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01. (Matter Around Us)


(Chemistry)
 Chemistry (Matter)

 (Chemeteching)



  (Attraction force)

  (Small particles)

 (Solid)–

 P.C. Roy  (Intermolecular force)

Nitrate Man of India

 (There are two types of Solid)– Glass

1. (Crystalline solid)  (Liquid)–

2. (Amorphous Solid)
1. (Crystalline solid)
 (30º 35ºC)
 Br.
 (Gas)–

2. (Amorphous Solid)–
Remark:–
 

O(65%)  C(80%)  H(10%) 
= > >
N(3%)  Ca(2%)  P(1%)
= > >
= > > (Expansion) (Metal)
= > > (Diffusion)
= > >
(Non-Metal)
= > >


(i) (Plasma) (Metalloids)


  (Compound)

 (H2O)
 (Organic Compound)
(ii) (Bose Einstein Condensate) CH4, CO2
 (Inorganic Compound)
 H2O, Fe2O3
  (Mixture)

(BEC)
(i) (Heterogeneous Mixture)

(ii) (Homogeneous Mixture)
(i) (Heterogeneous Mixture)

 (Element) +
(ii) (Homogeneous Mixture)

(Metal) (Non-Metal)
+
(Metalloids)
+



O (46.8% )  SI(27.7% )  AI(8.1% )  Fe(5.0% ) 
C a (3.6% )  Na (2.8% )  K (2.6% )  M g (2.0% )
(99%) + (1%) =
 ijek.kq dh lajpuk
02. (Structure of Atom)

 (Atomic Theory) 

 ATOM

  (Å)
 10 10 m(1Å )
  (f)
 10 15 m (1 )
 (Fundamental Particles of Atom )
 1 (105)

 (Atomic Model)

(Stable Particles)
(Unstable Particles)  J. J. Thomson
(Stable Particles)
(Watermelon Theory)
(Unstable Particles) 

 (Antiparticles)  (Atomic Model of Ruther-

ford)–
–
–


 (i) –

(ii) –
 (Nucleous)
(Positive)

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (1.)

(iii) 12,000 –Ray

(Nucleous)


 (Maxwell's Theory)
 –1.6 1019
Remark:–
(Extraction) 1 1
1837 1840
Maxwell
 H
 (Burberry's Theory)  amu (Atomic Mass Unit) –

 amu

1 amu  1.66  1027 kg


 [(Proton) P]– Anode


 1.0072 amu

  1.6726  1027 kg

= + 1.6 × 10–19
Remarks :–

 (Neutron)  n
1
0

2n2
2n2 = 2 × 12 = 2  1.6749  1027 kg
2n2 = 2 × 22 = 8
2n2 = 2 × 32 = 18  1.0086 amu
2n2 = 2 × 42 = 32
0


Remark :–
Electron J. J. (1897) 9.1  10–31 kg –Ve
Proton 1.6725  10–27 kg +Ve
 n  ]–
(1919) 0
 [Neutrino
Neutron (1932) 1.6748  10–27 kg No 0
Charge
= n > p > e–  (Positron) (e+)– (Anti-
= n > p > e– Particle)
 [Electron (e–)] – J. J.

 (Absolute Mass)  9.1  1031 kg

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (2.)

  (Atomic Mass) A
 1.6  1019
Remark:– Anti Particle

 (Meson)
 (Boson)
Note :– Higgs Boson = God Particle
Atomic Number A= (Mass Number)
 'Z' P= (Proton Number)
 nº = (Neutron Number)
Z= (Atomic Number)
A=n+P
(Z)  (P)  (e – ) A=Z+n
Note:– n=A–Z

 Z  P  e

11 Na 23 20Ca 40 18Ar 40
z  11 z  20 z  18
p  11 p  20 p  18
e   11 e   20 e   18 11 Na 23 92 U 235
Z  11 Z  92
 (Ions)
P  11 P  92
e  11
–
e –  92
A  23 A  235
n  23 – 11  12 n  235  92  143

 (Isobar)–
  –
11Na 20Ca 17Cl
14 14
z  11 z  20 z  17 6C 7N
40 40
p  11 p  20 p  17 18Ar 20Ca
  
e  10 e  18 e  17  1  18  (Isotopes)–

 (Isoelectronic)
1 2 3
1H 1H 1H
 Polonium (Po) 27
12 mg  e  12  2  10

13 Al e  13 – 3  10 Remark :–
8O
––
e  8  2  10

(i)

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (3.)

 1
1H – (n = 0)
1 H2 – (n = 1) 
1 H3 – (n = 2) 2n2 n
(ii) 92 U235 92U
238
n=A–Z n=A–Z
235 – 92 = 143 238 – 92 = 146
(iii) 6C12 6C
14
n=A–Z n=A–Z
12 – 6 = 6 14 – 6 = 8

(i) –14 (C14)

(ii) U235

(iii) I131

(iv) Fe59 K n=1 e– = 2n2  2  12 = 2

L n=2 e– = 2n2  2  22 = 8
(v) As74 M n=3 e– = 2n2  2  32 = 18
(vi) Co60 N n=4 e– = 2n2  2  42 = 32

(vii) Na23  (Sub-orbit / Sub-shell)–

Na24
S, p, d, f
 (ISO-TONES)–  S

(Iso-tones)

(i) 14 16
6C 8O S
n=8 n=8
(ii) 3 4  P
1H 2He
n=2 n=2
(iii) 31 32
15 P 16S
n = 16 n = 16
 (Orbit) (Shell)–
p
 d
(Orbit)
K, L, M, N.....
K–

Remark :–

 f

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (4.)

 (c)  (d) 
Note :–


(Offbau's Law)–


 (Electronic Configura-
tion)

 (Orbits)




 
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p
< 6s < 4F < 5d < 6p < 7s < 5f < 6d < 7p < 8s
1s suborbit

orbit


1H = 1s1
2
2He = 1s
2 1
3Li = 1s , 2s
2 2
4 Be = 1s , 2s
2 2 1
5 B = 1s , 2s 2p
2 2 2
p 6 C = 1s , 2s , 2p
p d
2
p d f

(a)  (b) 

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (5.)

 Principle  Quantum
(i)  1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d4 m = – l to + l
24Cr
p l=1
 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1, 3d5
m = –1, 0, +1
 or [Ar] 4s1, 3d5 –1 0 +1
(ii) 29Cu  1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d9
 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1, 3d10
4. (Spin Quantum Number) :
[Ar] 4s1, 3d10
s
(iii) 79Au  1s2,
2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10,
4p6, 5s2, 4d10, 5p6, 6s2, 4f14, 5d9 Clock Wise ( =
Anti Clock Wise ( =
 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10,
4p6, 5s2, 4d10, 5p6, 6s1, 4f14, 5d10

(iv) 47Ag  1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10,

4s2, 3d10, 4p5 1 1
S=+ S=–
 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 2 2
4p6, 5s1, 4d10
 Cu Cr 1. 9F  1s2 2s2 2p5 electron
Sol. (n) = 2
(Quantum Number)
(l) = 1

–1 0 1
(m) = –1, 0, +1

 Quantum Number 1
(s) = =
1. Principal Quantum Number) 2
2. (Azimuthal Quantum Number) Anticlockwise direction
3. (Magnetic Quantum Number) 2.
4. (Spin Quantum Number) Sol. Na  1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s1
n =2
1. Principal Quantum Num-
l =p
ber) :
m =
 Principal Quantum Number 'n' Denote 1
n = 1, 2, 3. s 
2
Note :– Principal Quantum Number 3.
Sol. : N7  1s2, 2s2, 2p3
2. (Azimuthal Quantum Num- 13
Al  1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p1
ber) : Cl17  1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p5
Ca  1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2
Azimuthal Quantum Number "l" Denote 20
1. n  =3
l =3
l = (n – 1)
m =
s l=0
p l=1 1
s 
d l=2 2
f l=3 2. n =3
3. (Magnetic Quantum Num- l = 12
ber) : 'm' Denote m =

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (6.)

