Submitted To: Sir Qudrat Ullah Muhammad

Submitted By: Group 03 Ali Akbar 10090656-014

Sultan UZ Zaman 10090656-039 Sagheer Ahmad 10090656-028 Wahab Ahmad 10090656-015 Shakir Hussain Butt 10090656-013 Humair Saleem 5125

Accommodation: Introduction;
The term 'accommodation' refers to several sorts of working agreements between rival groups that permit at least limited cooperation between them even though the issues dividing them remain unsettled. It does not technically end the conflict, but holds it in abeyance. The accommodation may last for only a short time and may be for the purpose of allowing the conflicting parties to consolidate their positions and to prepare for further conflict. Or, as is more often the case, the initial accommodation agreed upon by the parties may be part of the process of seeking solutions to the issues that divide them. If those solutions are not found, the accommodation itself may become permanent. Definition: 1. J.M. Baldwin was the first psycologist who use the concept of accommodation. According to him, the term denotes acquired changes in the behavior of individuals which help them to adjust to their environment. 2. Mac Irer says that the term accommodation refers particularly tothe process in which man attains a sense of harmony with his environment. 3. Lundberg is of the opinion that the word accommodation has been used " to designate the adjustments which people in groups make to relieve the fatigue and tensions of competition and conflict. 4. According to Ogburn and Nimkoff Accommodation is a term used by the sociologists to describe the adjustment of hostile individuals or groups.
Explanation:

It is clear from the above that accommodation assumes various forms without accommodation social life could hardly go on. Accommodation checks conflicts and helps persons and groups to maintain cooperation. It enables persons and groups to adjust themselves to change functions and status which is brought about by changed conditions. The only way in which conflict may be eliminated permanently is through assimilation. Formally assimilation is the process whereby group differences gradually disappear. Issues are based upon differences. When the differences disappear so do the issue and the conflict

Assimilation: Cultural assimilation is a socio-political response to demographic multi-ethnicity that supports or promotes the assimilation of ethnic minorities into the dominant culture. The term assimilation is often
used with regard to immigrants and various ethnic groups who have settled in a new land. New customs and attitudes are acquired through contact and communication. The transfer of customs is not simply a one-way process. Each group of immigrants contributes some of its own cultural traits to its new society. Assimilation usually involves a gradual change and takes place in varying degrees; full assimilation occurs when new members of a society become indistinguishable from older members. Explanation: Immigrant assimilation is a complex process in which an immigrant fully integrates themselves into a new country. Social scientists rely on four primary benchmarks to assess immigrant assimilation: 1 2 socioeconomic status geographic distribution

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second language attainment intermarriage

Socioeconomic status Socioeconomic status (SES) is an economic and sociological combined total measure of a person's work experience and of an individual's or familys economic and social position in relation to others, based on income, education, and occupation. When analyzing a familys SES, the household income, earners education, and occupation are examined, as well as combined income, versus with an individual, when their own attributes are assessed. Interracial marriage Interracial marriage occurs when two people of differing racial groups marry. This is a form of exogamy (marrying outside of one's racial group) and can be seen in the broader context of miscegenation(mixing of different racial groups in marriage, cohabitation, or sexual relations. Second language A second language is any language learned after the first language or mother tongue. Some languages, often called auxiliary languages, are used primarily as second languages A person's first language may not be their dominant language, the one they use most or are most comfortable with. For example, the Canadian census defines first language for its purposes as "the first language learned in childhood and still spoken", recognizing that for some, the earliest language may be lost, a process known as language attrition. This can happen when young children move, with or without their family (because of immigration or international adoption), to a new language environment.

Acculturation:
Introduction: This term is used to describe both the process of contacts between different cultures and also the customs of such contacts. As the process of contact between cultures, acculturation may involve either direct social interaction or exposure to other cultures by means of the mass media of communication. As the outcome of such contact, acculturation refers to the assimilation by one group of the culture of another which modifies the existing culture and so changes group identity. There may be a tension between old and new cultures which leads to the adapting of the new as well as the old. Definition: Acculturation is the exchange of cultural features that results when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first hand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct. Explanation: Despite definitions and evidence that acculturation entails two-way processes of change, research and theory have continued with a focus on the adjustments and changes experienced by minorities in response to their contact with the dominant majority.

Thus, acculturation can be conceived to be the processes of cultural learning imposed upon minorities by the fact of being minorities. This has often been conceived to be a one-dimensional, zero-sum cultural conflict in which the minority's culture is displaced by the dominant group's culture in a process of assimilation. Acculturative stress refers to the psychological, somatic, and social difficulties that may accompany acculturation processes.This was first noted by Redfield, Linton and Herskovits (1936, p. 152), calling it "psychic conflict" that may arise from conflicting cultural norms. Born (1970) and Berry (1980) have theorized that acculturative stress is a fundamental psychological force in acculturative processes. Ausbel (1960) first measured "acculturative stress", and many have since claimed that it is a significant problem for many minority people. Example; 1 A first generation Italian who lives in an Italian enclave in the United States may continue to speak just Italian and to follow the norms and mores of his Italian origins. This person will not have become highly acculturated to American culture. The granddaughter of a Chinese immigrant has gone to American schools and will now attend an American college. She spends time primarily with her American friends, dresses as they do and shares their values and interests. She has become highly acculturated into American culture.

Amalgamation:
In general, amalgamation is the process of combining or uniting multiple entities into one form. Amalgamation happens when a majority group and minority group combine to form a new group through inter marriage over several generations. Various groups in a society form new groups. This pattern can be expressed as A+B+C D where A, B and C represents different groups in society and D represents the end result. A Unique cultural racial group unlike any of the initial groups
Definition: The term refers to the intermarriage that forms new groups based on a majority group and a minority group.

The process by which two or more previous racial, ethnic, or nationality identified groups intermarry and produce offspring that are of new racial stock Examples: 1 Tata Steel acquired UK based Corus Group at a deal value of US $ 2 HPCL targeted Kenya Petroleum Refinery Ltd at US $ 3 Ranbaxy Labs at a deal of US $ 324 million acquired Romania based 4 Videocon acquired Thomson SA of France at about US $ 12 million. .. 500 million. Terapia SA. 290 million.