Functions

Learning Objective:
Functions
• Understand the terms: function, domain, range, one-one function, inverse function and composition of functions
• Identify the range of a given function in simple cases, and find the composition of two given functions
• Determine whether a given function is one-to-one and find the inverse of a one-to-one function in simple cases
• Illustrate in graphical terms the relation between a one-to-one function and its inverse
• Understand and use the transformations of the graph 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) given by 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑎,
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑎), 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑓(𝑥), 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑎𝑥), and simple combination of these.
 Definition of a Function
Key Concept

• A function is a relation that uniquely associates members of one set with members What test can we
of another set. A function can be either a one-to-one function or a many-to-one do to check if we
function have a function?

A one-to-one function has one A many-to-one function has one output

Not a function. This would be a
output value (y) for each input value for each input value, but each output
one–to-many function.
value (x). value can have more than one input value.

In a function your input value (x) must be unique! Output value (y) can repeat.
 Definition of a Function
Key Concept

• The set of input values (x) for a function is called the domain of the function.
set of acceptable x values

• The set of output values (y) for a function is called the range (or codomain) of the
function.
set of acceptable y values
 Defining a Function
Example 2.1
b. f(x) is a linear function with the y intercept
𝑓(𝑥) = 5 − 2𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, −4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5. at 5 and a gradient of -2

a. Write down the domain of the function f. Let’s get our end points by plugging in our domain.
b. Sketch the graph of the function f. When 𝑥 = −4, 𝑦 = 5 − 2(−4) = 13
c. Write down the range of the function f. When 𝑥 = 5 𝑦 = 5 − 2 5 = −5
How do we get the
Solution range of a
function?

a. The domain is −4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5.

c. The range is −5 ≤ 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 13.

 Defining a Function
Example 2.2

The function f is defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 3 2 + 8 Let’s get our end points by plugging in our domain.
for −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 9. When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = ((−1) − 3)2 + 8 = 24
Sketch the graph of the function. When 𝑥 = 9, 𝑦 = ((9) − 3)2 + 8 = 44
Find the range of f .
Solution
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 3 2 + 8 is a quadratic function
Will my graph open
up or down?
What’s my vertex?

So, our range is 8 ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 44.

 Defining a Function
Check for Understanding

1. Which of these graphs represent 5. Find the range for each of these functions.
functions? If the graph represents a
function, state whether it is a one-one a. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 4 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 8
function or many-one function. d. 𝑓: 𝑥 ↦ 2𝑥 2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4
e. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 − 5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4
a. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
b. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ ℝ 7. Find the range for each of these functions.
c. 𝑓 𝑥 = 8 − (𝑥 − 5)2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 4 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10
c. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

d. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
 Homework 2A
• 1 a-h, • 7 a-d
• 4 a,b • 9 a,b
• 5 a-f • 10
 Composite Functions
Key Concept

• When one function is followed by another Your book tends to

function, the resulting function is called a write composite
functions like this.
composite function. Composite functions are
typically written in the form:
f(g(x)) or (f ∘ g)(x)

• (f ∘ g)(x) ( which is read as “f of g of x”)

means we must find g acts on x first, the f acts
Tip
on that result.
• In general, 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) ≠ 𝑔(𝑓 𝑥 ) When you see a composite function
think “right to left, one at a time”
 Composite Functions
Key Concept
Tip
Whenever you are asked why the
(f ∘ g)(x) only exists if the range of g is contained
composite function does/does not exist
within the domain of f. this is your answer! How do we get the
range?
Let’s make sense of this statement: When deciding if the composite function exists
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≥ 0 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 , we must consider the range of g(x) [g(x) is
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, −5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ −2 y].