 1  (De-Broglie's Principle)
s 
2
3. n =3
l =5
m = h h
 
1 p mv
s 
2 h
4. n =4  (Hundrule)
l =2  Electron
m = 
Electron (i)
1
s 
2
(ii)


He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn 
2 10 18 36 54 86
     
2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s C6
N7
11 10 Ne  3s1
Na   (Core Electron)–

12 Mg   10 Ne  3s
2
Core Electron
Remarks :– d- 4 9 
f 6 13  (Valence Electron)–

 (Pauli's Exclusion Law)

Note :– 1 8
Remark:– 8
 Principal Quantum Number, Azimuthal Quantum
Number, Magnetic Quantum Number  e–
Spin Quantum Number
Al13

Na  1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s1
11
10th Electron 9th Electron
n=2 n=2
l 1 l 1
m  1, 0,  1 m  1, 0,  1
–1 –1
s s
2 2 e– = 3,
 (Huygen's
e– = 10
Uncertainty Principle) 

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (7.)

 Electron, s p– 
Group–A
8O  1s , 2s , 2p (Group–A)
2 2 4
 (Octane Rule)
11Na  1s , 2s , 2p 3s (Group–A)
2 2 6 1

Electron, d f–
Group–B

26Fe  [Ar] 4s 3d (Group-B)
2 6

 Valence shell or Altimate shell

 Penultimate Shell 8
O  2, 6
 Anti-Penultimate shell 8
O–2  2, 8
11
Na  2, 8, 1
Valence shell 11
Na+  2, 8
Altimate shell  (Ions)
Penultimate shell
Antipenultimate shell (i) (Cation)
First Shell (ii) (Anion)

17
Cl  2, 8, 7
 (Valency)– 17
Cl–  2, 8, 8
11
Na  2, 8, 1
Na+  2, 8
 Kossel Lewis 11
(Cation) (Anion)
 Valentia Combining H +1
H –1

Copacity Li+1 F–1

 Valence Electron Na+1 Cl–1
K+1 I–1
Case I– 1, 2, 3, 4 Ag+1 Br–1
= NH4+1 OH–1
Cu+1 CN–1
Al  2, 8, 3
13
= 3)
Zn+2 HCO3–1
12
Mg  2, 8, 2 = 2)
Na  2, 8, 1 = 1) Be+2 N3–
11
Case II– 5, 6, 7, 8 Mg+2 NO3–1
Ca+2 O–2
=8–
Fe+2 S–2
O  2, 6
8
= 8 – 6 = 2) Sn+2 SO3–2
Ne  2, 8 = 8 – 8 = 0)
10 Hg+2 SO4–2
Cl  2, 8, 7 = 8 – 7 = 1)
17
Mn+2 SiO3–2
e– e– CO+2 CO3–2
C 2, 4 2 4 4 Fe+3 CrO4–2
6
Cu+2 N–3
12 Mg 2,8, 2 2 2 2
Hg+3 P–3
10Ne 2,8 2 8 0
Al+3 PO3–3
8O 2, 6 2 6 2 Cr+3 PO4–3
17 Cl 2,8,7 2, 7 1 Pb+2

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (8.)

 Example Ag+ + Br–1 = AgBr = Silver bromide

1. Na+ + SO3–2 = Na2SO3 IO4 –

2. Ag+ + No3– = AgNO3 IO3 
3. Zn+2 + SO4–2 = ZnSO4
IO2 
4. Fe+2 + SO4–2 = FeSO4
5. Fe+3 + SO4–2 = Fe2(SO4)3 IO– – 
6. Al+3 + SO4–2 = Al2(SO4)3 I– 
7. Ag+ + SO4–2 = Ag2SO4 K+ + IO4 = KIO4 =
8. Na+ + CO3–2 = Na2CO3
K+ + IO3 = KIO3 =
9. Na+ + O–2 = Na2O
10. Na+ + HCO3– = NaHCO3 K+ + IO2 = KIO2 =
11. Cu+ + SO4–2 = Cu2SO4 K+ + IO– = KIO =
12. Cu+2 + SO4–2 = CuSO4 K+ + I– = KI =
13. CuSO4.5H2O =
14. Ca+2 + CO3–2 = CaCO3 CO32  Carbonate
15. K+ + MnO4– = KMnO4 HCO31  Bicarbonate
16. H+ + O2–2 = H2O2
Ca 2  SO 4 –2  CaSO 4 
 (Redical)–
Zn 2  SO 4 –2  ZnSO 4 
CaSO4.2H2O 
Na+ + I–  NaI
1
Ag+ + I–  AgI CaSO4 . H2O (POP)
Ag+ + Br–  AgBr 2
Cu+2 O–2  Cu2O2  Cuo Cu2  SO4–2  CuSO4 
Ag+ + No3–  AgNo3
Fe2  SO4–2  FeSO4 

ClO = Perchlorate
4
Cu 3  SO42  Cu 2  SO4 3

ClO = Chlorate
3
Fe3  SO42  Fe2  SO4 3
ClO2 = Chlorite
ClO– = Hypochlorite 1. A (2, 8, 2) B
Cl– = Chloride (2, 8, 7)
Na + + ClO4– = NaClO4 Sol. A(2, 8, 2) = A+2
B(2, 8, 7) = B–1
Na + + ClO3– = NaClO3
= AB2
Na + + ClO2– = NaClO2 2. MCl2
Na+ + ClO– = NaClO (
Na+ + Cl = NaCl ( Sol. MCl2
BrO4–  M+2 Cl–1
BrO3–  M+2 SO4–2
BrO2–  MSO Ans.
BrO– = 3. MSO4
Br– =
Ag + BrO4–  AgBrO4 = Silver perbromate Sol. MSO4
M+2 SO4–2
Ag+ + BrO3–  AgBrO3 = Silver bromate
M+2 PO4–3
Ag+ +BrO2–  AgBrO2 = Silver bromite
M4(PO Ans.
Ag+ + BrO– = AgBrO = Silver hypobromite
CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (9.)
 8. 60 gm C O2
CO2
 Sol.
H2O  1 × 2 + 16  2 + 16  18
CO2  12 + 16 × 2  44
CaCO3 40 + 12 + 48  100
Ca3(PO4)2  40  3 + 2 (31 + 4  16)
= 120 + 2 (31 + 64)  12 gram C CO2
= 120 + 190 = 310  60 gram C CO2
4. CaCO3 Ca 44  60
  220 gram
12
Sol. CaCO3 = 40 + 12 + 16  3 = 100 
40
% of Ca = –—  100 = 40%
100
5. (NH2 CO NH2)
9. 22
%
Sol. NH2 CONH2
Sol. =2
= 14 + 2 + 12 + 16 + 14 + 2 = 60
= 2  22 = 44
28 10. H2SO4
N   100  46.6%
60 Sol. H2SO4 = 2 + 32 + 16  4
6. (Ca3 (PO4)2) Oxygen % = 34 + 64
= 98
Sol. Ca3 (PO4)2
A = 40  3 + 2 (31 + 4  16)  =
= 120 + 2 (31 + 64)
11. HCl
= 120 + 190 = 310
P = 62 Sol. HCl = 1 + 35.5 = 36.5
62 36.5
% of P = –––  100 = 20%  =   18.25
310 2 2
128 12. 164
% of O =  100  41.29%
310
7. 20 gm 164
Sol. =  82
gm 2
2H2 + O2 2H2O 
Sol.

2×2 2(2 + 16)

= 4 gram = 36 gram
 4 gram H2
 20 gram Hydrogen
36  20
  180 gram
4

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (10.)

 jklk;fud ca/ku
03. (Chemical Bonding)

 (Chemical Bonding) 
8  (C6 H6)
(C2H5OH)
(ii) (Crystaline)
(iii)
 (Condition for Ionic
 Bond)–
(i) (i) Bond
(Ionic or Electrovalent Bond) (ii) Bond
(ii) (Co-Valent Bond)
(iii) (Co-ordinate Bond)
 (Ionization Potential)–
 (Electrovalent/
Electron
Ionic Bond) Bond electrons

Note :– Electron
e–

Na Cl  Na+ + Cl– = NaCl

2, 8, 1 2, 8, 7
Ca O  Ca+2 + O–2 = CaO  (Electron Affinity)– Single Electron
2, 8, 8, 2 2, 6
Mg O  Mg+2 + O–2 = MgO  (Cl)
2, 8, 2 2, 6  (Electron Negativity)– Double
Electron

 (F)
 (Co-valent Bond)– Bond

 Bond
 Bond

 Co-Valent bond
 (i) Single Bond
(i) (ii) Double bond
(iii) Triple Bond
CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (16.)
(i) (Single Covalent Bond)– (ii) (M.P.) (B.P.)

