Matrices and Determinants Project

Due: Wednesday, Oet. 2

Worth 40 points

1 Matrices and Linear Systems

An mxn matru is a rectangular arTAy of nunber which has m roas and n columns We ustLally
put brackets of parenthess around them. Here is n 2 x 3 mnatrix.

We locate entries in a matrix by specifying its row and column eutry. The 1-2 entry (irt ruw.
NecOnd colunn) of the above matrix is 4 In geeral we index the entris of an arbitrary n xk matrix
like this:

Then the ijentry of A is denoted by a,,, and we can denote the entire matrix by A (a, ). Note

that a vector &E R" can be interpreted as the n x I matrix

Definition: Two matrics are said to be equal if their corrsponding entries are equal.
There are two basic binary operations which we will define on matrices - matrix addition and
mat pication.
tion two matrices A = (4,) and B = (b,.). The sum ofA and B, is deiped to be the
following
a a2 [b b
A+B

b a + b a + ba2
Problem 1 What can you say about the sizes of the matrices A and B as cotupared to the size of
the matrix A + B? Are there aay restrictions?
Problem 2 Prove that matrix addit ion is both commutativw and aNOCiat ive.

Thàn peujet in adapted from material goetoualy supplied by Prof Elizabeth Thoren at C Sasta Bartara
 We ow turn our attetion to matrix ultipbcatioa. Tbe taotivation for or detinition cAne
fron our dsie to represeut a system of innar equatios asa matrix nltiplãcation. Coasider the
follkowing systen of inrar equatktas

Frun this yteta we can form the matrix equatin Ax -ba flks Note that the muhiplicatko
of a matrix and a vetor returas asotbet veetor

We wish to detie matrix multiplcation such that the abne equatik is valid (Le that the original
Nyatem of equatios can be rrouTed froan this matrix equatia). As Ather example, the sytem

6 2

cAn be exprwd a the natrix maltiplicatios

2 46
The idea is that a ru od the fist matrix, times acolunn of the seud tmatrix gives tbe eorrespoding
ruw-colmn eutry of the produt matrix. Notike that the aklitks becone implicit une
Nystem in terns of a matrix
writea
Here are soe ote exanples

-B -#
Definition: Let A be an mxn matrix and Ble an nxp nat rix Theu the product of A and B
detxoted AB is the mxp matrix wh j etry, doted (AB),. is the sun of the products of
corrpoling eutrisfrutn row of Aand colunn j of B Th, w have that
(AB), , b , + agbz,

Optional (but recommended) Problem Re-rite the drfinitioa of matrix unultiplieatika as a

stateneut ivolving statiko syabob
Example: Matrix maltiplicatkon for 2x2 matrios Lt

Thet

AD=b +ab, asb, +ab

ad notice that the columns of AB ae AAd A 2
b
ln fact. given a matrix A aDd a matrix B boe cuuas are b,.b b if the product AB
detied then it's columns ate Ab, Ab 4b

2
 Problem 3: Let A 5?And&= .Compute A&

Problem 4What cau yuu say about the sizes of the natrics Aand Bas coupared to the product
AB? Are there any estrietions?
Problem 5 Compte the following matrix produets:

Problem 6 (a) Find all the solutjous to

[1 2 0
o o

(b) Find all the solutios to

2 0 41

The tnatrix (a) and (b) i saii to he ow rduced (sonetimes caled rducrd row-echelon form,
or RREF). This coucpt will be revisited in Theoren 49 of our textbook. Note that becatise of its
forun, it is pretty easy to record the solutios to the systems of equations in (a) and (b).
Problem 7 Show, by a counterexanple, that matrix multiplication in t cmmutative.