So, our composite function would be: 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, −5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ −1

𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥+1 𝑔 −5 = −5 + 1
𝑔 −5 = −4
𝑔 −2 = −2 + 1
𝑔 −2 = −1
g(x) represents
Can I plug this
what variable? So, our range would be: range into f(x)?
−4 ≤ 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ −1
 Composite Functions
Example 2.3
2
2𝑥 + 3
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 4 − 1 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ 𝑔(𝑥) = for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 > 2
𝑥−2
Find 𝑓𝑔(4).
Now that we have g(4) we can plug it into
Solution our f(x) function.
Since we have a composite function, I know we 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 4 2 − 1
must work from right to left. So, let’s plug “4” 2
11 11
into g(x) 𝑓 = −4 −1
2𝑥 + 3 2 2
𝑔(𝑥) = 1
𝑥−2 g(4) means we =1
4
plug in 4 wherever
2 4 +3 we see x
𝑔 4 = Tip
4 −2
11 When you see a composite function
𝑔 4 = think “right to left, one at a time”
2
 Composite Functions
Example 2.6
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ 𝑔 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 1 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

Find the values of k for which the equation 𝑓𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑘 has real solutions. What does “real solutions” tell me?

Solution The question tells us 𝑓𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑘

Since we want 𝑓𝑔 𝑥 lets plug g(x) so that means we can write:
into f(x). So, wherever I see 𝑥 we will 9𝑥2 + 6𝑥 – 3 = 𝑘
plug in 3𝑥 − 1.
At this point this becomes a Chapter 1 Quadratics
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 Question. So, let’s set our quadratic equal to 0 and
𝑓𝑔 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 1 2 + 4 3𝑥 − 1 solve for k.
𝑓𝑔 𝑥 = 9𝑥2 + 6𝑥 – 3
9𝑥2 + 6𝑥 – 3 − 𝑘 = 0
𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0
(6)2 −4 9 −3 − 𝑘 ≥ 0
144 + 36𝑘 ≥ 0
𝑘 ≥ −4
 Composite Functions
Check for Understanding

Ex. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ Common Error

Find: a. 𝑓𝑔(𝑥) b. 𝑔𝑓(𝑥) c. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥) Remember “right goes into left” for
composite functions!

5
Ex. 𝑓 𝑥 = for 𝑥 ≠ 2 𝑔(𝑥) = 3 − 𝑥 2 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝑥−2
Find: a. 𝑓𝑔(𝑥) b. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥)

11. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ 𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 5 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ,

Find the values of k for which the equation 𝑓𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑘 has no real solutions.
 Homework 2B
•1 •6
•3 •7
•4 • 11
•5
 Inverse Functions
Key Concept

• The inverse function denoted by 𝑓 −1 𝑥 is Tip

the function that undoes what 𝑓(𝑥) has
done. Whenever you see f-1(x), or inverse
function think swap x and y.

An inverse function f-1(x) exists if, and only if,

the function f(x) is a one-one mapping.