Eg. H2, Cl2, H2O, CH4 (iii)

×× ××  >=>–
Cl Cl × Cl × × Cl ×
2, 8, 7 2, 8, 7 ×
×× ××
× Cl – Cl  Cl 2  >=>–
 >=>–
H × × H H — H  H2  –>=>
Remarks :– (Compound)
Ionic Bond Co-valent Bond
××
H O H× ×O × × H
1 2,6 ×× Ex:– NaOH
××
H –O– H  H2O
××
Ionic
H
Na O H
× H Covalent
×   -Bond– S
CH4 = H × ×C× ×H H C H
×  -Bond Bond ,  -Bond -
× H Bond
H
S
(ii) (Double Covalent Bond)  -Bond– p -
e– Bond Bond, -Bond
-Bond
Triple bond -Bond

(iii) (Triple Covalent Bond)

P 88
3e– O2 O O =1
=1
N2 N N =1
=2
×N × × × ×N N×
× × × N
× × × × × N2 CO 2 O C O =2
=2
C2H2
× ×
H × × C ×
×
× C × × H
× 

H C C H

 Co-valent Bond
(i)

(Soluble)

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (17.)

 Q. NH3 Loan Pair


 (Polar)

Polar


  (Non-Polar)

Non-Polar

H2 O
LP = 2
H O H  =2
 =0
NP
 (Loan Pair) Bond H–O–H
Bond
Bond
Loan Pair Angle 2.5º

Q. Loan Pair
H2O
××
H —× O ×— H
××
××
H—O—H
××
Loan Pair (L.P.) = 2  Bond Energy Bond
Q. CO2 Loan Pair Bond Energy
×× × × C × × ××
 Single Bond Bond Energy Triple Bond
O × × × × O Bond Energy
×× ××
×× ×× Q. Bond Energy
O C O (i) H – H (ii) O = O
×× ××
L.P = 4 (iii) N  N 

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (18.)

1. Bond Energy
(i) C – C (ii) C = C 
(iii) C  C 
2. Bond Energy
(i) C – F (ii) C – Br
(iii) C – I 
Note :– Bond
Bond Energy
3. Bond Energy  Hydrogen Bond– Bond
Hydrogen
(i) C – C (ii) Si – Si
Hydrogen Bond
(iii) Ge – Ge (iv) Sn – Sn
Ans. : - (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) Hydrogen = FON
4. Bond Energy Eg. :–
HF
(i) F – F (ii) Cl – Cl
H = FON – H2O
NH3
(iii) Br – Br (iv) I – I 
Note :– Periodic Table Note:– HF
HF
 (Hybridisation)–
 (Co-ordinate Covalent
Bond)
(Atomic Orbital) S 1 P2 (Atomic Orbital)

 N2 O SP2

Hybrid Orbital (H.O)


sp, sp2, sp3


2 (S, P) º
3 (S, P, P) º
4 (S, P, P, P)

  Electron Vailence Electron

Trick :–
Total Number of Vailence Electron
2
Vailence Electron 8 8 2
Vailence Electron 8 8

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (19.)

 CO2  CH4
4  12 4  1 4
16 8
 2  4
8 2
SP  180º SP3  109º.28'
Q.
BeCl2 BF3 CH4
Ans. 2
SP > SP > SP 3
 (2) Hybridisation Lone Pair
Angle

L.P = 2
H.O = 2 + 2
(2 L.P = 2.5 × 2 = 5)
= 104.5º

 NCl3

1
(3) Angle 
Lone Pair
Q. Angle

 L.P = 2
L.P = 1
H.O H.O
L.P = 0
H.O

= 106.5º = 104.5º
109º.28'

 Hybridisation = SP3
 Hybridisation = SP2
Note : – Hybridisation
L.P Angle

1 Electronegativity Trick :–
(1) Angle  Hybridisation
F  O  N  Cl –  Br –  I –  C  H
(Hybridisation Angle
Trick : – FON call

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (20.)

 (Important Facts)  (CH4)
109º28'

(Single bond)

 +3
(Having triple bond)
 Fe2O3  2Fe +++
+ 3O ]
––

  H2O
 (Ar–18)

 


 ×

 
(Head to head)
  
 (bond)
 

 
(Orbitals)
 CHCl3

 (NaCl)

 
AB2
CO2, BeF2, BeCl2




CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (21.)

 rRo rFkk feJ.k
04. (Element and Mixture)

(Element) 6.
7.

8.
9.

Eg :– etc.
10.
 (Periodic

Table)
11.

(Non-Metal)






1.

2.
3.
4.
(Metal)
5.

 7.
 Eg:– etc.
1. Note :–

2.

3. (Metalloid)
 (Quick Silver) 
4. (Hole) Memory
Card, SIM, PCB
5. 
CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (22.)
 Eg:– , Eg:– etc.
Tellurium (Te), Antimony (Sb)  (Heterogeneous Mixture)
Note:–

 Solid
State Eg:–
Remarks:–
 (Homogeneous mixture)
O > Si > Al > Fe > Ca > Na

Eg:–
Al > Fe > Ca > Na
 (Solution)
O > C > H > N > Ca 
 Ca
(Mn)  (Solvent)

(Compound)
 Eg:– etc.
 (Solute)
Eg:– H2O, CH4, CO2, SO2, CFC etc.
 (Organic compound) Eg:– etc.
 (Dilute Solution)
Eg:– CO2, CH4, C2H5SH
 L.P.G.
Eg:– etc.
 (Consantrate Solution)
 (Inorganic Compound)

Eg:– H2O, SO2, N2O, NO2

 N2O Laughing Gas
CO 2


1. (Unsaturated Solution)

(Mixture) 2. (Saturated Solution)



CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (23.)

3. (Super Saturated)

Eg:– Blood,
Remark:– Note:–

(Dialysis)

Remark:–
Example

 (Emulsion)
Cold Drink

Eg:–
 (Brownian Motion)–

(zig – zag Random) Brownian

movement
 Brownian

Q. 5 kg 2 kg

Sol. = (2 kg)  (Tyndal Effects)–

= (5 kg)
2 kg 20
= ×100 = 40
5 kg
 (Solution) 10–7 m
 (Dispersion)
Microscope
Eg:–
 (Suspension) 10–5 Eg:–
cm  (Concentration of Solution)
(Filter Paper) (1l)


Eg:–
 (Colloid) 10–9 m 17. 3l 12 kg
–7
10 m 12
Sol.   4 kg
Microscope 3
CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (24.)
 Or 3l ——— 12 kg mole

100
 = 5 kg
12 kg 20
1l ———  4 kg
3  (Normality)

 (Molarity) :
 1000


23. NaOH 250 ml

=
Sol.   23  16  1  40
1
18. 12 mole 3l
 1000
  2  1000  2  0.2
 40  250 10
12
Sol. =   4 mole/l 24. 49 gm H2SO4 500 ml
3
19. 4l 116 gm
Sol.   98  49
2
116 116
Sol.    2   1000
 49  1000  2
NaCl 58  49  500

2 1 (Important Facts)
    0.5
4 2
20. 5 L 180 gm



180 180 180
Sol.     1
C6H12O6 72  12  96 180 
1
   0.2 m/l 
5
 (Molality) 

Mole
=
(kg ) 
21. 3 mole 15 kg


3 
Sol. = = 0.2 m/kg
15
5

22. 20 kg 5.8 kg


5 .8kg 5800
   100
58 58 
CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (25.)

















