11 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Disciplines and Ideas

in the Social Sciences
Quarter 1 – Module
9:
Analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major social
sciences ideas: a) Institutionalism b) Feminist Theory
c) Hermeneutical Phenomenology d) Human-Environment Systems
Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 9: Analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major
social sciences ideas: a. Institutionalism b. Feminist Theory c. Hermeneutical
Phenomenology d.Human-Environment Systems
First Edition, 2020

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 11
Disciplines and
Ideas in the
Social Sciences
Quarter 1 – Module 9:
Analyze the basic concepts and
principles of the major social
sciences ideas:
a) Institutionalism
b) Feminist Theory
c) HermeneuticalPhenomenology
d) Human-Environment Systems
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences 11 Alternative

Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Analyze the basic concepts and principles
of the major social sciences ideas: a) Institutionalism b) Feminist Theory
c) Hermeneutical Phenomenology d) Human-Environment Systems!
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by
educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher
or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12
Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic
constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the
module.

ii
For the learner:

Welcome to the Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences 11 Alternative

Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Analyze the basic concepts and principles
of the major social sciences ideas: a) Institutionalism b) Feminist Theory
c) Hermeneutical Phenomenology d) Human-Environment Systems!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time.
You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while
being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or

competencies you are expected to learn in the
What I Need to Know module.

This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
What I Know lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
This is a brief drill or review to help you link
the current lesson with the previous one.
What’s In

In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways; a story, a
What’s New song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity
or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of
the lesson. This aims to help you discover
What is It and understand new concepts and skills.

This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
What’s More skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
What I Have Learned
process what you learned from the lesson.
This section provides an activity which will
help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
What I Can Do into real life situations or concerns.

iii
 This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
Assessment competency.
In this portion, another activity will be given
to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
Additional Activities lesson learned.
This contains answers to all activities in the
Answer Key module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part
of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do
not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind
that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful

learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You
can do it!

iv
 What I Need to Know

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY:

Content Standard
The learners demonstrate an understanding of…
 The emergence of the Social Sciences and the different disciplines
 Key concepts and approaches in the Social Sciences

Performance Standard
The learners shall be able to…
 connect the disciplines with their historical and social foundations
 interpret personal and social experiences using relevant
approaches in the Social Sciences
 evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the approach

Most Essential Learning Competency

Analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major social science ideas:
 Institutionalism MELCS-Pages 609-610 DISS (Week 8-10)

Learning Objectives
At the end of the module you should be able to:
1. Explain institutionalism;
2. Identify the key concepts and theorists on institutionalism; and
3. Express the importance of the different types of institutionalism

1
 What Is This Module About?

Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences is one of the subjects

that you need to take under HUMSS, which stands for Humanities and
Social Sciences. This strand focuses on the study of human behavior and
societal changes, and analysis of arts, culture, literature, and politics. It
involves Political Science, Anthropology, Linguistics, Psychology, and
Communication.
This module was designed and written to help you understand the
basic concepts and principles of the major social science ideas. To do this,
you are required to undergo a series of learning activities to complete
each learning competency. In each lesson, there are information sheets,
tasks and activity sheets. You need to perform each activity by yourself.

The module has six lessons, namely;

a. Psychoanalysis
b. Rational Choice
c. Institutionalism
d. Feminist Theory
e. Hermeneutical Phenomenology
f. Human-Environment Systems

Each lesson has the following parts:

 Introduction/Learning Objectives
 What I Know?
 What’s In?
 What’s New?
 What is It?
 What’s More?
 What I Have Learned?
 What I Can Do?
 Assessment
 Additional Activities
 Glossary
 Answer Key
 References

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 How Do You Use This Module?