The domain of f-1(x) is the range of

the original function f(x).
Tip
Whenever you are asked if an inverse
function does/does not exist this is The range of f-1(x) is the domain of
your answer! the original function f(x).
 Inverse Functions
Example 2.7
So, our inverse function f-1(x) is
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2 − 7 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ , 𝑥 ≥ −2 2 What does f(62) mean?
𝑦 = 𝑥+7 −2
a. Find the expression for 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
b. Solve the equation 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑓(62). When I see f-1 (x)
For part b we need to solve the equation 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑓(62). Since
what do I want
we already have our inverse function let’s begin by solving for f(62).
Solution to think?
For part a. we are to obtain the inverse function so let’s 𝑓 62 = 62 + 2 − 7
swap x and y and solve for y. 𝑓 62 = 64 − 7
𝑓 62 = 1
Remember f(x) is 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+2−7
y!
𝑥 = 𝑦+2−7
𝑥+7= 𝑦+2
𝑥+7 2 =𝑦+2
𝑥+7 2−2=𝑦
 Inverse Functions
Example 2.7 cont.
Since we are working with the inverse
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2 − 7 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ , 𝑥 ≥ −2 function we need to solve for the domain of The domain of the inverse
the inverse function. function is the ________ of
a. Find the expression for 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+2−7 the original function.
b. Solve the equation 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑓(62). 𝑓 𝑥 = −2 + 2 − 7
Solution
𝑓 𝑥 = −7
As our x values increase (go to the right) our y will also increase.
Now that we solved for f(62) let’s write out our equation So, our range is 𝑦 ≥ −7.
and solve for x. Which means the domain of the inverse function is 𝑥 ≥ −7.
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑓(62) Only one of our solution falls within that domain so our answer is
𝑥+7 2−2=1 𝑥 = −7 + 3
𝑥+7 2−2=1
Tip
𝑥+7 2 = 3
𝑥+7=± 3 When deciding how to reject the
𝑥 = −7 ± 3 incorrect solution use domain if your
answer is with respect to x, use range
if your answer is with respect to y!
 Inverse Functions
Example 2.8
For part b we need to find the f-1(x)
𝑓(𝑥) = 5 − 𝑥 − 2 2 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑘 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 6 When I see f-1 (x)
𝑓 𝑥 = 5− 𝑥−2 2 what do I want
a. State the smallest value of k for which f has an inverse. 𝑥 =5− 𝑦−2 2 to think?
b. For this value of k find an expression for f-1(x) and state 𝑥−5=− 𝑦−2 2
the domain and range of f-1. −𝑥 + 5 = 𝑦 − 2 2
± −𝑥 + 5 = 𝑦 − 2 Is our expression
Solution 2 ± −𝑥 + 5 = 𝑦 correct?
The vertex of the graph of 𝑦 = 5 − 𝑥 − 2 2 is at
the point (2, 5). For the function f to have an inverse it
must be a one-one function. Tip
Hence, the smallest value of k is 2. When you see “smallest or largest
value of k for which f has an inverse”
think “x value of the vertex”!
 Inverse Functions
Example 1.8
Let’s quickly jump back to our f-1(x). Given that the range is 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 6. Our
𝑓(𝑥) = 5 − 𝑥 − 2 2 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑘 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 6 correct expression after we reject is:
a. State the smallest value of k for which f has an inverse. 2 + −𝑥 + 5 = 𝑦
b. For this value of k find an expression for f-1(x) and state To get the domain of the inverse function we need to get the range of the
the domain and range of f-1. original function.
Solution 𝑓 2 = 5− 2−2 2
How do we get
𝑓 2 =5 the range?
b. Let state the domain and range of f-1(x). We know
2
that the domain of the original function is the range 𝑓 6 = 5− 6−2
of the inverse function, so our range of f-1(x) is: 𝑓 6 = −11

2≤𝑦≤6 So, the domain of the inverse function is:

−11 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5
 Inverse Functions
Check for Understanding
Tip
2. 𝑓: 𝑥 ↦ 𝑥2 + 4𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≥ −2
When you see a quadratic and need to
a. State the domain and range of 𝑓 −1
go from two of the wanted variable to
b. Find an expression for 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) one of the wanted variable, we can
5 consider completing the square.
3. 𝑓: 𝑥 ↦ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≥ 2
2𝑥+1
a. Find an expression for 𝑓 −1
b. Find the domain of 𝑓 −1
4. 𝑓: 𝑥 ↦ 𝑥 + 1 3 − 4𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≥ 0
a. Find an expression for 𝑓 −1
b. Find the domain of 𝑓 −1
 Homework 2C
• 1 a,c,e •6
•2 •7
•3 •8
•4 •9
•5
 The Graph of a Function and its Inverse
Key Concept

• The graphs of 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)are reflections of

each other in the line 𝑦 = 𝑥, and is obtained by
swapping (x,y) to (y,x)

Notice the swapping

of x and y
 The Graph of a Function and its Inverse
Example 1.9

Whenever I see f-1 what

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1 2 − 2 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4
do I want to think?
On the same axes, draw the graph of f and the graph of f-1
Since we are trying to graph the inverse function, we
Solution Whenever I see “graph” will do what we always do when dealing with the
what do I want to think? inverse, swap our x and y and graph.
Let’s start by graphing the
original function.