 



 




CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (26.)

 eksy ladYiuk
05. (Mole Concept)

 1. 10 l 45 gm
Avogadro Number
(NA) 6.022 × 10 23

Sol.
 6.022 × 1023 Mole
C6H12O6 = 12 × 6 + 1 × 12 + 16 × 6
 = 72 + 12 + 96
= 180

= 45 gm
SI 45
=
 180
1
= = 0.25
4
2. 6 l 116 gm
 Mole = Collection
 Mole “OSTWALD”
Sol.NaCl
 SI = 23 + 35
 STP (Standard Temperature & Pressure NTP = 58
(Normal Temperature & Pressure) = 116 gm
Mole (Volume) 22.4
22.4 Avogadro No. 
6.022 × 10 23

116
O=    2 Mole
58
3.
O2 = Sol. H2O
 1 Mole N2 Molecule = 6.022 × 1023 = 2 + 16
= 2 × 6.022 × 1023 Atoms = 18
= 720 gm
 1 Mole H2O Molecule = 6.022 × 1023 Molecule H2O
 720  40 Mole
=
18
4. 88 CO2
(1) 1 Mole = 22.4 l
Sol. CO2 = 12 + 32
(2) 1 Mole = 6.022 × 1023 (Avogadro)
= 44
= 88
(3) 88  2 Mole
=
44
CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (27.)
5. 90 Glucose 9. 8 gr am O 2 NTP
Sol. C6H12O6 Sol. O2 = 16 × 2
= 32
= 12 × 6 + 1 × 12 + 16 × 6
= 8 gm
= 72 + 12 + 96
= 180 8

= 90 gm 32
1
90 Mole
 4
180  Volume = No of Mole × 22.4
1
 Mole  1  22.4
2 4
= 5.6 litre
No of Mole = No of Particles 10. 1 He NTP
6.022  1023 Sol. He =4
= 1 gm
 No of particles = No of Mole ×6.022×10 23
 1 Mole
6. 88 gram CO2 4
Sol. CO2 = 12 + 16 × 2  Volume = No of Mole × 22.4
= 44  1  22.4
4
= 88 gm
= 5.6 litre
88 11. 10 gram Hydrogen (H2) NTP
=
44
 2 Mole Sol. H2 =2
 No of Particles = 2 × 6.022 × 1023 = 10 gm
= 12.044 × 1023 10

7. 5 gram (NH3) 2
= 5 Mole
 Volume = No of Mole × 22.4
Sol. NH3 = 14 + 3 = 5 × 22.4
= 17 = 112 Litre
= 5 gm 

 5
17
Total no of e– /p+ /n = Total no of e– /p+ /n ×
5
 No of Particles   6.022  10
23
17  6.022 1023

= 177.1 × 1020
12. 1.6 CH4
8. 10 Mole
Sol. 1 Mole H2O = 6.022 × 1023 Mole H2O Sol.
= 10 × 6.22 × 1023
= 6.022 × 1024
Volume (in litre) of gas at STP/NTP 1.6 CH4 Total no of e–
No of Mole (in gas) =
22.4
 10  1.6  6.022  1023
16
Volume = No of Mole × 22.4
 6.022  1023
CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (28.)
13. 1.8 (H2O) 

Sol. 

 H2O

1.8 H2O Total No. of e– = 1 × 2 + 16 × 1 = 18

 H2O
 10  1.8  6.022  1023
18 = 18 × 10 = 180
 6.022  1023  (NH3)
6.022 × 1023
14. CuSO4 . 5H2O 0.04 Mole


Sol. 1 Mole CuSo4 . 5H2O = 10

 0.04 Mole CuSo4 . 5H2O 
6.022 × 1023
= 10 × 0.04 = 0.4
 (Avogadro Number)
15. 2 Calcium

1 6.022 ×
Sol. 1023

6.022 × 1023
Ca Total no of e– N
N = 6.022 × 10 23

 20  2  6.022  1023  NTP CO2

40

 6.022  1023
 NTP =1
16. 5 Ca
44.8
  2
22.4
Sol.


5
 No of Mole  
40

 1  0.125
8 
a.m.u. Atomic Mass Unit
(Important Facts)
 



=2×
CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (29.)
 vEy] {kkjd ,oa yo.k
06. (Acid, Base and Salt)

(Acid) Note :–

 Ex. :– CO2, SO2, NO3

 pH (Power of Hydrogen) 7 

 Ex. :– CO, NO
Zn + H2SO4  ZnSO4 + H2  
 (Strong Acid)



Ex. :– HCl, H2SO4, HNO3
 (Lichen)
(Weak Acid)

 
(i) H+ 

(ii) Ex. :– (CH3COOH)

(HCOOH)
(iii) electron Q.
(a) HNO 3 (b) NH 3
(c) H 2SO 4 (d) CO 2
Note :– (e) CH 3CHO (f) C2 H 5CHO
Ans. = C2H5CHO
 (Types of Acid) (Concentrated Acid)
1. (Hydraoxy Acid)
2. (Oxy Acid)
3. (Strong Acid)  1% HCl
4. (Weak Acid) HCl
5. (Concentrated Acid)
6. (Dilute Acid)  5% HCl
1. (Hydraoxy Acid)– (Dilute Acid)

Ex. :– HCl, Hf 
2. (Oxy Acid)– Ex. :– (CH3COOH)
Oxy (HCOOH)
Ex. :– H2SO4, HNO3, H2CO3, HClO4 (H2CO3)
CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (30.)
 – (Base)
(i) HClO4 > HClO3 > HClO2 > HClO

(ii) HI > HBr > HCl > HF
 pH 7




 OH
Ex. :– NaOH, KOH, Mg(OH)2
 (Alkali)

Ex. :– NaOH, KOH, Mg(OH) 2 , Ca(OH) 2 ,

Al(OH)2, NH4OH


Remark :–


OH–

 

(CH3COOH) (Vinegar) 
(H2NCHROOH)
(HCOOH) 
(Strong base)
(C2H2O4)
(HCl)
(C5H9NO4) (OH–)
(C4H6O6) OH
(C4H6O5) Ex. :– NaOH, KOH
(Weak base)
(C2H4OHCOOH)
(C6H5CO)

(H2CO3) OH
(C6H8O7) Ex. :– Ca(OH)2, NH4OH
CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (31.)
 (Concentrated Base) Note :–

Ex. :–
Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) CuSO4
(Diluted Base)
NaHCO3
Ex. :–
Note :–  120ºC

 CaSO . 12 H O 
pH
4 2
(Use of Bases)


(NaOH)

= 
= 
[Ca(OH)2]
pH

(Bleaching
Powder)

[Mg(OH)2] (Waste
Water)
(Antacid)  pH

(CaO) 

 pH pH
7 pH 7 pH

(MgO) pH 7
Note :–

1
pH 5
(KOH) 2
(Electrolyte)
SO2 NO2

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (32.)

 pH– Sol. pH + p[OH] = 14
pH = 14 – 13 = 1
pH [OH–] = 10–13
2.2 p[OH] = –log10–13
3.0 p[OH] = – (–13)
p[OH] = 13
3.2-3.9
4 pH pH

5
0-3.5 0
5.5
HCl
5.5-7.5
3.5-7
6.3
6.5-7.5 7
7.4

 7 pH
 pH pH
14
NaOH
pH = log 1+
H
pH = – log[H+]  Isotonic– Isotonic
p(OH) = –log[OH–]  Buffer pH
pH + p(OH) = 14 Buffer
1. H+ 10–4 pH last (pH)
Ex. :-
Sol. pH = –log[H+]
= – log10–4
= –(–4) log 10
=4×1
=4  (Hypo)–
2. H+ 0.001 pH

(Salt)
1
Sol. .001   103
1000 
pH = log10–3
pH = – (–3)log10
=3×1
pH = 3
N
3. HCl pH
1000
N Ex. :- NaCl
Sol.  103
1000
pH  3
 (General Salt) H+
4. 10–13 pH
OH–
CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (33.)
 Ex. :- NaCl, NO2CO3, CuSO4, K2SO4, Al2(SO4)3,  (Alkaline Salt)
Na2SO4, MgCl2 OH–
 (Double Salt) Ex. :- Ca(OH)Cl, Na2CO3, CuCO3, Cu(OH)2
 (Complex Salt) –
Ex. :- K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
[]
FeSO4.(NH4)2.SO4.6H2O Ex. :- Ag[Na(CN)2]
 (Acidic Salt)
+ 
H+
+ 
+ 
Ex. :- NaHCO3, NaHSO4, KHSO4, NH4Cl,

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (34.)

