Data Science – Python Object Oriented Programming

19. PYTHON – OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

Table of Contents

1. Is Python follows Functional approach or Object-oriented approach? ........................................... 2

2. Features of Object-Oriented Programming System .......................................................................... 2
3. class:.................................................................................................................................................... 3
3.1. Def1: ............................................................................................................................................. 3
3.2. Def2: ............................................................................................................................................. 3
4. How to define or create a class? ........................................................................................................ 4
5. Brief discussion about class ............................................................................................................... 4
6. object .................................................................................................................................................. 7
6.1. Why should we create an object?................................................................................................ 7
6.2. What is an object? ....................................................................................................................... 7
6.3. Syntax to create an object ........................................................................................................... 8
7. Constructor ....................................................................................................................................... 10
7.1. What is the main purpose of constructor? ................................................................................ 10
7.2. When constructor will be executed? ......................................................................................... 11
7.3. How many times Constructor will executes?............................................................................. 11
7.4. Types of constructors................................................................................................................. 12
7.5. Constructor without parameters ............................................................................................... 12
7.6. Creating parameterised constructor.......................................................................................... 13
8. Difference between method and constructor................................................................................. 17
9. Instance variables:............................................................................................................................ 18
9.1. What is instance variable? ......................................................................................................... 18
9.2. Separate copy instance variable for every object ...................................................................... 18
9.3. Declaring & accessing instance variables................................................................................... 19
10. Instance methods ........................................................................................................................... 20
11. self pre-defined variable ................................................................................................................ 21

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19. PYTHON – OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

✓ Object-Oriented Programming is a methodology to design software by

using classes and objects.
✓ It simplifies the software development and maintenance by providing
the below features,

1. Is Python follows Functional approach or Object-oriented approach?

✓ Python supports both functional and object-oriented programming.

2. Features of Object-Oriented Programming System

✓ class
✓ object
✓ constructor
✓ Inheritance & etc…

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3. class:

3.1. Def1:

✓ A class is a model for creating an object and it does not exist physically.

3.2. Def2:

✓ A class is a specification (idea/plan/theory) of properties and actions of

objects.

Syntax
class NameOfTheClass:
1. constructor
2. properties (attributes)
3. actions (behaviour)

✓ We can create class by using class keyword.

✓ class can contain,

• constructor
• properties
• actions

✓ Properties also called as variables.

✓ Actions also called as methods.

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4. How to define or create a class?

✓ A python class may contain the below things,

Syntax

class NameOfTheClass:
''' documentation string '''

1. Constructor

2. Variables
1. instance variables

3. Methods
1. instance methods

5. Brief discussion about class

✓ We can create class by using class keyword.

✓ class keyword follows the name of the class.
✓ After name of the class we should give colon : symbol.
✓ After : colon symbol in next line we should provide the indentation,
otherwise we will get error.

✓ class can contain,

o Constructor are used for initialization purpose

o Variables are used to represent the data.
▪ instance variables

o Methods are used to represent actions.

▪ instance methods

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Class naming convention

✓ While writing a class we need to follow the naming convention to

meet real time standards,
o class names should start with upper case and remaining letters
are in lower case.
▪ Example: Student

o If name having multiple words, then every inner word should

start with upper case letter.
▪ Example: StudentInfo

Note

✓ Documentation string represents description of the class. Within the

class doc string is always optional.

Program Define a class

Name demo1.py

class Employee:
def display(self):
print("Hello My name is Daniel")

output

Make a note

✓ In above program, when we run then we will not get any output because
we didn’t call display method
✓ Above program Employee represents a class which is defined by
developer.
✓ Developer defined only one method as display(self)
✓ Method we can define by using def keyword.
✓ Methods means it’s just like a functions to perform an operations
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Kind info:

✓ Writing a class is not enough; we should know how to use the variables
and methods.

So,

✓ We need to create an object to access instance data(variables/methods)

of a class.

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6. object

6.1. Why should we create an object?

✓ As per requirement we used to define variables and methods in a class.