X y X y
1 -2 -2 1
4 7 7 4
 The Graph of a Function and its Inverse
Example 2.10
𝑥 𝑦 − 2 = 2𝑦 + 7 b. 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) so
2𝑥+7
𝑓(𝑥) = for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ , 𝑥 ≠ 2 𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 7 the function f is a self-inverse.
𝑥−2
𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 7 = 2𝑦 The graph 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is
a. Find an expression for 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) Why can’t x =2? symmetrical about the line
−2𝑥 − 7 = 2𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦
b. State what your answer to part a tells you 𝑦=𝑥
about the symmetry of the graph y=f(x) −2𝑥 − 7 = 𝑦(2 − x)
−2𝑥 − 7
𝑦=
Solution 2−𝑥

We need to find 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) so let’s swap x Let’s factor out a negative 1

and y and solve for y. from the top and bottom.
2𝑥 + 7 Tip
𝑓(𝑥) = −(2𝑥 + 7)
𝑥−2 𝑦=
If our “want” ( in this case “y”) −(−2 + 𝑥)
2𝑦 + 7 appears in two places and you can’t
𝑥= easily combine like terms you want to 2𝑥 + 7
𝑦−2 think factor! 𝑦=
𝑥−2
 The Graph of a Function and its Inverse
Check for Understanding

2. 𝑓: 𝑥 ↦ 2𝑥 − 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
Common Error
a. Find an expression for 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
b. State the domain and range of 𝑓 −1 Keep an eye out for opportunities to
factor!
c. Sketch, on the same diagram, the graph 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)making clear the
relationship between the graphs.
4
3. The diagram shows the graph y=f(x), where 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑥+2
a. State the range for 𝑓(𝑥)
b. Find an expression for 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
c. State the domain and range of 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
d. On a copy of the diagram, sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 𝑥 , making clear the relationship between
the graphs.
 Homework 2D
•1 •3
•2 •4
 Transformations
Key Concept

• In the coming slides we will cover the following transformations:

• Translations f x →−af(−bx±h)±k
• Reflections General Format of Transformed function
• Stretches
• Once we finish going through the slides this will probably make
more sense but please keep these points in mind as you go
through the remaining slides.
• Horizontal Transformations – Inside, we do the opposite
operation
• Vertical Transformations- Outside, we do operation as
written
 Translation
Key Concept
Horizontal Translation
• A translation occurs when we “slide” our
function in a particular direction. We have two Vector notation 𝑥
can be used to express a translation.
types of translations: 𝑦

• Horizontal Translations Vertical Translations

• Vertical Translations
• The general rule for Translations will be the −3
2
means to the left 3 and up 2
following:
• Horizontal - 𝑓 𝑥 ± ℎ
• Vertical - 𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑘 Common Error

Remember we only do the opposite

operation for horizontal
Notice Inside vs Outside!
transformations when they are in an
equation not when we are explaining.
 Translation
Example 2.11

The graph of y = x2 + 5x is translated 2 units to the right. Find the equation of the resulting graph.
Give your answer in the form y = ax2 + bx + c.

Solution
Given that this is a translation 2 units to the right Since our answer needs to be in standard form
then we know 𝑓(𝑥) is becoming 𝑓(𝑥 − 2). So, let’s expand and combine like terms,
let’s replace x with “x-2” in our equation: 𝑦= 𝑥−2 2+5 𝑥−2
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 + 5𝑥 − 10
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 6
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 2 + 5(𝑥 − 2)
 Translation
Example 2.12

−5
The graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 is translated by the vector 3
. Find the equation of the resulting
graph.