 (Important Facts)  pH

 
  H2O NaOH

 (Base)  H2CO3
 (pH) 
Na2CO 3
 H+ 

 
 pH
7.35–7.45
 Na2CO3
 pH


H2SO4

 (Common Salt)
 CO2






Note:–
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CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (35.)
 jsfM;kslfØ;rk
07. (Radioactivity)

 (Radioactivity) 

(Radioactivity)
  - (-Rays)
 G.M Counter 
 

 (Cause of Radioac-  MRI

tivity)
 (Group Displacement
Rule)
n
 1.5  Radioactivity (i)
p


 (ii) 


–Ve +Ve
231

(iii)

U 235 
β
 93 x 235
 - (-Rays) 92

(iv) 
82
Pb 212

Remark :– 

 U 235 
β
 93 x 235
92

Remrk :– 
 - (-Rays)


  
92 U 235   90 x 231   91 x 231   92 x 231
CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (36.)
 
U 235   96 x 235 
92

No. of   Rays  1.
4
25%
235  235
 Sol. 100 
t1/ 2
50 
t1/ 2
25  2
4
2.
0
 0
4
 1 t1/ 2 1 t1/ 2 1 t1/ 2 1
Sol. 1      4
t1/ 2

 = 96 – 92 = 4 2 4 8 16
   3.

1. U 238 
 86 x 226   1
92
12 %
2
1
Sol.   Sol. 100  50  25  12  3
t1/ 2 t1/ 2 t1/ 2

4 2
238  226 t1/ 2  3

4 = 1600 × 3
12 = 4800
3 
4 4.
=3 1
3
92 U
238
 86 X 226 
?
 86 X 226 8
 1 t1/ 2 1 t1/ 2 1
Sol. 1   
t1/ 2
 = 86 – 86 = 0 2 4 8
2. 92 U
238
87 U
222
 
t1  3
238 – 222 2
Sol.   = 400 × 3
4
= 1200
16
 4 5. 30 gm
4
4
15 gm
92 U 238  84 X 222 
 87 X 222
15 1
 Sol. t 1  30  2
 = 87 – 84 2

=3 t1
1
1 
2

(Half-life period) 2
 t1 1
2

t1 t = 140 × 1
2 = 140 days.
0.693 6.
t1  ,
  12 gm 3 gm
2

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (37.)

 Sol. Ta = 1.44 × 1600
3 1
Sol. t 1  12  4 = 2304
2 2.
t1 t1
1 1
1  
22
 0.693
2 4 Sol.  
0.396
t1  2
2 693
  1.75
t = 1600 × 2 396
= 3200 yrs. 3. Active
7. 100
12.5% Sol. Ta = 1.44  t½
= 1.44  100
1
Sol. t 1  12.5%  8 = 144 Days
2 4. Radio Active
t1 t1 t1 2.88
1 1 1
1 
2
 
2
 
2
 Ta
2 4 8 Sol. t½ =
1.44
t1 3
2.88
2
=  2 Days
t = 1600 × 3 1.44
= 4800 yrs.  (Artificial Radioactivity)
Radio Activity
8.
Frederic Joliot

t1 t1 t1 t1
1 1 1 1
Sol. 1 
2
 
2
 
2
 
2

2 4 8 16
 Radio Activity
t1  4
2
t = 1600 × 4  Radio Active
= 6400 yrs. (G. M. Counter)

 Radio Active

Ta  1.44  t1/ 2 Radio Active

 Radio Active
(82Pb206)
Ta
t1  
2
1.44

0.693 Note :–
() 
t1 (i)  
2

Ta = (ii)  
t½ = (iii) (Penetrating Power)   
1.
(iv)   
CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (38.)
   -Rays -Rays -Rays
1.

2. (2He4) (–1e–)
(He2+) (Steam of e–
)
3.


4.

(Nuclear Chemistry)

(Nuclear Fission
 (Nuclear Reaction) Reaction)–

(Nuclear Fusion Re- 

action)
2. (Nuclear Fission 
Reaction)
(Nuclear Fusion Re- 
action) (Atom Bomb)



 18 May 1974

 11 May 13 May

1998 98
 
Yellow Cake
 (Nuclear Radiation)
 (KI)
Note :–
 (Neutron Bomb)

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (39.)

 (Atomic Reactor) 

 =

 (Positive Catalyst)


 Eg:– MnO2, Fe, V2O5

(BARC Bhabha Atomic  (Negative Catalyst)
Research Centre) 1956

 (Nuclear Power Station) Eg:– C2 H5OH,
 (Catalyst Converter)

(USA) Eg:– Molybdenum (MO)

 (Catalyst Venom)

 (Security Wall)
 (Activation Energy)–
 (Fuel)


 (Controller Rods)

 (Moderator)– 1.
2.
(HNO3)
 H2SO4
3.
 (Coolant)– 4.
5.
6.

7.

Remark :– (Zr), 8. Acid

 (Biocatalyzer)

 (Catalyst)– 

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (40.)

 (Important Facts) 





 -60






 () He++
 
 




 11
Na22 
12
Na 22 

 SI
 





 
(U235) (Pu239)


 (Lead)








CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (41.)

 vEy] {kkjd ,oa yo.k
06. (Acid, Base and Salt)

(Acid) 2. (Oxy Acid)–

 Oxy
 pH (Power of Hydrogen) 7 Ex. :– H2SO4, HNO3, H2CO3, HClO4
 Note :–


Ex. :– CO2, SO2, NO3
Zn + H2SO4  ZnSO4 + H2 



Ex. :– CO, NO

(Strong Acid)
 (Lichen)


 Ex. :– HCl, H2SO4, HNO3
(i) H+ (Weak Acid)

(ii)

(iii) electron 

Note :–
Ex. :– (CH3COOH)
(HCOOH)
 (Types of Acid)
Q.
1. (Hydraoxy Acid)
(a) HNO 3 (b) NH 3
2. (Oxy Acid)
(c) H 2SO 4 (d) CO 2
3. (Strong Acid) (e) CH 3CHO (f) C2 H 5CHO
4. (Weak Acid) Sol. = C2H5CHO
5. (Concentrated Acid) (Concentrated Acid)
6. (Dilute Acid)
1. (Hydraoxy Acid)–
 1% HCl
HCl
Ex. :– HCl, Hf
CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (30.)
 5% HCl 
(Dilute Acid)

(CH3COOH) (Vinegar)
(H2NCHROOH)

(HCOOH)
Ex. :– (CH3COOH)
(HCOOH)
(C2H2O4)
(H2CO3)
(HCl)
 –
(C5H9NO4)
(i) HClO4 > HClO3 > HClO2 > HClO
(C4H6O6)
(ii) HI > HBr > HCl > HF
 (C4H6O5)

(C2H4OHCOOH)
(C6H5CO)

(H2CO3)
(C6H8O7)

(Base)

 pH 7



 OH
Ex. :– NaOH, KOH, Mg(OH)2
 (Alkali)

Ex. :–NaOH, KOH, Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)2, Al(OH)2,

NH 4OH


Remark :–

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (31.)

 (Use of Bases)

(NaOH)
OH–

 [Ca(OH)2]


(Bleaching
(Strong base)
Powder)

(OH–)
OH
Ex. :– NaOH, KOH [Mg(OH)2] (Waste
Water)
(Weak base)
(Antacid)

(OH–)
OH (CaO)
Ex. :– Ca(OH)2, NH4OH
(Concentrated Base)

Ex. :– (MgO)

(Diluted Base)

(KOH)
Ex. :– (Electrolyte)
Note :–
pH

Note :–  120ºC

 CaSO . 12 H O 
4 2


Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) CuSO4

NaHCO3
= 
 = 
CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (32.)
 pH 1. H+ 10–4 pH
Neutra
Sol. pH = –log[H+]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 = – log10–4
Acidic Base = –(–4) log 10
 pH =4×1
=4
 2. H+ 0.001 pH

 pH
 pH 1
Sol. .001   103
 7 pH 1000
 7 pH pH = –log[H+]
Ex. :– pH = –log10–3
pH 7 pH = – (–3)log10
Note :– pH = 3 × 1
=3
1
pH 5 N
2 3. HCl pH
1000
SO2 NO2 N
 pH– Sol.  103
1000
pH pH = –log10–3
2.2 pH = –(–3)log10
3.0 pH = 3 × 1
3.2-3.9
3
4
4. 10–13 pH
5
5.5 Sol. pH + p[OH] = 14
5.5-7.5 pH + 13 = 14
6.3 pH = 14 – 13 = 1
6.5-7.5  Isotonic– Isotonic
7.4
 Buffer pH
 7 pH Buffer
 pH pH last (pH)
Ex. :-

pH = log 1+
H
pH = – log[H+]
p(OH) = –log[OH–]  (Hypo)–
pH + p(OH) = 14
CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (33.)
 (Salt)  (Acidic Salt)
H+

