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Cambridge O Level
Chapter 1
Functions
Mapping
A mapping is a relationship between the members of two sets: a set of objects (or input values) and
a set of images (or output values).

This diagram is called a mapping diagram.

Rule of expression:
The rule connecting the input and output values can be written algebraically as: x ⟼ x +1.
(This is read as ‘x is mapped to x + 1’.)
The mapping can be represented graphically by plotting values of x + 1 in y-axis against values of x
in x-axis. That means y = x + 1.

The diagram shows that for one input value there is just one output value. It is called a one-one
mapping.
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Four types of mapping:
One-one
Every object has a unique image and every image comes from only one object.

For one input value there is just one output value.

Many-one
Every object has a unique image but at least one image corresponds to more than one object.

For two input values there is one output value.

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One-many
There is at least one object that has more than one image but every image comes from only one
object.

For one input value there are two output values.

Many-many
There is at least one object that has more than one image and at least one image that corresponds to
more than one object.

For multiple input values that can lead to multiple output values
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Exercise 1.1

Determine whether each of these mappings is one-one, many-one, or one-many.

1.
2.
x ⟼ x +1 x ∈ R

3.
2
x ⟼ x +5 x ∈ R

4.
3
x⟼ x x ∈R
x
x⟼2 x∈ R
5.
1
x ⟼ x ∈ R , x >0

6.
x
2
x ⟼ x +1 x ∈ R , x ≥ 0
7.
12
x⟼ x ∈ R , x >0

8.
x
x⟼± x x ∈R, x≥0

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Functions
A mapping is a function if and only if each object has only one image.
Thus, both one-one and many-one mappings represent functions.

Several ways of writing down the definition of a function have been used.
These are all equivalent:
(i) f : x ⟼ 2 x +5 ; x ∈ R ( f : x ⟼ 2 x +5 is read as 'function f is such that x is mapped to2x + 5)
(ii) f ( x )=2 x +5 ; x ∈ R
(iii) y=2 x +5 ; x ∈ R

Examples of one-one functions.

 All straight lines that are not parallel to either axis.

 Functions of the form y = x2n+1 for integer values of n.
 Functions of the form y = ax for a > 0.
 y = cos x for 0°  x  180°.

Examples of many-one functions:

 All quadratic curves,

 Cubic equations with two turning points.
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Function or not function:
 one-one and many-one mappings represent functions.
 one-many and many-many mappings are not functions.

Domain and Range:

The set of object values for a function is called the domain of the function.
The set of output values (or image) for a function is called the range of the function.

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Example-1
If f : x ⟼ 2 x +5 ; x ∈ R , –2 < x < 5, find the range of the function.
Solution:
The graph of flx) is shown.
It is linear and x can take any real value between -2 and 5.
The smallest value of f(x) will be f(-2) = 1
The largest value of f(x) will be f(5) = 15.
Thus, the range: l < f(x) < 15.

Example-2
If f : x ⟼ 2 x +5 ; x ∈ Z , –2  x  5, find the range of the function.
Solution:
The graph of f(x) is shown.
It is linear but x can take only integer values between -2 and 5
(inclusive).
The range,
f(x) = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9,11,13,15}

Example-3
The function f is defined by f(x) = (x – 2)2 + 3 for 0  x  6.
Sketch the graph of the function.
Find the range of f.
Solution:
The graph of f(x) is shown.
The minimum value of f(x) = 0 + 3 = 3 and this minimum
occurs when x = 2.
So f(x) has a minimum point at the point (2, 3).
When x = 0, y = (0 - 2)2 + 3 = 7.
When x = 6, y = (6 - 2)2 + 3 = 19.
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The range is 3  f(x)  19.

Exercise 1.2

1. Which of the mappings in Exercise 1.1 are functions?

2. Find the range for each of these functions.
a) f(x) = x − 5, −2 ≤ x ≤7 b) f(x) = 3x + 2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 5
c) f(x) = 7 − 2x, −1 ≤ x ≤4 d) f(x) = x2, −3 ≤ x ≤ 3
1
e) f(x) = 2x, −3 ≤ x ≤ 3 f) f(x) = , 1 ≤ x ≤ 5
x
3. The function g is defined as g(x) = x2 + 2 for x ≥ 0. Write down the range of g.
4. The function f is defined as f(x) =x2 − 4 for x ∈ R. Find the range of f.
5. The function f is defined as f(x) = (x − 1)2 + 5 for x ≥ 1. Find the range of f.
−1
6. The function f is defined as f(x) = (2x + 1)2 − 5 for x ≤ . Find the range of f.
2

7. The function f is defined as f:x↦10 − (x − 3)2 for 2 ≤ x ≤ 7. Determine the range of f.

8. The function f is defined as f(x) = 3+ √ x−2 for x ≥ 2. Find the range of f.

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Composite functions
When one function is followed by another function, the resulting function is called a composite
function.
 A composite function is formed when the
output from one function is fed into a second
function, as shown.
 fg(x) means the function g acts on x first, then f
acts on the result.
 f2(x) means ff (x), so you apply the function f
twice.