To get the most from this Module, you need to do the following:

1. Begin by reading and understanding the Most Essential Learning

Competencies and Learning Objectives. These will tell you what you
should know and be able to do at the end of every lesson.
2. Find out what you already know by taking the Pretest then check
your answer against the Answer Key. If you get a perfect score (100%) in
the pre- assessment, skip the lesson. This means that you need not to go
through the Lesson because you already know what it is all about but if
not and only get 50% to 99% correct, then proceed with the lesson.
3. Do the required Learning Activities. They begin with mini lessons.
The mini- lesson contains important notes or basic information that you
need to know. After reading and understanding the mini-lesson, test
yourself on how much you learned by answering the varied activities.
Refer to the Answer Key for correction. Do not hesitate to go back to the
lesson when you do not get all test items correctly. This will ensure your
mastery of basic information.
4. It is not enough that you acquire content or information. You must
be able to demonstrate what you have learned by doing the activity in
“What I Can Do”. In other words, you must apply what you have learned in
real life.
5. To test how well you performed, accomplish the scoring rubrics.
6. Finally, answer the Post Assessment to test and measure the
learning you have acquired in the lesson.

Each Lesson also provides you with glossary and references for your

guide. Enjoy and happy learning!

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4
 What’s In

Rational choice theory banks on the key idea that humans are
actively calculating the pros and cons of a particular choice, which affects
the behaviors that they exhibit. These choices are often determined by an
individual’s preferences and the extent by which he or she perceives them
as immediate needs or wants. This theory remains relevant today in
providing an analytical lens for understanding the choice that humans
make especially with regard to deviant use.

What’s New

Activity 1: PICTURE ANALYSIS

Study the pictures below, and answer the questions that follow. Write
your answers in your activity notebook.

https://encrypted-
tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcQfNpnmuSt_W2hEl0ahFN1ofTDkDRFSacsNjA&usqp=CAU

https://study.com/academy/lesson/informal-organization-definition-structure-examples.html

5
 1. What can you say about the pictures above?
2. How can you relate this to your daily life?
3. What do you think are two concepts of institutionalism that you
can get from the pictures above?

What is It

In order to understand institutionalism, it is important to first define

institutions in this theoretical perspective. Institutions are patterns, norms
rules and schemes that govern and direct social thought and action.
Institutionalism, therefore, is an approach that aims to understand and
analyze how actions, thoughts, and meanings penetrate into the social
consciousness deeply enough to embed themselves into social psyche.
There are different types of institutionalism, but their common concern is
to find out the effects of these institutions and determine how these affect
the manner by which the society functions.
Institutions provide social legitimacy and survival through
Isomorphism. Isomorphism refers to the similarity in form, shape or
structure. Institutions arise, change, and persist due to their regulative,
normative and cognitive functions. These functions are isomorphic in
nature as they adopt in form, shape or structure to provide social
legitimacy, survival or both.

Three functions of Isomorphism:

 regulative function operates through coercive isomorphism, which
places value on expediency as effect of compliance. Change either
happens or not depending on external factors such as rules and
laws.
 normative function operates through normative isomorphism, which
places value on complying with social obligations. Change either
happens or not depending on external factors such as accreditations
and certifications.
 cognitive function operates through mimetic isomorphism, which
places value on factors such as uncertainty and prevalence of
others’ performance.

Key Concepts in Institutionalism

Formal and Informal Institutions

Formal and Informal institutions can be distinguished by what rules, practices
and norms they derive authority from. Formal institutions are codified
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rules, policies and norms that are considered official, originating from
state laws, government or organizations. Examples: constitution, official law,
regulation, standards enforced by the state. Informal institutions, on the other
hand, are equally known rules and norms but are not commonly written
down. Informal institutions are social practices that have been commonly
viewed as acceptable and are more persistent than codified laws like

7
that of formal institutions. Examples: Informal institutions, social norms,
attitudes, traditions, self-enforced morals

Important Theorists on Institutionalism

David Mitrany
 David Mitrany (1888-1975) was a Romanian-born British
scholar, historian, and political theorist. Mitrany is
considered as the father of functionalism in
international relations, which is classified under
liberal institutionalism. Functionalism, as applied to https://alchetron.com/cdn/davi
d-mitrany-c06f2121-2823-409b-
the study of states, proposes an alternative to 9879-52f7ae639dd-resize-
territorialism, which is the foundation from which 750.jpeg
states derive their power of authority from territory.
Functionalism explains
that a state’s authority lies in functions and needs, and the ability to
provide for those needs. Its sees scientific knowledge and technological
advancements as sources of authority from which the state can derive
its power. Territory then becomes negligible and focuses instead on
expertise and the ability to produce what is needed by the people or by
other states.

