.
5. Magneto restriction: The alternating current in
the Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and
sound may be produced. It is called humming. Thus, a
part of energy may be lost due to humming.
1.Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper
and wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on
thick paper (say 60). This constitutes primary coil of
the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and
wound relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of
thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary
coil. It is a step down transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input

voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter
respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current
through s1and s2.
5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again
measure voltage and current through primary and
secondary coil of step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by
changing number of turns in primary and secondary
coil.
A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations

• In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer,
air conditioner etc.
• In the induction furnaces.
• A step down transformer is used for welding
purposes.
• A step down transformer is used for obtaining large
current.
• A step up transformer is used for the production of
XRays and NEON advertisement.
• Transformers are used in voltage regulators and
stabilized power supplies.
• Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c.
over long distances.
• Small transformers are used in Radio sets,
telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etc.
1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the

secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with
respect to the input voltage
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with
respect to the input voltage
3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil
of a transformer.
1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.

2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C
should remain constant.
THANKYO
U
pg. 23

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TRANSFORMERS

NAME AKRITI - PANDEY

student of Class XII, INTELLIGENT PUBLIC

Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the

Es = -Ns Dфь/dt (2)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced

When the resistance of the primary is small, R p Ip can be

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as Es / Ep = Es / E =

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

In a step down transformer

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If Ip=value of primary current at the same instant t

And Is =value of sec. current at this instant, then Input

I.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage is

Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the

BASIC IDEA OF STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of

η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power

3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input

A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations

1. The output voltage of the transformer across the

1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.

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