✓ These variables and methods hold the data or values.
✓ When we create an object for a class, then only data will be store for the
data members of a class.

6.2. What is an object?

Definition 1:

✓ Instance of a class is known as an object.

o Instance is a mechanism to allocate enough memory space for data

members of a class.

Definition 2:

✓ Grouped item is known as an object.

o Grouped item is a variable which stores more than one value.

Definition 3:

✓ Real world entities are called as objects.

Make some notes

✓ An object exists physically in this world, but class does not exist.

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6.3. Syntax to create an object

Syntax
nameoftheobject = nameoftheclass()

Example
emp = Employee()

Program Creating a class and object

Name demo2.py

class Employee:
def display(self):
print("Hello my name is Daniel")

emp = Employee()
emp.display()

output
Hello my name is Daniel

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Program Creating a class and object

Name demo2.py

class Employee:
def display(self):
print("Hello my name is Daniel")

def teaching(self):
print("I like teaching")

emp = Employee()

emp.display()
emp.teaching()

output
Hello my name is Daniel
I like teaching

Make a note

✓ We can create object for class.

✓ In the above example emp is object name.
o emp is just like a variable

✓ above example, display(self) is instance method.

o To access instance method, we should create an object
o So, we are accessing instance methods by using object name

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7. Constructor

✓ Constructor is a special kind of method in python.

✓ So, we can create constructor by using def keyword
✓ The name of the constructor should be __init__(self)
o Two underscore symbols before and after init with self as
parameter
✓ self should be first parameter in constructor,

Syntax

class NameOfTheClass:
def __init__(self):
body of the constructor

7.1. What is the main purpose of constructor?

✓ The main purpose of constructor is to initialize instance variables.

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7.2. When constructor will be executed?

✓ Constructor will be executed automatically at the time of object

creation.

Program Creating a constructor

Name demo3.py

class Employee:
def __init__(self):
print("constructor is executed")

emp = Employee()

output
constructor is executed

7.3. How many times Constructor will executes?

✓ If we create object in two times then constructor will execute two times.

Program Creating a constructor

Name demo3.py

class Employee:
def __init__(self):
print("constructor is executed")

emp1 = Employee()
emp2 = Employee()

output
constructor is executed
constructor is executed

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7.4. Types of constructors

✓ Based on parameters constructors can be divided into two types,

1. Constructor without parameters
2. Constructor with parameters

7.5. Constructor without parameters

✓ If constructor having no parameters, then at least it should contain self

as one parameter.

Syntax

class NameOfTheClass:
def __init__(self):
body of the constructor

Program Creating a constructor

Name demo3.py

class Employee:
def __init__(self):
print("constructor is executed")

emp = Employee()

output
constructor is executed

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7.6. Parameterised constructor

✓ Based on requirement constructor can contain any number of

parameters.

7.6. Creating parameterised constructor

✓ By default, first parameter should be self to constructor.

✓ Constructor can contain more parameters along with self
✓ If constructor having more parameters, then the first parameter should
be self and remaining parameters will be next.

Syntax
class NameOfTheClass:
def __init__(self, parameter1, parameter2):
body of the constructor

Note: One parameterised constructor

Program One parameterised constructor

Name demo6.py

class Employee:
def __init__(self, number):
self.number= number
print("Employee id is: ", self.number)

e1 = Employee(1)
e2 = Employee(2)
e3 = Employee(3)

output
Employee id is: 1
Employee id is: 2
Employee id is: 3

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Note: One parameterised constructor

✓ If constructor having one parameter, then during object creation we

need to pass one value.

Can i write a constructor and an instance method in a single program?

✓ Yes we can write constructor and instance method both in single

program.
✓ Here constructor purpose is to initialize instance variables, and method
purpose is to perform operations.

Two parameterised constructor

Program One parameterised constructor and instance method

Name demo7.py

class Employee:
def __init__(self, number):
self.number = number

def display(self):
print("Employee id is:", self.number)

e1 = Employee(1)
e2 = Employee(2)
e3 = Employee(3)

e1.display()
e2.display()
e3.display()

output
Employee id is: 1
Employee id is: 2
Employee id is: 3

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Note: Access instance variable in instance method

✓ Inside instance method we can access instance variables by using self.