Jean Monnet
 Jean Monnet (1888-1979) was a French political
economist and diplomat. As one of the originators of the
European Union, he saw how the needs of the state are
to be achieved through the principle of supranationality.
As Mitrany argued against territory being the source of
authority, Monnet used the argument to erase country
borderlines.
During Monnet’s time, coal production was abundant in https://upload.wikimedia.o
rg/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f
Germany, which was still under the sanctions imposed by 5/Jean_Monnet.jpg/240px-
Jean_Monnet.jpg
the Allies’ victory after World War II. France at that time
also needed some coal. Given the situation, Germany
needed some sanctions to be lifted
so as to gain some economic growth, while France needed coal to get
back to its pre-war economic status.

Stephen Krasner
 Stephen Krasner (born 1942) is an American professor of international
relations. Krasner argues that the American government and
nongovernment organizations should prioritize the stabilization of
weakened states so that American interests would be protected. In order

8
https://www.usip.org/sites/def
ault/files/styles/headshot/publi
c/2016-12/Stephen-D-
Krasner_0.png?itok=iZ13Ocqc
to address the continued deterioration of weaker states, he suggested
creation of institutions that will allow the weaker states to enter a market
democracy. Krasner also argues that the formal institutions of the U.S.
come from decisions made by the president, but bureaucratic process
convey the idea that many people decided on these matters and not just
the president. He

9
 holds that the president’s power to control, manipulate, and create policies is seemingly
perceived as being dissipated by the bureaucratic machinery.

Types of Institutionalism:

1. Normative institutionalism- is a sociological interpretation of institutions

and holds that a “logic of appropriateness ” guides the behavior of
actors within an institution. It predicts that the norms and formal rules
of institutions will shape the actions of those acting within them.

2. Rational Choice Institutionalism- is a theoretical approach to the study of

institutions arguing that actors use institutions to maximize their utility.
However, actors face rule-based constraints which influence their
behavior.

3. Historical institutionalism – is a new institutionalist social science

approach that emphasizes how timing, sequences and path
dependence affect institutions, and shape social, political, economic
behavior and change.

4. Sociological institutionalism – is a form of new institutionalism that

concerns “the way in which institutions create meaning for individuals,
providing important theoretical building blocks for normative
institutionalism within political science”.

5. Institutional Economics – focuses on understanding the role of the

evolutionary process and the role of institutions in shaping economic
behavior.

6. Discursive institutionalism – is an umbrella concept for approaches that

concern themselves with the substantive content of ideas and the
interactive processes of discourse in institutional context.

7. Constructivist institutionalism – According to multiple theorists, this is so

whether the field in question is directly denoted as or has to do more
with bringing constructivist ideas into some other field, or with bringing
ideas back into the theory in contrast against structuralist and/or
system.

8. Feminist institutionalism – is a new institutionalist approach that looks at

how gender norms operate within institutions and how institutional
processes construct and maintain gender power dynamic.

1
0
 Activity 2:

Basic Radial Directions: Using the box below, give examples of Formal and
Informal Institutions.

FORMAL INSTITUTIONS INFORMAL INSTITUTIONS

What’s More
Answer the following questions in your activity notebook:

1. What will happen to the society if there is no Institutionalism?

2. Explain the different types of Institutionalism.
3. How does the views of Institutionalism theorists help you as an individual?
4. Why is it important for us to study Institutionalism theory?

What I Have Learned

Based from what you have learned in this lesson, write a two paragraph
essay on the benefits of the different types of Institutionalism that is
applicable in your day to day lives. Write your essay on a short
bondpaper.
Rubrics:
Content-10 points
Organization of Ideas- 5
points
Format and Mechanics-5 points

What I Can Do

 How was Rational Choice developed?