Domain and Range of Composite function:

Let f(x) and g(x) are two functions.
Composite function: fg(x)
domain of fg(x) ⊆ domain of g(x).
range of fg(x) ⊆ range of f(x).

Example:
The functions f and g are defined as follows:
f : x ↦ 2x + 5; x ∈ R and g : x ↦ 3x − 2; x ∈ R, − 2 ≤ x ≤ 5
a) Form the functions (i) fg and (ii) f2(= ff) and find the range of each function.
b) Why do the functions (i) gf and (ii) g2 not exist?
a(i) fg
fg(x) = f(g(x)) = f(3x − 2) = 2(3x − 2) + 5 = 6x – 4 + 5 = 6x + 1; x ∈ R, − 2 ≤ x ≤ 5
Range of fg:
When x = −2, fg(x) = 6(−2) + 1 = -11
When x = 5, fg(x) = 6  5 + 1 = 31
So, range of fg is −11 ≤ fg(x) ≤ 31
(ii) f2 = f∘f
f2(x) = f(f(x)) = f(2x + 5) = 2(2x + 5) + 5 = 4x + 10 + 5 = 4x + 15; x ∈ R
Range of f2: f2(x) ∈ R
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b) (i) gf
gf(x) = g(f(x)) = g(2x + 5) = 3(2x+5) – 2 = 6x + 15 – 2 = 6x + 13; x ∈ R
gf(1) = 19
range of g will be –8 ≤ g(x) ≤ 13
19  of range of g(x)
So, this composite does not exist.
(ii) g2:
g2(x) = g(g(x)) = g(3x − 2) = 3(3x − 2) – 2 = 9x – 6 – 2 = 9x − 8; x ∈ R, − 2 ≤ x ≤ 5
when x = –2, g2(x) = –26
range of g will be –8 ≤ g(x) ≤ 13
–26  of range of g(x)
So, this composite does not exist.

Exercise 1.3

1. f : x ↦ 2x + 3 for x ∈ R
g : x ↦ x2 − 1 for x ∈ R
Find fg(2).
2. f(x) = x2 − 1 for x ∈ R
g(x) = 2x + 3 for x ∈ R
Find the value of gf(5).
3. f(x) = (x + 2)2 −1 for x ∈ R
Find f2(3).
4. The function f is defined by f(x) = 1 + √ x−2 for x  2.
10
The function g is defined by g(x) = −1 for x > 0.
x
Find gf(18).
5. The function f is defined by f(x) = (x − 1)2 + 3 for x > −1.
2x+4
The function g is defined by g(x) = for x > 5.
10

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Find fg(7).

6. h : x ↦ x + 2 for x > 0
k : x ↦ √ x for x > 0
Express each of the following in terms of h and k.
a) x ↦ √ x + 2 b) x ↦ √ x+ 2
7. The function f is defined by f : x ↦ 3x + 1 for x ∈ R.
The function g is defined by g : x ↦:
10
for x  2.
2−x

8. g g(x) = x2 + 2 for x ∈ R
Solve the equation gf(x) = 5.

h(x) = 3x − 5 for x ∈ R
Solve the equation gh(x) = 51.
9. f(x) = x2 – 3 for x > 0
3
g(x)= for x > 0
x
Solve the equation fg(x) = 13.

10. The function f is defined, for x  R, by f : x ↦ ,x2

3 x +5
x−2

The function g is defined, for x  R, by g : x ↦

x−1
2
Solve the equation gf(x) = 12.

11. f(x) = (x + 4)2 + 3 for x > 0

10
g(x) = for x > 0
x
Solve the equation fg(x) = 39.
12. The function g is defined by g(x) = x2 – 1 for x  0.
The function h is defined by h(x)= 2x – 7 for x  0.
Solve the equation gh(x) = 0.
13. The function f is defined by f : x ↦ x3 for x  R.
The function g is defined by g : x ↦ x – 1 for x  R.
Express each of the following as a composite function, using only f and/or g:
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a) x ↦ (x – 1)3 b) x ↦ x3 – 1 c) x ↦ x – 2 d) x ↦ x9

Modulus functions
The modulus of a number is the magnitude of the number without a sign attached.
 The modulus of any number (positive or negative) is always a positive number.
 The modulus of a number is also called the absolute value.
 The modulus is denoted by a vertical line on each side of the number and is called the
magnitude of the quantity. For example, |2| = 2 and |–2| = 2
 The modulus of x, written as x, is defined as:

{
|x|= x if x ≥ 0
−x if x <0
 The function y =x is called the modulus function.
 The graph of the modulus function y = |f(x)|, any part of the corresponding graph of y = f(x)
where y < 0, is reflected in the x-axis.
For example, the graph y =x – 2is shown. It has a
vertex at (2, 0). The part of the graph y = x – 2 below the x-
axis has been reflected in the axis.

