Structural Steel Design

Lecture Notes 5
in
STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN

CE12d
First semester
2021-2022
BSCE Curriculum 2013-2014

Presented by: NENITA M. ABARADO, C.E.

College of Engineering and Architecture
Bohol Island State University-Main Campus

0
Structural Steel Design

Lesson 5
Eccentric Loading
Cases 1-3

Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. identify the parameters in the design and investigation of eccentric connections;

2. recognize the critical bolts/rivets in the connection;
3. determine the maximum stresses for bolted eccentric connection of varied cases of
brackets;
4. determine the adequacy of the bracket connections for cases 1 to 3 and
5. design the thickness of the material for the eccentric connection.

Time Frame: 6 hrs.

Introduction:

Brackets are eccentric connections which develop when the applied load does not pass
the connections' center of gravity. This is designed for a moment of resistance. It can be riveted
or welded, either. There is indeed a certain maximum load which can be applied to connection.

Those suitable for riveting are divided into distinct categories. Usually, the first three of
these are a pair of plated columns, one of which is riveted on either side. Beyond the column
flanges, they intend to support the load stiffened by some kind of diaphragm between them
outside the column.

The main concern with all three of these categories is that they are subject to the
bending of the column over its weak axis.

4.1 Three Methods of Analysis

 Elastic Analysis
 Reduced Eccentricity Analysis/Method
 Ultimate Strength Method (Instantaneous Center of Rotation Method)

4.2 Design Parameters

a) Shearing stress
Rallow = FsAs
where:
Rallow = allowable capacity of the most critical rivet
Fs = allowable shearing stress
As = area of the most critical rivet
b) Bending moment, M = Pe
where:
M = bending moment
e = distance from the center of the rivet group to the load applied
c) P- applied load

1
Structural Steel Design

d) n- no. of rivets
e) Fs- allowable shearing stress
f) Fy- allowable yield stress
g) c- distance from the center of the rivet group to the outermost rivet
h) d- diameter of rivet
i) actual capacity of the rivet (by category based on bolts/rivets connection):
𝑃 𝑀𝑐
Case 1: 𝑓𝑎 = +
𝑛𝐴𝑠 𝐴𝑠 ∑ 𝑥 2
𝑃 2 𝑀𝑐 2
Case 2: 𝑓𝑎 = √( ) + (∑ 2)
𝑛 𝑦
where:
𝑓 = the unit of applied stress, sometimes denoted as 𝜏
𝐴𝑠 = represent the cross-sectional area of one rivet shank
𝑐 = the distance from the centroid of the rivet group to the critical rivet
𝑥 = is the horizontal distance from the center of any rivet group
𝑦 = is the vertical distance from the center of any rivet group
𝑛 = the number of rivets
6𝑀
j) thickness of the plate; t = 2
𝑓𝑏(𝑑 )
where ∶
𝑓𝑏 = allowable bending stress
t = thickness of the plate
d = depth of the plate

4.3 Design Procedure:

1. Identify the values of the ff.

P- applied load
e- distance from the center of the rivet group to the load applied
n- no. of rivets
Fs- allowable shearing stress
Fy- allowable yield stress
c- distance from the center of the rivet group to the outermost rivet
d- diameter of rivet

2. Compute the Bending Moment

3. Compute the allowable Capacity of the rivet

𝜋𝑑2
Rallow = FsAs ; As = 𝐴 = ,
4
4. Compute the actual capacity of the rivet.

5. Investigate of check the capacity of the bracket connection

6. Compute the thickness of the plate:

6𝑀
t= 2 ; d- depth of the plate
𝑓𝑏(𝑑 )

4.4 Analysis of Bolted Eccentric Connection (Bracket for Cases 1 and 2)

2
Structural Steel Design

 Riveted Bracket — Case I.

According to Lother, this is the most basic and perhaps the least frequently used type
of steel bracket. The eccentric load P can be replaced by the same load acting on the centroid
plus the couple, M = Pe, where e is the eccentricity. Figure 1 indicates that the stress generated
by the couple in the same direction is directly additive and that the combined bending and
𝑃
stress formula applies. 𝑓 = 𝑅 = +
𝐴
𝑀𝑐
𝐽
Shearing stress due to axial load.
𝑃
𝑓𝑣 =
𝐴
Where: Moment Couple
𝑀𝑐 𝑃
𝐴 = cross-sectional area of ∑ 𝑥2 𝑛
one rivet shank multiplied by
the number of horizontal
rows
Figure 1
Note: When there is only one
horizontal row of tier or tier of rivets
𝑛 equals the total number of rivets.