 Why do people make decisions
9 based on different
circumtances?
References
Alejandria-Gonzalez, Maria Carinnes P., and Elizabeth T. Urgel. DIWA Senior High
School Series: Discipline and Ideas in Social Sciences. Makati City, Philippines:
DIWA Laerning Systems Inc., 1-3 2016.
answer will vary H 8.
A 6. J 7.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/informal-organization-definition-structure-
C 5. you learned F 6.
examples.html https://alchetron.com/cdn/david-mitrany-c06f2121-2823-409b-
A 4. Apply what have K 5.
9879-52f7ae639dd-resize-
H 3. I 4.
750.jpeg
J 2. G 3.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/Jean_Monnet.jp
F 1. D 2.
g/240px-
you learned
Jean_Monnet.jpg A 1.
Assess what have
https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/styles/headshot/public/2016-12/ Try This
Stephen-D-
Krasner_0.png?
itok=iZ13Ocqc https://encrypted-
tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcQfNpnmuSt_W2hEl0ahFN1ofTDkDRFS
acsNjA&usqp=CAU
Wikipedia contributors, “New institutionalism,” Wikipedia, The
Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=New_institutionalism&oldid=978196748 (accessed September 15,
2020).

12
 What I Need to Know

Lesson 4 FEMINIST THEORY

Content Standard
The learners demonstrate an understanding of…
 The emergence of the Social Sciences and the different disciplines
 Key concepts and approaches in the Social Sciences

Performance Standard
The learners shall be able to…
 connect the disciplines with their historical and social foundations
 interpret personal and social experiences using relevant
approaches in the Social Sciences
 evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the approach

Most Essential Learning Competencies

Analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major social science ideas:
 Feminist Theory MELCS-Pages 609-610 DISS (Week 8-10)

Learning Objectives
At the end of the module you should be able to:
1. Explain feminist theory;
2. Identify the key concepts and feminist theorist; and
3. Express the importance of feminist theory

13
 What I Know

Directions:
Identification. Read the questions carefully. Choose your answer inside the
box and write the correct answer in your activity notebook.

Female Feminist Multicultural

Feminism Theory
Gender Feminists Human
Performativity
Feminism
Radical Libertarian Feminists

1. It holds that the patriarchal system that oppresses women must be

completely eliminated and that women should be free to exercise total
sexual and reproductive freedom.
2. It refers to the belief that men and women deserve equality in all
opportunities, treatment, respect, and social rights.
3. This includes attempts to describe and explain how gender systems
work, as well as a consideration of normative or ethical issues, such as
whether a society's gender arrangements are fair.
4. This explains how the idea of ‘sameness’ could counter intuitively be
used as an instrument of oppression rather than liberation.
5. It is a social belief that supports gender inequality. It is a social divide
that establishes perceived roles for men and women and relegating
them to specific roles.
6. It is a movement that calls for an end to capitalism through a socialist
reformation of our economy.
7. It argues for equal treatment of women and disapproves discrimination
based on sex.
8. It also argues solidarity among women and acknowledges that there
are differences in human capacities that are based on sex.
9. This is a theory on the creation of gender, similar to how theatrical
actors create roles identifiable to audiences.
10. This is
an individualistic form of feminist theory, which focuses on women’s
ability to maintain their equality through their own actions and choices.

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 What’s In
The theory of Institutionalism allows for a discourse on how
institutions affect the decision of humans within the frame of a society.
Today, this theory finds its relevance in creating opportunities for growth
and development among institutions whether in the macro or micro
context.