 The modulus function is not one-one. Hence it has no inverse.

Formulae:
1. |x + y| = |x| + |y|:

have opposite signs, then ∣x+y∣=∣x∣−∣y∣.

This equation is not always true. It is only true if both x and y have the same sign. If they

2. |x – y| = |x| – |y|:
This equation is also not always true. It is true only if ∣x∣≥∣y∣ or ∣x∣≤∣y∣. In other words, it
holds true when x and y have the same sign or when one of them is zero.
3. |xy| = |x|  |y|:
This equation is always true. The absolute value of the product of two numbers is equal to
the product of their absolute values.
4. |x/y| = |x| / |y|:
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This equation is not always true. It is true only when y ≠ 0.
5. (|x|)2 = x2:
This equation is always true. Squaring the absolute value of a real number is equivalent to
squaring the number itself.
So, among the given equations, only the third and fifth ones are always true.

Exercise 1.4

1. Solve:
a) |3x – 2| = 10 b) |2x + 9| = 5 c) |6 – 5x| = 2

d) | x−14|=6 e) |2 x3+7|=1 f) |7−22 x|=4

g) | −5|=1 h) | + |=4
x x+ 1 2 x
i) |2 x−5|=x
4 2 5

2. Solve:

a) |2x+x −53 |=8 b) |3x+x+21 |=2 |

c) 1+
x+ 12
x +4 |
=3

d) |3 x−5|=x +2 e) x +|x−5|=8 f) 9−|1−x|=2 x

3. Solve:
a) x2 – 1= 3 b) x + 1 = 10 c) 4 – x2= 2 – x
d) x2 – 5x= x e) x2 – 4= x + 2 f) x2 – 3 = x + 3
g) 2x2 + 1=3x h) 2x2 – 3x= 4 – x i) x2 – 7x + 6= 6 – x
4. Solve each of the following pairs of simultaneous equations:
a) y = x + 4 b) y = x c) y = 3x
y = x2 – 16 y = 3x – 2x2 y = 2x2 – 5

Graphs of y = |f(x)| where f(x) is linear

Exercise 1.5

1. Sketch the graphs of each of the following functions showing the coordinates of the points
where the graph meets the axes.
a) y =x + 1 b) y =2x – 3 c) y =5 – x
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d) y= |12 x +3| e) y =10 – 2x |1
f) y= 6− x
3 |
2. a) Complete the table of values for y =x – 2+ 3
x –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
y 6 4

b Draw the graph of y =x – 2+ 3 for –2  x  4.

3. Draw the graphs of each of the following functions,

a) y = x+ 1 b) y = x– 3 c) y = 2 – x
d) y =x – 3+ 1 e) y =2x + 6 – 3
4. Given that each of these functions is defined for the domain –3  x  4
find the range of
a) f : x ↦ 5 – 2x b) g : x ↦ 5 – 2x c) h : x ↦ 5 –2x
5. f : x ↦ 3 – 2x for –1x4
g : x ↦3 – 2x for –1x4
h : x ↦ 3 –2x for –1x4
Find the range of each function.
6. a) Sketch the graph of y =2x + 4 for –6 < x < 2, showing the
coordinates of the points where the graph meets the axes.
b) On the same diagram, sketch the graph of y = x + 5.
c) Solve the equation 2x + 4 = x + 5.
7. A function f is defined by f(x) =|2x - 6|- 3, for –1 ≤ x ≤ 8.
a) Sketch the graph of y = f(x).
b) State the range of f.
c) Solve the equation f(x) = 2.
8. a) Sketch the graph of y = 3x - 4 for –2 < x < 5, showing the coordinates of the points
where the graph meets the axes,
b) On the same diagram, sketch the graph of y = 2x.
c) Solve the equation 2x = 3x – 4.
9. a) Sketch the graph of f(x) =x + 2 +x – 2.
b) Use your graph to solve the equation x + 2 +x – 2= 6.
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Inverse functions
Example 7
f ( x )= √ x +1−5 for x ≥ –1
a) Find an expression for f–1(x).
b) Solve the equation f–1(x) = f(35).
Let, y= √ x +1 – 5

x=√ y +1 – 5 [Interchange the x and y variables.]

