Metals

CHEM 1
BICOL UNIVERSITY GUINOBATAN
CHEMISTRY OF
ENGINEERING MATERIALS:
METALS
Hannah Angelie H. Olivarez, RCh
TABLE OF CONTENTS
01 02 03
Introduction Properties of
Five Groups of
Metals
Metal
04 05 06
Alloys and Metals Corrosion: Technology:
from Ores Process and Fireworks &
Prevention Coloring Agents
Metals!
From the Samurai sword to the steel I-beam to
the coils of an electromagnet, metals are part of
our past, present and future.
“Gold and iron at the present
day, as in ancient times, are
the rulers of the world .”
—William Whewell
01
INTRODUCTION
What is a metal?
INTRODUCTION
For most people, metal is another
word for iron, steel, or a similar hard,
shiny substance.
But does this definition fit with the

true properties of metals?
Did you know? The vast majority of chemical
elements in the periodic table are metals.
02
Properties of
Metals
PROPERTIES OF METALS
An element is a substance made up of one kind of atom;
it cannot be separated into simpler parts. They are
generally classified as metals or nonmetals (although
some elements have characteristics of both; these are
called metalloids).
Three properties of metals are:
● Luster
● Malleability and Ductility
● Conductivity
PROPERTIES OF METALS
01 02 03
Luster Malleability & Conductivity
Metals are shiny when
cut, scratched, or
Ductility High electrical and thermal
conductivity. Metallic bonding
polished. Metals can be easily where valence electrons are
changed into a new shared by the entire solid
shape. Most metals are gives rise to the "free"
also ductile, which electrons responsible for the
means they can be metallic electrical, thermal
drawn out to make wire. and optical properties.
Additional Properties of Metals
High melting Sonorous Reactivity

point Metals often make a Some metals will
Most metals have high ringing sound when hit. undergo a chemical
melting points and all change (reaction), by
except mercury are solid themselves or with other
at room temperature. elements, and release
energy.
Reactivity of
Metals
Metals that undergo chemical change are never
found in a pure form, and are difficult to separat
from the minerals they are found in.
Potassium and sodium are the most reactive

metals. They react violently with air and water;
potassium will ignite on contact with water!
Other metals don’t react at all with other metals

This means they can be found in a pure form
(examples are gold and platinum). Because
copper is relatively inexpensive and has a low
reactivity, it’s useful for making pipes and wiring
03
Five Groups of
Metals
FIVE GROUPS OF METALS
Noble Metals Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth

Metals
Transition Metals Poor Metals

Noble Metals
● Pure metals
● Non-reactive
● Does not corrode easily
● Ideal for jewelry and coins.
● Examples:
○ copper
○ palladium
○ silver
○ platinum
○ gold.
Alkali Metals
● Very reactive
● Low melting points
● Soft enough to be cut with a
knife
● Examples:
○ Sodium
■ Used as heat
exchange medium in
nuclear power plants
to convert liquid
water to steam
○ potassium
Alkali Earth
Metals
● Found in compounds with
other minerals
● Less reactive than alkali
metals
● Higher points
● Harder
● Examples:
○ Calcium
○ Magnesium
■ Airplane and car
parts
○ Barium
■ Spark plugs
Transition Metals
● hard and shiny, strong, and easy to shape
● industrial purposes
● Examples:
○ Iron, Gold, Silver
○ Chromium. Nickel, Cobalt, Copper
Poor Metals
● Fairly soft
● Not useful in pure form but
useful when added to other
substances
● Examples:
○ aluminum,
○ gallium,
○ tin,
○ thallium,
○ antimony, and
○ bismuth
04
ALLOYS AND
METALS FROM
ORES
ALLOY!
Elemental metals have shortcomings that limit
their utility. Materials scientists and engineers
make superior metals, often by alloying (mixing
elements).
STEEL
● Mixture of iron and small
amounts of carbon and other
elements;
● a combination that is both
strong and easy to use.
● Add chromium and you get
stainless steel.
BRASS
● Copper and zinc
● easy to shape and beautiful to
look at
● used in applications where
corrosion resistance and low
friction are required
BRONZE
● Copper and tin
● Used in construction of
sculptures, musical
instruments and medals
● used frequently in
ship-building because it is
resistant to corrosion from sea
water.
TITANIUM
● much lighter and less dense
than steel, but as strong
● although heavier than
aluminum, it’s also twice as
strong
● very resistant to corrosion
● excellent alloy material
● used in aircraft, ships, and
spacecraft, as well as paints,
bicycles, and even laptop
computers
WHITE GOLD
● Gold, as a pure metal, is so soft
● it is always mixed with another
metal (usually silver, copper, or
zinc) when it’s made into
jewelry
● The purity of gold is measured
in karats.
● The purest you can get in
jewelry is 24 karats, which is
about 99.7% pure gold.
● White gold = gold and
platinum or palladium
● Popular for jewelry
ORES!
Rocks or minerals from which a valuable
substance – usually metal – can be extracted.
SOME COMMON ORES
Galena (Pb) Cinnabar (Hg)
-PbS; -only important ore of
-Most abundant and mercury.
widely distributed -toxic
sulfide minerals
Bornite(Cu) Bauxite (Al)

