Lec 5

CEE431 Radar Systems
Instructed By
Dr. Ahmed Azzam
Electronics and Communication Department
Theba Higher Institute of Engineering
1 of 10 CEE 431 LEC. 5 Radar Equation Dr. Ahmed Azzam
INTEGRATION OF RADAR PULSES
A pulse integrator is an improvement technique to address gains in probability

of detection by using multiple transmit pulses. This gain will be achieved by
inserted in receiving path radar signal processor adding radar returns (thus
the word integrator) from different successive pulse periods. Depending on
location of the pulse integrator in the signal processing chain this process is
referred to as
coherent integration
OR
non-coherent integration

Coherent Integration
With coherent integration (also called coherent averaging or time domain averaging) we
insert a coherent integrator, or signal processor, between the matched filter and amplitude
detector as shown in Figure 1.
The signal processor samples the return from each transmit pulse at a spacing equal to
the range resolution of the radar set and adds the returns from N pulses. After it
accumulates the N pulse sum it performs the amplitude detection and threshold check.

In a coherent radar ( which using coherent integration technique ) the sum can be
performed vectorially. Because the signal samples are all of the same phase, while the
noise samples of random phase.
Integration of N pulses involves summing N samples of the received signal taken at a

fixed delay after each one of N transmitted pulses.
The fixed delay assures that all the samples in the sum are coming from the same range.
If there is a target at that range , the output will be the sum of N target signal samples.
Otherwise, the output will be the sum of N noise samples.
The signal power of each one of the received pulses can be 1/N the power of a single
pulse, in order to get the same detection performance.

for example, if we were interested in a range of 75 Km and had a range resolution of 150 m the
signal processor would form 75,000/150 or 500 samples for each pulse. The signal processor
would then accumulate (add) each of the 500 samples in 500 summers. After the signal
processor has summed the first N pulses it would begin dropping older pulses off of the
accumulator as new pulses arrive. Thus, the signal processor will add the returns from the most
recent N pulses.
In analog processors, the integration (summation, accumulation) is accomplished by filters.
In digital signal processors, it is accomplished by Fast Fourier Transformations (FFTs).
The specific amplitude over the N pulses integrated by the coherent integrator is governed by
the probability density function for the specific target type.
So we can essentially consider,

the output of the coherent integrator as the return from a single pulse whose Signal-to-Noise
Ratio (SNR) is N times the SNR provided by the radar range equation.

Non-Coherent Integration
The Non-Coherent Integrator is placed after the amplitude or square law detector as shown in Figure 2.
The name non-coherent integration derives from the fact that, since the signal has undergone
amplitude or square law detection, the phase information is lost.
The non-coherent integrator operates in the same fashion as the coherent integrator in that it sums
the returns from N pulses before performing the threshold check.

The Non-Coherent Integrator is placed after the amplitude or square law detector as shown in Figure 2.
The name non-coherent integration derives from the fact that, since the signal has undergone
amplitude or square law detection, the phase information is lost.
The non-coherent integrator operates in the same fashion as the coherent integrator in that it sums
the returns from N pulses before performing the threshold check.

In older radars the pulse integration was implemented via the persistence on displays plus the
integrating capability of a human operator.
A second implementation is termed an m-of-n detector and uses more of a logic circuit rather
than a device that integrates. Simply stated, the radar examines the output of the threshold device
for n pulses. If a detect is declared on any m of those n pulses the radar declares a target detection.
This type of implementation is also termed a dual threshold detector.
The third type of non-coherent detector is implemented as a summer or integrator. In older

radars low-pass filters were used to implement them. In newer radars they are implemented in
special purpose hardware or the radar computer as digital summers. They operate as described
as coherent integrators.

The number of pulses returned from a point target by a scanning radar with a pulse
repetition rate of 𝒇𝒑 Hz, an antenna beamwidth 𝜽𝑩 degrees, and which scans at a rate of
𝜽𝒔 degrees per second is
𝜽𝑩 𝒇𝒑 𝜽𝑩 𝒇𝒑
𝒏= =
𝜽𝒔 𝟔𝝎𝒓
where 𝝎𝒓 = revolutions per minute (rpm) if a 360° rotating antenna. The number of
pulses received n is usually called hits per scan or pulses per scan. It is the number of
pulses within the one-way beamwidth 𝜽𝒔 .

Example
values for a long-range ground-based air surveillance radar might be 340-Hz pulse
repetition rate, 1.5° beamwidth, and an antenna rotation rate of 5 rpm (30°/s). Compute
the number of pulses per scan.
Solution
𝜽𝑩 𝒇𝒑 𝜽𝑩 𝒇𝒑
𝒇𝒑 =340 ; 𝜽B =1.5; 𝜽𝒔 = 30°/s ; ωr =5 𝒏= =
𝜽𝒔 𝟔𝝎𝒓
𝜽𝑩 𝒇𝒑 𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟑𝟒𝟎
𝒏= = = 𝟏𝟕 𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒏
𝜽𝒔 𝟑𝟎
(If n is not a whole number it can be either rounded off or the number can be used as
it is. It will make little difference in the calculation of radar range whichever you
choose to do, unless n is small.)
End of Lecture
Thank You
CEE 431 LEC. 2 Radar Equation Dr. Ahmed Azzam

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CEE431 Radar Systems

A pulse integrator is an improvement technique to address gains in probability

2 of 10 CEE 431 LEC. 5 Radar Equation Dr. Ahmed Azzam

3 of 10 CEE 431 LEC. 5 Radar Equation Dr. Ahmed Azzam

Integration of N pulses involves summing N samples of the received signal taken at a

4 of 10 CEE 431 LEC. 5 Radar Equation Dr. Ahmed Azzam

So we can essentially consider,

5 of 10 CEE 431 LEC. 5 Radar Equation Dr. Ahmed Azzam

6 of 10 CEE 431 LEC. 5 Radar Equation Dr. Ahmed Azzam

7 of 10 CEE 431 LEC. 5 Radar Equation Dr. Ahmed Azzam

The third type of non-coherent detector is implemented as a summer or integrator. In older

8 of 10 CEE 431 LEC. 5 Radar Equation Dr. Ahmed Azzam

9 of 10 CEE 431 LEC. 5 Radar Equation Dr. Ahmed Azzam

CEE 431 LEC. 2 Radar Equation Dr. Ahmed Azzam

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