(x + 5)2 = y + 1
y = (x + 5)2 – 1
∴ f–1(x) = (x + 5)2 – 1

Exercise 1.6

1. f(x) = (x + 5)2 –7 for x ≥ –5. Find an expression for f–1(x).

6
2. f(x) = for x ≥ 0. Find an expression for f–1(x).
x+2
1
3. f (x) = (2x – 3)2 + 1 for x ≥ 1 . Find an expression for f–1(x).
2

5. f : x ↦ 5x – 3 for x > 0
4. f(x) = 8−√ x −3 for x ≥ 3. Find an expression for f–1(x).

g:x↦ for x ≠ 0
7
2−x
Express f–1(x) and g–1(x) in terms of x.
6. f : x ↦ (x + 2)2 – 5 for x > –2
a) Find an expression for f–1(x). b Solve the equation f–1(x) = 3.
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7. f(x) = (x - 4)2 + 5 for x > 4
a) Find an expression for f–1(x). b Solve the equation f–1(x) = f(0)
2 x +3
8. g(x) = for x > 1
x−1
a) Find an expression for g–1(x). b) Solve the equation g–1(x) = 5.
x
9. f(x) = +2 for x∈R and g(x) = x2 - 2x for x∈R
2
a) Find f–1(x). b) Solve fg(x) = f–1(x).
10. f(x) = x2 + 2 for x∈R and g(x) = 2x + 3 for x∈R
Solve the equation gf(x) = g-1(l7).

11. f : x ↦ for x ≠ 2 and g : x ↦ for x > -5

2 x +8 x−3
x −2 2
Solve the equation f(x) = g-1(x).

13. f : x ↦ x + 6 for x > 0 and g : x ↦ √ x for x > 0.

12. f(x) = 3x - 24 for x ≥ 0. Write down the range of f-1.

Express x ↦ x2 - 6 in terms of f and g.

14. f : x ↦ 3 - 2x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 5
g : x ↦ |3 - 2x| for 0 ≤ x ≤ 5
h : x ↦ 3 - |2x| for 0 ≤ x ≤ 5
State which of the functions f, g and h has an inverse.
15. f(x) = x2 + 2 for x ≥ 0 and g(x) = 5x - 4 for x≥ 0
a) Write down the domain of f -1. b) Write down the range of g-1.
16. The functions f and g are defined, for x∈R, by
f : x ↦ 3x – k, where k is a positive constant.

g:x↦
5 x−14
, where x ≠ -1.
x +1
a) Find expressions for f-1 and g-1.
b) Find the value of k for which f-1 (5) = 6.
c) Simplify g-1g(x).
17. f : x ↦ x3 for x∈R and g : x ↦ x - 8 for x∈R
Express each of the following as a composite function, using only f, g, f-1 and/or g-1.
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a) x ↦ (x−8) 3 b) x ↦ x3 + 8
1

c) x ↦ x 3 −8 d) x ↦ (x +8) 3
1 1

The graph of a function and its inverse

f(x) = 2x – 1 for x∈R , -1 ≤ x ≤ 3
The domain of f is -1 ≤ x ≤ 3 and the range of f is -3 ≤ f(x) ≤ 5
x+1
The inverse function is f-1(x) =
2
The domain of f-1 is -3 ≤ x ≤ 5 and the range of -1 ≤ f-1(x) ≤ 3
The graph of f and f-1:

The graphs of f and f-1 are reflections of each other in the line y = x.
This is true for all one-one functions and their inverse functions.
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This is because; ff-1(x) = x = f-1f(x).

Self-inverse functions
Some functions are called self-inverse functions because f and its inverse f-¹ are the same.
1 1
If f(x) = for x ≠ 0 then f-1(x) = for x ≠ 0
x x
1
So f(x) = for x ≠ 0 is an example of a self-inverse function.
x
When a function f is self-inverse, the graph of f will be symmetrical about the line y = x