-peacock ore; A rock formed from a
-one of nature's most reddish clay material
colorful minerals called laterite soil
MOST COMMON IRON ORES
Magnetite
-one of the main iron ores, with the chemical
formula Fe₃O₄
-most magnetic of all the naturally occurring
minerals on Earth
Hematite
-a common iron oxide compound
with the formula, Fe₂O₃
-has a metallic like luster and
colors that range from black to
grey and silver
REFINING IRON FROM ORE
OLD PROCESS NEW PROCESS

● burn iron ore with: ● uses a blast furnace to heat
○ charcoal (carbon) the ff:
○ oxygen provided by ○ iron ore,
bellows ○ limestone, and
● Product is heated and ○ coke
hammered out to form ● the product, ‘pig iron’, needs
wrought iron. to be further mixed to create
wrought iron.
● when heated with carbon and
other elements, it becomes a
stronger metal called steel.
HISTORY OF METALS
Gold, Silver, Iron Age
Copper (Wrought iron)
Prehistoric man Middle East
5,000 B.C. 3,500 B.C. 1,500 B.C. 1825 A.D.
Bronze Aluminum
Sumerian Hans Christian Ørsted
05
CORROSION:
PROCESS AND
PREVENTION
CORROSION
A natural process that converts
a refined metal (such as
magnesium, aluminum, iron,
zinc, and tin) into a more
chemically stable form such as
oxide, hydroxide, carbonate or
sulfide.
It is the gradual destruction of
materials by chemical and/or
electrochemical reaction with
their environment.
PREVENTION OF CORROSION
Paint Galvanization
One common way to protect Steel is coated with zinc.
iron is to coat it with special The oxygen, water molecules,
paint that keeps oxygen from and carbon dioxide in the air
reacting with the metal react with the zinc, forming a
underneath the paint layer of zinc carbonate that
protects from corrosion
Give it some
thought...
What are the other means of
protecting metal from rust?
06
Technology:
Fireworks &
Coloring Agents
FIREWORKS
Black powder
Invented by the Chinese
about 1000 years ago.
A blend of potassium
nitrate (saltpeter),
charcoal, and sulfur in a
75:15:10 ratio.
Used to launch aerials

and also causes the
explosions necessary for
special effects like noise
or colored light
Metals as Coloring Agents
Copper compound
Blue-green color
Calcium Potassium
Red color Purple color
THANKS!
Do you have any questions?
haholivarez@bicol-u.edu.ph
+63 915 404 5310
FB: Hannah Olivarez
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CHEM 1

BICOL UNIVERSITY GUINOBATAN

But does this deﬁnition ﬁt with the

Three properties of metals are:

High melting Sonorous Reactivity

Potassium and sodium are the most reactive

Other metals don’t react at all with other metals

Noble Metals Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth

Transition Metals Poor Metals

Bornite(Cu) Bauxite (Al)

OLD PROCESS NEW PROCESS

5,000 B.C. 3,500 B.C. 1,500 B.C. 1825 A.D.

Used to launch aerials

CREDITS: This presentation template was

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