Ex. :- NaHCO3, NaHSO4, KHSO4, NH4Cl,
 (Alkaline Salt)
OH –

Ex. :- Ca(OH)Cl, Na2CO3, CuCO3, Cu(OH)2

Ex. :- NaCl  (Complex Salt) –

[]
 (General Salt) H+
OH– Ex. :- Ag[Na(CN)2]
Ex. :- NaCl, NO2CO3, CuSO4, K2SO4, Al2(SO4)3,
+ 
Na2SO4, MgCl2
+ 
 (Double Salt)
+ 

Ex. :- K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O

FeSO4.(NH4)2.SO4.6H2O


Note:– ___________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (34.)
 jsfM;kslfØ;rk
07. (Radioactivity)

 (Radioactivity) 

(Radioactivity)
  - (-Rays)
 G.M Counter 
 

 (Cause of Radioac-  MRI

tivity)
 (Group Displacement
Rule)
n
 1.5  Radioactivity (i)
p


 (ii) -


–Ve +Ve
231

(iii)

U235 
β
 93 U235
 - (-Rays) 92

(iv) 
82
Pb 212

Remark :– 

 U235 
β
 93 U235
92

Remrk :– 
 - (-Rays)


  
92 U235   90 U231   91 U231   92 U231
CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (35.)
 
 92 U235   90 U 231 4. 92 U235 
 95 U223  

No. of   Rays 
4
Sol.  
235  231 4

4 235  223 12
  3
4 4 4
 1
4 =3
 U 235 
3α
 86 U 223 
 95 U 223
92
 = 92 – 90 = 2
 = 95 – 86 = 9
  
=9

1. 92 U238 
 86 U226   (Half-life period)

Sol.  
4
t1
238  226
 2

4
0.693
12 t1  ,
 
 3 2
4
=3 
3
92 U 238
86 U 226

 86 U
? 226

 1.
 = 86 – 86 = 0 25%
2. 92 U
238
 87 U 222
   Sol. 100 
t1/ 2
50 
t1/ 2
25

t1  2
238 – 222
Sol.   2
4 2.
16
 4
4 1 t1/ 2 1 t1/ 2 1 t1/ 2 1
Sol. 1    
t1/ 2
4
92 U 238  84 U 222 
 87 U 222 2 4 8 16

t1  4
 = 87 – 84
2
=3
3.
3. 92 U235 
 91 U227  

1
12 %
Sol.   2
4
235  227 8 1
Sol. 100  50  25  12  3
t1/ 2 t1/ 2 t1/ 2
  2 2
4 4
=2 t1/ 2  3
92U  88 U
235 2α 227

 91 U 227
= 1600 × 3
 = 91 – 88 = 3 = 4800 yrs.
=3
CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (36.)
4. 0.693
() 
1 t1
8 2

1 t1/ 2 1 t1/ 2 1 Ta =
Sol. 1   
t1/ 2

2 4 8 t½ =

t1  3 1.
2

= 400 × 3 Sol. Ta  1.44  t1/ 2

= 1200 yrs. Ta = 1.44 × 1600
5. 30 gm = 2304
15 gm 2.
t1
Sol. 30gm 
2
 15gm 0.693
Sol. ( ) 
t1/2 = 140 day. t1
6. 2

12 gm 3 gm 0.693

t1 t1 0.396
Sol. 12gm 
2
 6gm 
2
 3gm
693
t1/2 = 2   1.75
396
t1/2 = 2 × 1600 = 3200 yrs. 3. Active
7. 100
1 Sol. Ta = 1.44  t½
12
2 = 1.44  100
= 144 Days
t1 t1 t1
1 4. Radio Active
Sol. 100%  50%  25% 
2 2
 12 %2
2 2.88
t1/2 = 3 = 3 × 1600 = 4800 yrs.
Ta
8. Sol. t½ =
1.44
1
2.88
16 =  2 Days
1.44
t1 t1 t1 t1
1 1 1 1  (Artificial Radioactivity)
Sol. 1 
2
 
2
 
2
 
2

2 4 8 16 Radio Activity
t1/2 = 4 = 4 × 1600 = 6400 yrs. Frederic Joliot


Ta  1.44  t1/ 2  Radio Activity

 Radio Active
Ta
t1  (G. M. Counter)
2
1.44

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (37.)

 Radio Active Note :–

(i)  
Radio Active
 Radio Active (ii)  
(82Pb206)
 (iii) (Penetrating Power)   

(iv)   

  -Rays -Rays -Rays

1.

2. (2He4) (–1e–)
(He2+)

3.


4.

(Nuclear Chemistry) 

 

 (Nuclear Reaction)


(Nuclear Fusion Re-
action)
2. (Nuclear Fission
Reaction)
(Nuclear Fusion Re-
action)

(Nuclear Fission
Reaction)–


CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (38.)

  (Controller Rods)


(Atom Bomb)

 (Moderator)–
 18 May 1974

 11 May 13 May
1998 98  (Coolant)–


Yellow Cake

 (Nuclear Radiation)
(KI)
Note :– Remark :– (Zr),

 (Neutron Bomb)

(Catalyst)
(Atomic Reactor)




 (Types and Nature of Catalyst)

(BARC-Bhabha Atomic
 (Positive Catalyst)
Research Centre) 1956

 (Nuclear Power Station) Eg:– MnO2, Fe, V2O5
 (Negative Catalyst)

(USA)

Eg:– C2H5OH,
  (Catalyst Promoters)
 (Security Wall)
Eg:– Molybdenum (MO)
 (Fuel)  (Catalyst Poison)

Eg:–

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (39.)

 (Activation Energy)–

1.
2. (HNO3)

 H2SO4
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. Acid
 (Biocatalyzer)

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (40.)

 jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡ ,oa lehdj.k
08. (Chemical Reactions and Equations)

(Chemical Reactions) 4.
5.

2. (Endothermic Reaction)–
(System)

 (Physical Change)

1. N2  O2  
 2NO

etc. 2.

 (Chemical Change) 3.
(Displacement Reaction)

etc.
 (Reactant) + ×  × +
(Reactant)
 (Product) Zn  H 2SO 4 
 ZnSO 4  H 2

Remark :– Zn  CaSO 4 
 ZnSO 4  Ca

Fe  CaSO 4 
 FeSO 4  Ca
Na + Cl NaCl 
K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > H > Cu > Hg > Ag
Reactant Product > Au

 (Double Displacement
1. (Exothermic Reaction)– Reaction)

(Sys-
tem)
AgCl + NaNO 3 AgNO3 + NaCl

1. CH 4  2O2  CO2  2H 2O  Heat (Reversible Reaction)

2. 
3. CO2

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (41.)

 
(Pressure) ‘P’
(Temperature) ‘T’
(Volume) ‘V’
 (Charle's Law)

(Irreversible Reaction)
 Trick :– T.V.

C  O 2 
 CO 2

2Mg  O 2 
 2MgO
TV
(Gaseous Law)
T = V × Constant
 (Gaseous) T
 Constant
V
(Intermo-
T1 T2
lecular Force) 
V1 V2

  (Absolute Zero)–

(Mono-Atomic Gas)– 

He, Ne, Ar etc. T = ‘O’ K –273.15ºC

(Di-Atomic Gas) 1. 15ºC 360 ml

O2, Cl2, H2, CO etc. 400 ml

(Tri-Atomic Gas) T1 T2
Sol.  
V1 V2
CO2, SO2, NO2, O3
1 5  2 73 T
(Poly-Atomic Gas)  2
3 60 400
288
CH4, NH4  400  T2
360
 (Ideal Gas) T2 = 320K
T2 = (320 – 273)ºC
= 47ºC
Remark :– CO2,
T2  47º C
H2 N2
 (Real Gas)– 2. 27ºC 200 ml
0º

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (42.)