Exercise 1.7

1. On a copy of the grid, draw the graph of the inverse of the function f.

2. On a copy of the grid, draw the graph of the inverse of the function g.
18

3. f(x) = x2 + 3x, x ≥ 0

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On the same axes, sketch the graphs of y = f(x) and y = f-1(x) showing the coordinates of any
points where the curves meet the coordinate axes.
4. g(x) = 2x for x∈R
On the same axes, sketch the graphs of y = g(x) and y = g-1(x) showing the coordinates of
any points where the curves meet the coordinate axes.
5. g(x) = x2 - 1 for x ≥ 0.
Sketch, on a single diagram, the graphs of y = g(x) and y = g-1(x) showing the coordinates of
any points where the curves meet the coordinate axes.
6. f(x) = 4x - 2 for - 1 ≤ x ≤ 3
Sketch, on a single diagram, the graphs of y = f(x) and y = f-1(x) showing the coordinates of
any points where the lines meet the coordinate axes.
7. The function f is defined by f : x ↦ 3 - (x + 1)2 for x ≥ - 1.
a) Explain why f has an inverse.
b) Find an expression for f-1 in terms of x.
c) On the same axes, sketch the graphs of y = f(x) and y = f-1(x) showing the coordinates of
any points where the curves meet the coordinate axes.

8. f : x ↦
2 x +7
for x ≠ 2
x −2
a) Find f-1 in terms of x.
b) Explain what this implies about the symmetry of the graph of y = f(x)

Exercise 1.8

Exam Exercise
1. Solve the equation |4x - 5| = 21 [3]
Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 21 Q1 Nου 2011

2. a) Sketch the graph of y = |3 + 5x| showing the coordinates of the points where your graph
meets the coordinate axes.
[2]
b) Solve the equation |3 + 5x| = 2 [2]
Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 11 Q1 i, ii, Νου 2012

3. a) Sketch the graph of y = |2x - 5| showing the coordinates of the points where the graph
meets the coordinate axes. [2]
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b) Solve |2x - 5| = 3 [2]

Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 11 Q1 i, ii in Jun 2012

4. A function f is such that f(x) = 3x2 - 1 for -10 ≤ x ≤ 8

a) Find the range of f. [3]
b) Write down a suitable domain for f for which f-1 exists. [1]
Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 11 Q12a i,ii Nov 2013

5. The functions f and g are defined for real values of x by

f(x) = √ x−1−3 for x > 1
x −2
g(x) = for x > 2
2 x−3
a) Find gf(37). [2]
b) Find an expression for f-1(x) [2]
c) Find an expression for g-1(x) [2]
Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 21 Q4 Νου 2014

1
6. A function g is such that g(x) = for 1 ≤ x ≤ 3
2 x−1
a) Find the range of g. [1]
b) Find g-1(x) [2]
c) Write down the domain of g-1(x) [1]
d) Solve g2(x) = 3 [3]
Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 11 Q9i-iυ Νου 2012

7. a) The functions f and g are defined, for x∈R, by

f : x ↦ 2x + 3 g : x ↦ x2 - 1
Find fg(4) [2]
b The functions h and k are defined, for x > 0 by
h:x↦x+4
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k : x ↦ √ x.
Express each of the following in terms of h and k.
i x ↦ √ x+ 4 [1]
ii x ↦ x + 8 [1]
iii x ↦ x2 – 4 [2]
Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 21 Q5a,bi,ii, iii Nov 2011

8. The function f is defined by f(x) ¿ 2− √ x +5 for - 5 ≤ x < 0.

i Write down the range of f. [2]
ii Find f-1(x) and state its domain and range. [4]
4
The function g is defined by g(x) = for - 5 ≤ x < - 1
x
iii Solve fg(x) = 0. [3]
Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 11 Q6 Jun 2016

9. a) The function f is such that f(x) = 2x2 - 8x + 5

i Show that f(x) = 2(x + a)2 + b where a and b are to be found. [2]
ii Hence, or otherwise, write down a suitable domain for f so that f-1 exists. [1]
b The functions g and h are defined respectively by
g(x) = x2 + 4, x ≥ 0, h(x) = 4x -25, x ≥ 0
i Write down the range of g and of h-1 [2]
ii On a copy of the axes below sketch the graphs of y = g(x) and of y = g-1(x) showing the
coordinates of any points where the curves meet the coordinate axes. [3]

iii Find the value of x for which gh(x) = 85 [4]

Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 11 Q1lai,ii,bi, ii, ii Jun 2011

10. i On the axes below, sketch the graphs of y = 2 - x and y = |3 + 2x|

[4]
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ii Solve |3 + 2x| = 2 – x [3]

Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 12 04 Mar 2016

11. The functions f and g are defined by

2x
f(x) = for x > 0
x+1
g(x) = √ x+ 1 for x > - 1
a) Find fg(8) [2]
ax
b) Find an expression for f2(x), giving your answer in the form where a, b and c are
bx+ c
integers to be found. [3]
c) Find an expression for g-1(x), stating its domain and range. [4]
Cambridge IGCSE Additional Mathematics 0606 Paper 21 Q12i, ii, iii Jun 2014

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