What’s New

Activity 1: PICTURE ANALYSIS

Study the pictures below and answer the questions that follow. Place
your answers in your activity notebook.

https://vignette.wikia.nocookie.net/alth https://primer.com.ph/blog/wp- https://cruxnow.com/wp-

istory/images/2/2e/Cory_aquino_obit_t content/uploads/sites/14/2016/10/pia- content/uploads/2016/08/Mot
out.jpg/revision/latest/scale-to-width- wurtzbach-manila-homecoming.jpg her- Teresa-690x450.jpg
down/200?cb=20121119144354

https://miro.medium.com/max/700/1*_9qwC1Bwr_etMKnkWfxVNQ.jpeg

1. Do you know who are in the first, second, and third picture
and their accomplishments?
2. What do you think is the last picture trying to tell us?
3. List down your interpretations in each picture.
4. What makes them different from other women?
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 What is It

First, let's define Feminism in general. The global idea of Feminism

refers to the belief that men and women deserve equality in all
opportunities, treatment, respect, and social rights. In general, Feminists
are people who try to acknowledge social inequality based on gender and
stop it from continuing. Feminists point out that in most cultures
throughout history men have received more opportunities than women.
While this basic idea of Feminism seems simple enough, there are
many people who misunderstand what the goal of Feminism is. Some
people imagine that all Feminists are angry, bitter women who only want
to subjugate men! Of course, this stereotype offends actual Feminists.
Why is there such a big difference between stereotype and reality when it
comes to Feminists? One of the reasons for this discrepancy might be
because there are, in fact, lots of different, specific types of F Feminism.
Let’s cover four of those types now - Radical Feminism, Socialist
Feminism, Cultural Feminism, and Liberal Feminism. Maybe you are a
Feminist, and you didn't even know it!
Feminist theory includes attempts to describe and explain how
gender systems work, as well as a consideration of normative or ethical
issues, such as whether a society's gender arrangements are fair.
Feminist theory is a major branch within sociology that shifts its
assumptions, analytic lens, and topical focus away from the male
viewpoint and experience toward that of women.
In doing so, Feminist theory shines a light on social problems,
trends, and issues that are otherwise overlooked or misidentified by the
historically dominant male perspective within social theory.
Feminist theory encompasses a range of ideas, reflecting the
diversity of women worldwide. Feminism counters traditional philosophy
with new ways of addressing issues affecting humanity, calling for the
replacement of the presiding patriarchal order with a system that
emphasizes equal rights, justice, and fairness. Liberal feminists cite women’s
oppression as rooted in social, political, and legal constraints. Radical
Libertarian Feminists hold that the patriarchal system that oppresses women
must be completely eliminated and that women should be free to exercise
total sexual and reproductive freedom. Radical Cultural Feminists urge
women to extricate themselves from the institution of compulsory
heterosexuality. Marxist–socialist feminists claim it is impossible for anyone,
especially women, to achieve true freedom in a class-based society.
Multicultural feminists explain how the idea of ‘sameness’ could counter
intuitively be used as an instrument of oppression rather than liberation.
Postmodern feminists challenge Western dualistic thinking. Global feminists
16
stress the universal interests of women worldwide. Eco feminists focus on
the connection among humans to the nonhuman world. Feminist theory
has

17
impacted virtually all structures, systems, and disciplines, challenging
traditional ontological and epistemological assumptions about human
nature as well as ‘maleness’ and ‘femaleness.’ Modern feminism, which
began 200 years ago, has evolved in three waves. The first wave dealt
with suffrage; the second centered on equal access; and the current wave
is focusing on global equality.

Feminism studies gender and its relation to power, and the dynamics
these two concepts play out in economics, politics, sexuality, race and
nationality among others. It is both a sociological perspective and a
philosophy that aims to promote gender equality, social justice, and
women’s rights. However, the primary concern that feminism tries to
address is the oppression of women in society and the patriarchal
structure of most societies. Patriarchy, in its most basic sense, is a social
organization wherein the father or eldest male heads a society or
government. The head of the family is the father, and the mother is
subordinate to the decisions of the father. In some contexts, however,
patriarchy constructs a social structure where men are seen as more
powerful than women.