 T1 750 mm 120 ml
T2
Sol.  760 mm
V1 V2
Sol. P1 = 750 mm
27  273 0  273 V1 = 120 ml

200 V2 P2 = 760 mm
V2 = ?
300 0  273
  P1V1 = P2 V2
200 V2
750 × 120 = 760 × V2
3 273

2 V2 750  120
V2 
760
V2 = 91 × 2
2250
= 182 V2 
19
 (Boyle's Law) V2 = 118.42 ml
 (Gay-Lussac's Law)

Trick :–
VIP Boy

1 PT
V
P P = T × Constant

P P
 Constant
T

P1 P2

T1 T2
V V
1. 0°C 120 mm
27°C
Sol. P1 = 120 mm
Cons tan t P2 = ?
V
P T1 = 0ºC = 273K
V × P = Constant T2 = 27ºC
= 27 + 273
P1  V1  P2  V2
= 300
700 mm 500
P1 P2
ml 
T1 T2
100 ml
Sol. P1V1 = P2V2 120 P2

700 × 500 = P2 × 100 273 300

P2 = 3500 120  300

P2 
Pressure = 3500 – 700 273

= 2800mm 12000
  131.86 mm
91
CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (43.)
 V1 V2

P1V1 P2 V2
n1 n 2

T1 T2 200 V2

1. 27°C 760 mm 40 60
50 ml V2 = 60 × 5
207°C 25 ml V2 = 300 ml
Sol. P1 = 760 mm  (Equation of Ideal Gas)
V1 = 50 ml PV  nRT
T1 = 27 + 273
P= (Pressure)
= 300 K
V= (Volume)
V2 = 25 ml
R= (Gas constant)
T2 = 207 + 273
R = 8.314 Joule/Mole-kelvin
= 480 K
n= (No. of Moles)
P2 = ?
Note :–
P1V1 P2 V2

T1 T2
 STP (Standard Temperature & Pressure)
P1  V1  T2 STP 0°C
P2  1 atm
T1  V2
 NTP (Normal Temperature & Pressure)
760  50  480 NTP

300  25 20°C 1 atm
= 152 × 16 1. STP 56 gm CO
P2 = 2432 mm Sol. STP
 (Avogadro's Law) P = 1 atm
R = 8.13
= 56 gm
T = 0ºC = 273 K
Vn
V = n × Constant Mole 

V 56
 Constant 
n CO
56
V1 V2 
 12  16
n1 n2
56
  2 Mole
1. 200 ml 28
Moles n=2
Sol. V1 = 200 ml PV = nRT
1 × V = nRT
n1 = 40
V = 2 × 8.13 × 273
n2 = 60
= 4438.97 ml
V2 = ?
CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (44.)
2. NTP 132 gm CO
V1 M2
Sol. NTP Sol. V  M
2 1
P = 1 atm
R = 8.13 M2 = 64g
T = 20ºC = (273 + 20) M1= 4g
= 293 K
V1 64 16
 
Mole  V2 4 1

132 V1 4
  
CO 2 V2 1

132  4 :1
 3
44
n=3
PV = nRT
1 × V = nRT V1 M2
Sol. 
V2 M1
3  8.13  293

1 M2  O2 = 32
 7146.27 ml M 1  H2 = 2
 (Diffusion)
V1 32

V2 2

V1 16

V2 1
 (Graham's Low of Diffu-
sion) 4
=  4 :1
1

1  (Dalton's Law of
V Partial Pressure)
M

V1 M2

V2 M1

1. A B Note :–
A B



CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (45.)

 ty
09. (Water)

 
 Angle 104.5º
  250 PPM
 4ºC (277 K) (Soft Water)–

 [H2O + (Na + Ca + Mg)]

 100ºC (373 K) 0ºC (273
K)  150 PPM
 
  (0-60 mg/l)
1. (Distilled Water) (Hard Water):–
(Soft Water)
(Hard Water)
(Heavy Water) 
1. (Distilled Water)–

(i) (Permanent Hardness)

H2O
(ii) (Temporary Hardness)
 0 PPM (Parts Per Million)
 (i) (Permanent Hardness)
(Ca) (Mg)




CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (46.)
 
(Na2Al2Si2O8) 
 (Electrolysis Method)–
Na(Na4P6O18
(–)
(ii) (Temporary Hardness)
(Ca) (Mg) (+)



(i) (Sedimentation Method)–
Ca(OH)2
Note :–
(Na2CO3)
(ii) (Filteration Method)–

 PPM (Partical Per Million)

(iii) (Fractional of Distillation)–
 0 60 mg/l Soft Water
60 mg/l Hard
Water
(Heavy Water)–  (Evaporation)–

(D2O)

  (Condensation)–

 101.4ºC

Remark :– UV


 1D 2 O 
 
 6000  H 2 O  



CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (47.)

 v;Ld rFkk /kkrqdeZ
10. (Ores & Metallurgy)

 (Mineral)–

 (Ores)–

Remark :–

 (Metallurgy)

 (Ore's Concentration)  (Magnetic Method)


 (Froth/Foam Floatation
Method)
Note :–

 (Gravity Method)

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (48.)

 (Roasting)– (2) (Cu2S)
(3) (Cu2O)
(4) CuCO3 . Cu(OH)2
 (Calcination)–
(5) 2CuCO3 . Cu(OH)2
Note:–
 (Metal Refining)

(C)
 (MATRIX / GANG) (1) (CaSO4.2H2O)
Gang
(2) (CaSO4.½H2O)
 (Flux)
(3) (Lime Stone) (CaCO3 )
Flux
(4) (CaCl2)
 (Slug)– (Gang)
(5) (CaF2)
(D)
(1) (MgSO4.7H2O)
(2) (MgSO4.H2O)
(3) (MgCO3.CaCO3)
(4) (MgCO3)
(5) (KClmgCl2.6H2O)
(E)
(1) (KCl)
(A) (1) (Al2O3.2H2O) (2) (KNO3)
(2) (Al2O3.H2O) (3) (K2SO4)
(3) (Al2O3) (F)
(4) (Na3AlF6) (1) (NaCl)
Note :– (2) (NaOH)
1. (3) (NaHCO3)
(4) (Na2CO3.10H2O)
2. (5) (NaNO3)
(6) (Na2B4O7.10H2O)
3. Al (7) (Na2CO3)
(G) (Pb)
4. (1) (PbS)
(H) (Ag2S)
(I)
5. Al
(1) (ZnS)
(B)
(2) (ZnO)
(1) (Cu FeS2)
CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (49.)
 (3) (ZnCO3) 
(J) 0.5 – 1.5%

(1) (HgS)
 High
(2) (Hg2Cl2) Carbon Steel
(K)
(1) (Fe3O4)
 Alloy Steel
(2) (Fe2O3)

(3) (FeCO3)
(4) (FeS2)
 Fe, Cr, Ni C
(5) (Fe2O3.3H2O)
(L) (BaCO3) 
(M)
(1) (AuTe2) 
(2) [(Ag.Au)Te2] (1) LD Process
Note :– (2) Open Hearth Process
1. (3) Process
Hope Metal 
2.

(Alloy)
 






(Steel)
CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (50.)
 vkWDlhdj.k vkSj vodj.k
11. (Oxidation and Reduction)

(Oxidation) 2Naº + Cl02  2Na+1 Cl–1

Sn++ = Sn++++
 Oxidation
Oxidation (Fe2O3) Note : – Oxidation
 Oxidising Agent)–
Ex. :–
(Oxidising
Agent)

 Oxidation
 Oxidation Ex. :– (1) 2H2 + O2  2H2O


Ex. :– (2) O2, HNO3, H2SO4, KMnO4, Cl2, F2
Ex. :– S + O2 = SO2 (S Oxidation) Note :–
C + O2 = CO2 (C Oxidation)
 (Oxidation Number)–
N2 + O2 = 2NO (N Oxidation)


Loss of Electron  Oxidation  Maximum Oxidation No. =

 Minimum Oxidation No. = –8
 Oxidation

(i) Losss of Electron
1. –2
Na  Na+
2. O.No. –1
(ii)

Ex. :–
3. IA
+1
4. IIA O.No. +2

(iii) 2Ca + O2  2CaO 5. VIIA O.No. –

(iv) Oxidation *

Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2  Free Element Oxidation No. = 0