Solution
The vector notation tells us that we are going to
the left 5 and up 3. So, 𝑓(𝑥) is becoming Tip
𝑓(𝑥 + 5) + 3. So, let’s apply our rule. Writing the transformation rule can
be a good way to get a sense of what
𝑦 = 2𝑥 substitutions need to happen to get
𝑦 = 2(𝑥 + 5) + 3 the wanted equation.
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 10 + 3
 Translation
Check for Understanding

1. Find the equation of each graph after the given transformation. Common Error
0
a. 𝑦 = 2𝑥2 after translation by 4
For Horizontal Translations + is left
and – is right in the equation. We
0
c. 𝑦 = 7𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 after translation by 1 don’t do the opposite in the
𝑥 3
description only the equation.
f. 𝑦 = after translation by 0
𝑥+1
2
h. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 −2 after translation by 3

2. Find the translation that transforms the graph.

a. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 2 to the graph 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 2
c. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 to the graph 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)2 −3(𝑥 + 1)
 Homework 2E
• 1 a,c,e,g,h • 3a-c
• 2a-f
 Reflection
Key Concept

• A reflection occurs when we “flip” our function

in a particular direction. We have two types of
reflections:
• Horizontal Reflection- over the y-axis
• Vertical Reflection- over the x-axis
• The general rule for Reflections will be the
following:
• Horizontal: 𝑓 −𝑥
• Vertical: −𝑓 𝑥

Notice Inside vs Outside!

 Reflections
Example 2.13
Given that 𝑦 = 𝑓 −𝑥 represents a
The quadratic graph y = f(x) has a minimum at the point (5, -7). Find the horizontal reflection it means our x value
coordinates of the vertex and state whether it is a maximum or minimum of will change
the graph for each of the following graphs.
a. 𝑦 = −𝑓(𝑥) b. 𝑦 = 𝑓(−𝑥) x y x y
5 -7 -5 -7

Horizontal or Vertical? Minimum Minimum

Solution
Given that 𝑦 = −𝑓 𝑥 represents a
vertical reflection it means our y value will
change.
x y x y
5 -7 5 7

Minimum Maximum
 Reflections
Check for Understanding

2. Find the equation of each graph after the given transformation.

Common Error
a. 𝑦 = 5𝑥 2 after reflection in the x-axis
c. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 after reflection in the y-axis Reflection “in the x axis” is vertical.
Reflection “in the y axis” is horizontal.
3. Describe the transformation that maps the graph:
a. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 3 onto the graph 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 3
d. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 onto the graph 𝑦 = −𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1
 Homework 2F
•1 •3
•2
 Stretches
Key Concept
Tip
• A Stretch occurs when we stretch/shrink our
function in a particular direction. We have two A vertical and horizontal stretch can
types of stretches: look identical. Use a table to help you
identify which took place.
• Horizontal Stretches -parallel to the x axis
• Vertical Stretches - parallel to the y-axis
• The general rule for stretches will be the
following:
• Horizontal: 𝑓 𝑎𝑥
• Vertical: 𝑎𝑓 𝑥

Notice Inside vs Outside!

 Stretches
Example 2.14
1
The graph of 𝑦 = 5 − 𝑥 2 is stretched with stretch
2
factor 4 parallel to the y axis. Find the equation of the
resulting graph.

Solution
“Parallel to the y axis” means we have a vertical 1
𝑓(𝑥) = 5 − 2 𝑥 2
stretch. So 𝑓(𝑥) is becoming 4𝑓(𝑥)
1 2
4𝑓 𝑥 = 4 5 − 𝑥
2

𝑦 = 20 − 2𝑥 2
 Stretches
Example 2.14
Describe the single transformation that maps the
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 5 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 5
graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 5 to the graph
𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 5.
Notice the -5 is present in both equations. Telling us
that we had to have a horizontal transformation.
Solution 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 5 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 5
So, this question requires that we describe the Now that we know it’s a horizontal transformation. Let’s
transformations given the equations. Remember see how the terms that include x have changed. Looking
Horizontal Transformations only affect terms at the middle term it looks like we just multiplied by 2. so
containing x while Vertical Transformations affect the 𝑓(𝑥) is becoming 𝑓 2𝑥 . Let’s test our theory.
entire function.
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 5
𝑓 2𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 − 3 2𝑥 − 5
= 4𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 5

Our theory was right! So, the transformation is

a Horizontal Stretch by a factor of ½.
 Stretches
Check for Understanding
Common Error
2. Find the equation of each graph after the given transformation.
a. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 after a stretch parallel to the y –axis with stretch factor 2 For Horizontal transformations, a
substitution (change x) occurs. For
c. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 4 after a stretch parallel to the y-axis with stretch factor ½ Vertical transformations, an
3. Describe the transformation that maps the graph: operation is done to the function.

a. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 5 onto the graph 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 5

d. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1onto the graph 𝑦 = 2𝑥+1 + 2
 Homework 2G
•1 •3
•2
 Combined Transformations
Key Concept
• When combining transformations care must taken Let’s consider the following:
with the order in which transformations are The graph 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is transformed to the graph 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑘
applied.
• Vertical transformations follow the “normal” We have two vertical transformations, so we
What transformations do we
order of operations have?
must follow order of operations. So, in this case
• Horizontal Transformations follow the opposite we would do the following:
order of order of operations. • First, Multiply the function by “a”
• If you have a mix of the two order does not • Second, Add k to the Function
matter.

The graph 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is transformed to

the graph 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐).
How would you
do this one?
 Combined Transformations
Example 2.16
The diagram shows the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and its Solution
image, Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑓(𝑥) − 3 𝑦 = 2𝑓(𝑥) − 3 tells us that we have a
Vertical Stretch by a factor of 2 and Vertical f(x) is what
Translation Down 3. Let’s use a table to get variable?
our new points
Whenever I
see “graph” x y x 2f(x)-3
what do I
want to -4 1 -4 -1
think? 0 1 0 -1
1 -1 1 -5
2 3 2 3
4 3 4 3

Notice vertical transformations

only affect y.
 Combined Transformations
Example 2.16 cont.
Tip
The diagram shows the graph of Solution Predicting what your graph will look
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and its image, Sketch like prior to you solving is a good way
the graph of 𝑦 = 2𝑓(𝑥) − 3 Let’s plot our points and get our graph! to create an opportunity to boost
your confidence in your answer.

x 2f(x)-3
-4 -1
0 -1
1 -5
2 3
4 3
 Solving Quadratic Inequalities
Example 2.17
The diagram shows the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥2 and its image, Solution
𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥), after a combination of transformations. Let’s start by making a table, so we can better see what
happened to our coordinate. I left blank spaces in our table
as I did not want to assume
x y x y the x values.
-2 4 1 4
-1 1 1
0 0 2 0
1 1 1
a. Find two different ways of describing the 2 4 3 4
combination of transformations.
b. Write down the equation of the graph Only my x values have change
𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) what does this tell me?
 Horizontal Transformations
follow the _______ of PEMDAS
Combination Transformations
Example 2.17 cont.
The diagram shows the graph Solution Another possibility would be a Translation 4 to the right
followed by a horizontal stretch by a factor of ½
of 𝑦 = 𝑥2 and its image, Since only our x values changed, we know only
𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥), after a horizontal transformations occurred. 2
combination of So, our equation is 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 4
transformations. x y x y
-2 4 1 4 Tip
-1 1 1
You can always plug in your points to
0 0 2 0 confirm that your rule/equation work.
1 1 1
2 4 3 4

Looking at the image we can see that a possible

combination of transformation is a horizontal stretch
by a factor of ½ followed by a translation to the right 2.
2
So, our equation is 𝑔(𝑥) = 2 𝑥 − 2
 Combined Transformations
Check for Understanding
Common Error
1. The diagram shows the graph of y=g(x). Sketch the graph of each of the
following. Vertical transformations only affect y
and follow PEMDAS! Horizontal
a. 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥 + 2) + 3 transformations only affect x and
follow the opposite of PEMDAS
e. 𝑦 = −2𝑔 𝑥 − 1
g. 𝑦 = 𝑔 2𝑥 − 6
h. 𝑦 = 𝑔(−𝑥 + 1)
 Solving Quadratic Inequalities
Check for Understanding

2. The diagram shows the graph of y=f(x). Write down in terms of f(x), the
equation of the graph of each of the following diagrams.
 Homework 2H
• 1 (Must include table) •7
• 2 (Must Include table)
 Quote
“The roots of education are bitter,
but the fruit is sweet.”
-Aristotle