2 The inverse of a matrix

We kave succoeded in transforning the problen "olve asystemn of liear equatioas" into the problem
"solve the atrix equation Aa = 6 lor the tor Treating this matrix equatiotn algeraically,
Nolving for &ses siIple. We just eed to "divide" each side by the natrix A. But what does it
nean to divide ty a uatrix? The purpose of this section is to clarify this.
Definition Thenxn identuty matru, deoted I, is the nxn matrix such that

So L. has l's on the uain diagonal, and 0's everywhere else. As a exampke

Defuition: Lt Abe an nxn unatrix. We Nay that Ais neertible if there is a matrix, deoted
A-, uch that AA-= I, =A-A We Me that with tespeet to matrix multiplication /, behavvs
ALalogotaly to how the real unber behaves with espect to ultiplication of real mumbers Sim
ilarly, the inverse of a matrix behaves uch like the reciprocal of a real number. And just as in the
case of real nunbers, the inwrse of a matrix is unique. In othet worcds, if a matrix has an inerse.
then it has cractly one iuverse.
3 Determinants
Every square matrix, A, has merkal value ciated with it called its detrrninant, depotrd
det(A). We will denote the determinaut ofa matrix bx putting abeohute alue Eas
bas araud the
matrix ln ths section, we will defiue the deteruiast and explote oe od its u
Definition: The deterinat of a 2 x 2 matrix is the produt of the diagonal ckertuts mius thr
product of the off-diagoal eleeuts

Problem 8 Let d =

(a) To show that (u. V) spans R yuu Ist sh that auy vetur á: Ca be rrpruted a
a linear coutinatin of G and V. Write the syxtem of linrar equatiots that you aeed to wolve,
then write this system as a matrix equation
(b) Solvr the system Does (ü V) pan R?
(c) Coupute de(A) fru yuur matrix equatio

Problem 9 Same probiem an Probkn 8, baut with ú

-
Problem 10 No kt ú- tad Sularly to the last to probl,to shom that
(å. V) spats R², yoti tast olve the follwing system for t and y

Ue this idea to pruve t h a t 0 i f and only if (ú v)spans R

We sally expre the 3 x3 determinant in term of the cofactor naiot The iea in to
conpute the determinant by conpauting the determinants of stuallet 2 x 2 subenatric Notice that

Problemn 11 Veif that cuuputing thr deteruinatt of a 3 x3 matrix using cotactor exparsion
matches the definitio of its detetmitaut lod i our textbook

Definition Let A = (6,,) be an n Kn matri. We can define A() to be the (n - 1) x (n- 1)

matrix obtained froEa Aby dekting the th roe and jth coluna A() is called the sjth marimal
submatru of A

The cotactot expansiots for the determinaut ge A) tes t ete of the

maxmal shthats
expansáctas give they samet t
s e aule the detetEiAut can
 We ow turn our attetion to matrix ultipbcatioa. Tbe taotivation for or detinition cAne
fron our dsie to represeut a system of innar equatios asa matrix nltiplãcation. Coasider the
follkowing systen of inrar equatktas

Frun this yteta we can form the matrix equatin Ax -ba flks Note that the muhiplicatko
of a matrix and a vetor returas asotbet veetor

We wish to detie matrix multiplcation such that the abne equatik is valid (Le that the original
Nyatem of equatios can be rrouTed froan this matrix equatia). As Ather example, the sytem

6 2

cAn be exprwd a the natrix maltiplicatios

2 46
The idea is that a ru od the fist matrix, times acolunn of the seud tmatrix gives tbe eorrespoding
ruw-colmn eutry of the produt matrix. Notike that the aklitks becone implicit une
Nystem in terns of a matrix
writea
Here are soe ote exanples

-B -#
Definition: Let A be an mxn matrix and Ble an nxp nat rix Theu the product of A and B
detxoted AB is the mxp matrix wh j etry, doted (AB),. is the sun of the products of
corrpoling eutrisfrutn row of Aand colunn j of B Th, w have that
(AB), , b , + agbz,

Optional (but recommended) Problem Re-rite the drfinitioa of matrix unultiplieatika as a

stateneut ivolving statiko syabob
Example: Matrix maltiplicatkon for 2x2 matrios Lt

Thet

AD=b +ab, asb, +ab

ad notice that the columns of AB ae AAd A 2
b
ln fact. given a matrix A aDd a matrix B boe cuuas are b,.b b if the product AB
detied then it's columns ate Ab, Ab 4b