Key Concepts in Feminism

Gender Ideology and Inequality

 Gender ideology is a social belief that supports gender inequality. It is a
social divide that establishes perceived roles for men and women and
relegating them to specific roles. Some gender ideologies include
women staying at home while men go to work, and women being more
delicate, emotional, and nurturing compared to men who are more
aggressive, assertive, and dominant. Gender ideology is also actualized
in how toys are determined for children. Typically, action figures are
supposed to be played by boys and dolls are to be played by girls. A
boy playing with a doll is ridiculed as being gay, while a girl playing
action figures is teased as a lesbian.

 Gender inequality is the actualization or realization of gender ideology.

There is gender inequality when the perceived role of women
subordination to men reflects hiring procedures and requirements. For
example, a secretarial post accepting only female applicants. Salaries
are also unequal when it comes to men and women.

Four types of feminism

 Radical feminism is a movement that
believes sexism is so deeply rooted in
society that the only cure is to eliminate
18
the concept of gender completely.
Radical feminists suggest changes, such
as finding technology that will allow
babies to be grown outside of a
woman's body, to promote more
equality between men

19
 and women. This will allow women to avoid missing work for maternity
leave, which radical feminists argue is one reason women aren't
promoted as quickly as men. In fact, radical feminists would argue that
the entire traditional family system is sexist. Men are expected to work
outside the home while women are expected to care for children and
clean the house. Radical feminists note that this traditional dichotomy
maintains men as economically in power over women, and therefore,
the traditional family structure should be rejected.

 Socialist feminism is slightly less extreme

but still calls for major social change.
Socialist feminism is a movement that
calls for an end to capitalism through a
socialist reformation of our economy.
Basically, socialist feminism argues that
capitalism strengthens and supports the https://study.com/academy/lesson/feminism-types-
and-definitions-liberal-socialist-culture-radical.html
sexist status quo because men are the
ones who currently have power and
money. Those men are more willing to
share their power and money with other men, which means that
women are continually given fewer opportunities and resources. This
keeps women under the control of men. In short, socialist feminism
focuses on economics and politics.

 Cultural feminism is a movement that

points out how modern society is hurt
by encouraging masculine behavior, but
society would benefit by encouraging
feminine behavior instead. This also refers
to the philosophy that men and women
have different approaches to the world https://study.com/academy/lesson/cultural-
around them, and that greater value feminism-definition-lesson-quiz.html

should be placed on the way women

approach the world. In some
cases, cultural feminism argues that a woman’s way of looking at the
world is actually superior to men.

 Liberal feminism is an individualistic form of

feminist theory, which focuses on women's
ability to maintain their equality through
their own actions and choices. Liberal
feminism's primary goal is gender equality
in the public sphere, such as equal access to
education, equal pay, ending job sex
20
segregation. It is broadly accepted that the
proposition of contemporary advanced
industrial
societies are meritocratic, and that women as a group are not innately less.

21
Important Theorists in Feminism

 Wollstonecraft
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797) was an English writer,
philosopher, and women’s rights advocate. Wollstonecraft
advocated that the human rights written by John Locke also be
accorded to women. Although Locke’s human rights did not
discriminate sexes, their application during that time was
relegated only to men. Wollstonecraft thus, argued that
women should also have the right to life, property, pursuit of
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi
a/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Wolls happiness and suffrage.

 Nancy Cott
Nancy Cott (born 1945) is an American historian and
professor. Cott traced the historical roots of the feminist
movement in America and identified its paradoxes, struggles,
and periods of decline. One paradox by Cott was the rise of
two feminist ideologies-human feminism and female
feminism. Human feminism argues for equal treatment of women
and disapproves discrimination based on sex. Female feminism,
on
https://scholar.harvard.edu/
files/styles/os_files_medium
the other hand, argues solidarity among women and
/public/nancy- acknowledges that there are differences in human
cott/files/nancy_cott_photo
_credit_tony_rinaldo1.jpg? capacities that are based on sex.