Two parameterised constructor

Program Two parameterised constructor and instance method

Name demo8.py

class Employee:
def __init__(self, number, name):
self.number = number
self.name = name

def display(self):
print("Hello my id is :", self.number)
print("My name is :", self.name)

e1=Employee(1, 'Daniel')
e1.display()

e2=Employee(2, 'Arjun')
e2.display()

Output
Hello my id is: 1
My name is: Daniel

Hello my id is: 2
My name is: Arjun

Note: Two parameterised constructor

✓ If constructor having two parameters, then during object creation we

need to pass two values

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Three parameterised constructor

Program Three parameterised constructor and instance method

Name demo9.py

class Employee:
def __init__(self, number, name, age):
self.number = number
self.name = name
self.age = age

def display(self):
print("Hello my id is :", self.number)
print("My name is :", self.name)
print("My age is sweet :", self.age)

e1=Employee(1, 'Daniel', 16)

e1.display()

e2=Employee(2, 'Arjun', 17)

e2.display()

e3=Employee(3, 'Prasad', 18)

e3.display()

Output
Hello my id is: 1
My name is: Daniel
My age is sweet: 16

Hello my id is: 2
My name is: Arjun
My age is sweet: 17

Hello my id is :3
My name is: Prasad
My age is sweet: 18

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Note: Three parameterised constructor

✓ If constructor having three parameters, then during object creation we

need to pass three values.

8. Difference between method and constructor

Method Constructor

✓ Methods are used to perform ✓ Constructors are used to

operations or actions initialize the instance variables.

✓ Method name can be any ✓ Constructor name should be

name. __init__(self)

✓ Methods we should call ✓ Constructor automatically

explicitly to execute executed at the time of object
creation.

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9. Instance variables:

9.1. What is instance variable?

✓ If the value of a variable is changing from object to object such type of

variables is called as instance variables.

9.2. Separate copy instance variable for every object

✓ For every object a separate copy of instance variables will be created.

Program Instance variables

Name demo10.py

class Student:
def __init__(self, name, number):
self.name=name
self.number=number

s1 = Student('Daniel', 101)
s2 = Student('Prasad', 102)

print("Studen1 info:")
print("Name: ", s1.name)
print("Id : ", s1.number)

print("Studen2 info:")
print("Name: ", s2.name)
print("Id : ", s2.number)

Output
Studen1 info:
Name: Daniel
Id: 101

Studen2 info:
Name: Prasad
Id: 102

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9.3. Declaring & accessing instance variables

✓ We can declare instance variables inside constructor

✓ We can access instance variables by using object name

Program Initializing instance variables inside Constructor

Name demo11.py

class Employee:
def __init__(self):
self.eno = 10
self.ename = "Daniel"
self.esal = 10000

emp = Employee()

print("Employee number:", emp.eno)

print("Employee name:", emp.ename)
print("Employee salary:", emp.esal)

output
Employee number: 10
Employee name : Daniel
Employee salary : 10000

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10. Instance methods

✓ Instance methods are methods which act upon the instance variables of
the class.
✓ Instance methods are bound with instances or objects, that’s why called
as instance methods.
✓ The first parameter for instance methods is self variable.
✓ Along with self variable it can contains other variables as well.

Program Instance methods

Name demo13.py

class Demo:
def __init__(self, a):
self.a=a

def m(self):
print(self.a)

d=Demo(10)
d.m()

Output
10

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11. self pre-defined variable

✓ self is a predefined variable in python, this variable belongs to current

class object.
o self variable we can use to create below things,
▪ Constructor
▪ Instance variable
▪ Instance methods

✓ Constructor
o By using self, we can initialize the instance variables inside
constructor __init__(self)

✓ Instance variable
o By using self, we can declare and access instance variables,

✓ Instance methods
o By using self, we can create instance methods.

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