(v) Increase in Oxidation No.– (Oxidation Ex :– Na = 0, Mg = 0, Fe = 0
 Free Element Oxidation No. = 0
CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (51.)
1. HCl Cl Oxidation No. 9. KO2 O
Sol. HCl = 0 Sol. KO2 Oxidation Number = 0 [Super oxde]
Cl = – 1
1 + 2O = 0
2. NH+4 N Oxidation No.
2O = – 1
Sol. N – 4 = – 1
N=–1+4 O = –1/2
N=–3 10. CaH2 H
 Oxidation –1 Sol. CaH2 Oxidation Number = 0
3. K4[Fe (CN)6] Fe Oxidation No. 2 + 2H = 0
Sol. 4 + Fe – 6 = 0 2H = –2
Fe = 6 – 4 2
Fe = +2 H
2
4. H2SO4 S
H = –1
Sol. H2SO4 Oxidation Number = 0
H2SO4 (Reduction)
1 × 2 + S + (–2 × 4) = 0
2+S–8=0  (Reduction)
S = +6 (Reduction)
5. KMnO4 Mn Oxidation Number
Sol. KMnO4 Oxidation Number = 0 Ex. :–
1 + Mn (–2 × 4) = 0
1 + Mn – 8 = 0
Mn = 8 – 1  Reduction
= +7
(i) Gain of Electron
6. K2Cr2O7 Cr
Cl  Cl–
Sol. K2Cr2O7 Oxidation Number = 0
17 18
1 × 2 + Cr × 2 + (–2 × 7) = 0
(ii)
2 + 2Cr – 14 = 0
2Cr = 12 O2 + 2H2  2H2O

12 (iii)
Cr  Cl2 + H2  2HCl
2
Cr = +6 (iv)
7. OF2 O 2Naº + Cl2º  2Na+1Cl–1
Sol. OF2 Oxidation Number = 0 Reduction
O + (–1 × 2) = 0 (v)
O–2=0 (vi)
O = +2
(vii)
8. H2O2 O
(vii)
Sol. H2O2 OXidation Number = 0
2 + 2O = 0 Ex :– Cl + le– = Cl–
2O = –2 O + 2e– = O– –
2 F + le– = F –
O N + 3e– = N– – –
2
O=–1 Fe+++ + e– = F++
CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (52.)
 (Reducing Agent)–
Reduction

Ex :– H2 + Cl2  2HCl

Reduction
 (Redox Reaction)–
Reaction Reduction Oxidation
Redox Reaction

+ –



CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (53.)

 dkcZfud jlk;u ,oa mlds ;kSfxd
12. (Organic Chemistry and its Compounds)

(Organic Chemistry)  (Hydrocarbon)

 (Vital Force Theory)

 (Wohler)


 (Alkane)–
Single Bond

 (Methane) CH4
 (Allotropes)–
H

H C H

H

(Natural Gas), CNG
(Compressed Natural Gas)

 (Isomerism)– (Marsh)
Marsh

n-
(CH3NCO)
3 1984
 C2H6 
 C3H8
 C4H10 
 C5H12

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (53.)

 CNG (Compresed Natural Gas)– Note :– Carboxylic Acid
Pressure
 LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas)–
LPG  (Ether) —O—
(C2H5SH)
 CH2 — O — CH3
 C2H5 — O — C2H5
 (Alkene) Double Bond
Alkane  (Keton) — CO —

 C2H4  CH3 — CO — CH3

 C3H6  C2H5 — CO — CH3
 C4H8  Chain Reaction–
 (Alkyne) (1) 1 2 3 4 5
Tripal Bond
CH 3 CH CH 2 CH2 CH 3
 C2H2
 C3H4 Cl
 C4H6 2
 (Alkyl Group)– (2) 1 2 3 4 5
CnH2n+1
Alkyl Alkene CH 3 CH CH CH2 CH 3
 CH3 Cl Br
 C2H5
 C3H7
(3) 1 2 3 4 5
 (Functional Group)
CH3CHO CH CH CH 2 CH 3

Cl Br
(a) –OH 1
 CH3OH
(4)
 C2H5OH
(b)  (F, Cl, Br, I)
 C2H5I
 CH3 Br
(c) – CHO
 C2H5CHO (5)
 HCHO
 C3H7CHO
 Carboxylic Acid  COOH
Carboxylic Acid  HCOOH  Chain Triple
Bond, Double Bond
Carboxylic Acid  CH3COOH
Carboxylic Acid  C2H5COOH  Triple Bond

CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (54.)

 IUPAC (International Union of Pure and (ii) (– CHO)
Applied Chemistry)– CH3CHO 
 C2H5CHO 
IUPAC

CH3 — O — CH3 
(i) –OH  OH
C2H5 — O — C2H5 
CH3OH 
C2H5— O — CH3 
CH3 CH2OH 



CHEMISTRY By Khan Sir KGS (55.)

CHEMISTRY 1.

Periodic Table –
(Chemistry)





 

  1A 7A


Ex.– Li, Na, K

7  39 46 
= = 23 (Na )
2 2


p block
s block



d - block
Note :-

f- block

 s- block –

s


 p- block –





KGS Campus, Sai Mandir, Musallahpur Hatt, Patna-6 Mob : 8877918018 [By - Khan SIR ]
CHEMISTRY 2.
 d- block – 

Block d Zn = 30 – 18 = 12
Fe = 26 – 18 = 8
 f- block – 
f
 d- block
Cl = (17 – 10) + 10 = 17

(i) 
(ii)  s- block

Na  1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s1

 11

20
Ca  1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2

 p- block

 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32 Magic Number

C6  1s 2, 2s2, 2p 2  2 + 2 = 4 + 10 = 14

2 2 6 2 1
Al 13  1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p  2 + 1 = 3 + 10 = 13

2 2 6 2 5
Cl 17  1s , 2s , 2p , 3s 5p  5 + 2 = 7 + 10 = 17

 d- block d- block

Trick :
 Magic Number

H Li Na K Rb Fr
(i) H
A= Zero group
H=1 He = 2 (ii) Li
Li = 1 + 2 = 3 Ne = 2 + 8 = 10 (iii) Na
Na = 3 + 8 = 11 Ar = 10 + 8 = 18
K = 11 + 8 = 19 Kr = 18 + 18 = 36
Rb = 19 + 18 = 37 Xe = 36 + 18 = 54 Note :-
Cs = 37 + 18 = 55 Rn = 54 + 32 = 86
(iv)
Fr = 55 + 32 = 87 Og = 86 + 32 = 118

KGS Campus, Sai Mandir, Musallahpur Hatt, Patna-6 Mob : 8877918018 [By - Khan SIR ]
CHEMISTRY 3.
 C (Carbon)–

Trick :  Si (Silicon)–

 Sn (Tin)–

Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra  Pb (Led)–

 Mg

 Ca

 Ra Trick :

Note :- d- block

Trick
N P As Sb Bi
Green = Crow fasa  N

Blue = Cup

= mn  P

Feso4 –

Cuso4 =

KMnO4 =  As
White foot

Trick :  (Sb) (Bi)–

B Al Ga In Ti Uut 

 B (Boron)–

 Al (Aluminium)– Trick :

O S Se Te Po
Note :-  O

 S
Trick :
 Po

C Si Ge Pb Fi

KGS Campus, Sai Mandir, Musallahpur Hatt, Patna-6 Mob : 8877918018 [By - Khan SIR ]
CHEMISTRY 4.

 Trick :

Trick :
H Ne Ar Kr Xn Rn
 He
F Cl Br I Un


 (Cl)  Ne (10)–

 


 (Xn)–
Stranger
 (Rn)–



KGS Campus, Sai Mandir, Musallahpur Hatt, Patna-6 Mob : 8877918018 [By - Khan SIR ]
CHEMISTRY 1.

Chemistry By : Khan Sir

KGS Campus Patna –6 Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880

CHEMISTRY 2.

KGS Campus Patna –6 Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880

CHEMISTRY 3.

KGS Campus Patna –6 Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880

CHEMISTRY 4.

KGS Campus Patna –6 Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880

CHEMISTRY 5.

KGS Campus Patna –6 Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880

CHEMISTRY 6.

KGS Campus Patna –6 Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880

CHEMISTRY 7.

KGS Campus Patna –6 Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880

CHEMISTRY 8.

KGS Campus Patna –6 Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880