 Adrienne Rich
Adrienne Rich (1929–2012) was an American poet, and
feminist. She used poetry to bring to light the oppression of
women and lesbians in society. Her poems explored
themes such as women’s roles in society, racism, and war.
Her collection of poetry, “Diving Into the Wreck”, garnered
wide praise and accolades. In her essay,
https://static.poetryfoundat “Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence”,
ion.org/o/harriet/2012/04/a
drienne-rich.jpg
Rich defined how heterosexuality becomes an alienating
and oppressing concept that only lends to the
establishment of male dominance
over women. Rich defined being a lesbian as more than a sexual
preference, but a cumulative lived experience of women and their
history.

 Judith Butler
Judith Butler (born 1956) is an American philosopher and
gender theorist, whose key idea is her theory of Gender
22
 Performativity. Gender performativity is a theory on the creation
of gender similar to how theatrical actors create roles
identifiable to audiences. Butler claims that gender is an
action which is separable from the
https://www.publicspace.org/docu
ments/220568/1825027/36- actor. Gender is performative in a sense that gender
Judith+Butler-3.jpg/56313282-c6cb-
0864-b426- roles and norms have already been established in
644ae847659e?t=1529000341298
society throughout history. Humans are so
accustomed to these traditions that we

23
 associate certain acts to a particular gender. For Butler, gender is
not a pre- established identity, but an act of existing in as much.
Gender is a choice- a choice to act according to how society
established norms of masculinity or femininity.

 Patricia Hill Collins

Patricia Hill Collins (born 1948) is an American sociologist. Her
work studies feminism in the perspective of a black woman.
Collins argues that different oppressions happen within the
context of race, gender and class and that there are
overlapping instances of oppression. Collins claims that
knowing the point of view of a black woman’s struggle and
feminism can provide a window for other similarly oppressed
groups
https://mediad.publicbro
adcasting.net/p/kgou/file
or individuals. She also argues that the dynamics of
s/styles/large/public/201 oppression must be seen from all angles, and not simply
702/CollinsHeadshot.jpg
on one form or factor of oppression.

 Ayn Rand
Ayn Rand (1905–1982) was an American novelist,
philosopher, and playwright. Calling her philosophy
objectivism. She aimed to use reason in order to achieve
personal happiness. Her theories and arguments were
not limited within the confines of the feminist agenda,
but encompassed all of human existence. She did not
identify differences between genders because she
https://media.newyorker.com
/photos/5cf6a5eae764946988 talked about universalities such as human rights.
5b9959/master/w_2560%2Cc
_limit/Gessen-AynRand.jpg
Objectivism, in particular, is living for one’s own sake
without sacrificing himself or herself for another. It is a
philosophy determined to find personal truth and fulfill
without the use of force or violence. She is considered
a
feminist due to her stance that all human beings are equal- equal in
their pursuit of self-interests and equal in upholding their rights.

Activity 2:

Editorial Cartooning
Materials needed: pencil, crayons, activity notebook
Directions: Create an editorial cartoon showing Gender Ideology in
your activity notebook.

Rubrics/Criteria

24
Relevance to the theme -
40pts
Originality -
35pts
Impact (neatness,harmony,
Color presentation - 25 pts

TOTAL 100 pts.

25
 What’s More

Answer the following questions in your activity notebook:

1. How does Gender Ideology affect our society?

2. Have you experienced being unfairly treated? Under what
circumstance/s? How did you handle it?
3. As a student, how can you promote gender equality in your family? In the society?

What I Have Learned

Read the poem and answer the questions that follow. Write your answers in
your activity notebook.

I Stay at Home
| A Social Justice Poem by Guy Farmer

Brother goes off to

school While I stay at
home Tending to the
boiling pot On the stove,
scrubbing the Floor to a
fine shine,
Cleaning the streaks off the windows,
Dreaming of being in a classroom
Traveling to colorful new worlds.

1. Who do you think is the persona of the poem, I Stay at Home?

2. What do you think is the poem all about?
3. Do you agree with the idea of the persona, staying at home?
4. What can you do to change the society’s traditional culture of gender inequality?

What I Can Do

 What is Institutionalism?
 How important is Institutionalism in our daily life?
26
 Additional Activities
Choose three (3) significant women that have a great impact in your life,
and explain how they have inspired you as a student. Write answer in your
activity notebook.

27
Glossary
Cognitive function – operates through mimetic isomorphism, which places
value on factors such as uncertainly and prevalence of others’
performance.
Feminist institutionalism – is a new institutionalist approach that looks at
how gender norms operate within institutions and how institutional
processes construct and maintain gender power dynamics.
Institutions – are patterns, norms rules and schemes that govern and
direct social thought and action.
Institutionalism – is an approach that aims to understand and analyze how
actions, thoughts, and meanings penetrate into the social consciousness
deeply enough to embed themselves into social psyche.
Isomorphism – refer to the similarity in form, shape or structure.
Institutions arise, change, and persist due to their regulative, normative
and cognitive functions. These functions are isomorphic in nature as they
adopt in form, shape or structure to provide social legitimacy, survival or
both.
Regulative function – operates through coercive isomorphism, which places
value on expediency as effect of compliance. Change either happens or
not depending on external factors such as rules and laws.
Sociological institutionalism – is a form of new institutionalism that
concerns “the way in which institutions create meaning for individuals,
providing important theoretical building blocks for normative
institutionalism within political science”.

Answer K

1-3 answer will vary

8
ou learned .3
Apply what hav .2
9 .1
. .

.
y

28
References
Alejandria-Gonzalez, Maria Carinnes P., and Elizabeth T. Urgel. DIWA Senior High School
Series: Discipline and Ideas in Social Sciences. Makati City, Philippines: DIWA Laerning
Systems Inc., 2016.
Crossman, Ashley. “Feminist Theory in Sociology An Overview of Key Ideas and Issues.”
ThoughtCo, February 25, 2020. https://www.thoughtco.com/feminist-theory-
3026624.
Study.com. “Feminism Types and Definitions: Liberal, Socialist, Culture & Radical - Video
& Lesson Transcript | Study.Com.” Accessed September
15, 2020.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/feminism-types-and-definitions-liberal-
socialist-culture- radical.html.
Wikipedia contributors, “Feminist theory,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia,
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feminist_theory&oldid=975489983

(accessed September 15, 2020).

https://vignette.wikia.nocookie.net/althistory/images/2/2e/Cory_aquino_obit_tout.jpg/
revision/latest/sc ale-to-width-down/200?cb=20121119144354
https://primer.com.ph/blog/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2016/10/pia-
wurtzbach-manila- homecoming.jpg

https://cruxnow.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Mother-Teresa-690x450.jpg

https://miro.medium.com/max/700/1*_9qwC1Bwr_etMKnkWfxVNQ.jpeg

https://study.com/academy/lesson/feminism-types-and-definitions-liberal-socialist-culture-

radical.html https://study.com/academy/lesson/cultural-feminism-definition-lesson-

quiz.html

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/
Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%2 8c._1797%29.jpg/220px-
Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg

https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/styles/os_files_medium/public/nancy-
cott/files/nancy_cott_photo_credit_tony_rinaldo1.jpg?m=1582902581&itok=R73cu298

https://static.poetryfoundation.org/o/harriet/2012/04/adrienne-rich.jpg

https://www.publicspace.org/documents/220568/1825027/36-Judith+Butler-3.jpg/

56313282-c6cb-
0864-b426-644ae847659e?t=1529000341298

https://mediad.publicbroadcasting.net/p/kgou/files/styles/large/public/201702/CollinsHeadshot.jpg

https://media.newyorker.com/photos/5cf6a5eae7649469885b9959/master/w_2560%2Cc_limit/Gesse
n-AynRand.jpg https://youtu.be/cSEUtvAffn4?

list=PUCUr096WDp86n62CXBeHlQw

23
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division of Negros

Oriental Kagawasan, Avenue, Daro, Dumaguete City,
Negros Oriental

Tel #: (035) 225 2376 / 541 1117

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