In the Figure 1, n equals eight for two bracket plates, one for each column flange.
𝑀𝑐
Bending stress due to bending moment, 𝑓𝑏 =
𝐽
where:
𝑐 = distance from the centroid of the rivet group to the critical rivet
𝐽 = polar moment of inertia of the area about the centroid

𝑃 𝑀𝑐
Further, 𝑓= +
𝑛𝑎 𝑎 ∑ 𝑥2

But 𝑓𝑎 is equals to 𝑅, the total actual stress on the

critical rivet. Compare these values such that,
R allowable > R actual (safe)
𝑃 𝑀𝑐
Therefore: 𝑓𝑎 = 𝑅 = 𝑛
+ ∑ 𝑥2

While the allowable capacity of the rivet is, 𝑓𝑎 = 𝑅 = 𝐴𝑠 𝐹𝑠

where:
𝐴𝑠 = area of one rivet
𝐹𝑠 = allowable shearing stress

6𝑀
Plate thickness can be computed by: 𝑡=𝑓 2
𝑏𝑑
Where:
𝑡 = 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑀 = 𝑃𝑒
𝑓𝑏 = 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠; 𝑓𝑏 = 0.60 𝐹𝑦
𝑑 = width of the plate
6𝑀
Number of bolts can be computed by: 𝑛 = √ 𝑅𝑝

3
Structural Steel Design

where:
𝑛 = number of bolts
𝑀 = 𝑃𝑒
𝑅 = allowable capacity of the rivet
𝑝 = spacing between bolts

Examples

1. Determine the safe load P that the riveted bracket connection shown could carry if rivets
of 22 mm diameter were used. The allowable shear stress of the rivet is 103 MPa.
Given:

𝑛 = no. of rivets = 2(2) = 4

f = τ = 103 MPa
x = 70 mm
M = Pe = 500P
c = 70 mm

Solution:
P Mc
f= +
A J

P Mc
f= +
na a ∑ x2

P Mc
fa = R = + ∑ x2 Capacity of the most stressed rivet
n
R
f= a

π
R= (22 mm)2 (103 MPa) = 39154 N
4

P 500 P (70 mm)

39154 N = +
4 4 (70 mm)2
39154 = 0.25P + 1.78P

P = 19,233.54 N (safe load) answer

The bracket shown below is subjected to a load of P=200 kN. Find the following:
a. Shear stress due to axial load on the rivets in 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
b. Shear stress of the rivets due to bending moment alone in 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
c. Maximum shear stress of the rivets in 𝑀𝑃𝑎.

4
Structural Steel Design

Solution:
For one plate only
a. Due to axial load only:
200
P= = 100 kN
2
Pv = 100 cos 30° = 86.60 kN
Ph = 100 sin 30° = 50 kN
R = √(25)2 + (43.3)2
R = 50 kN

R 50 × 103
f= = π
a (28)2
4

f = 81.20 MPa

b. Due to moment alone:

M = 86.6(250) + 50(200)
M = 31650 kN. m = 31.65 × 106 N. mm
Mx
fy = ∑(x)2
∑(x)2 = 2(150)2 = 45,000
(31.65 ×106 )(150)
fy =
45000

fy = 105500 N

fx = 0
R 105500
f= = π
a (28)2
4
f = 171.34 MPa

c. Maximum shear stress:

R = √(130.5)2 + (25)2
R = 132.87 𝑘𝑁
𝑅 132.87
𝑓= =𝜋
𝑎 (28)2
4
𝒇 = 𝟐𝟏𝟓. 𝟕𝟗 𝑴𝑷𝒂 answer

 Reduced Eccentricity Method

In this approach, almost all the technique used to solve the problem using the elastic
approach is used apart from the reduction of eccentricity.

a) For case 1 and 2 (With one gage line of fasteners).

Effective eccentricity, ee :

5
Structural Steel Design

(𝟏+𝟐𝐧)
ee = e - (𝟐𝟓) SI unit where: L – actual eccentricity
𝟒
n – no. of fasteners
(1+2n)
ee = L - English unit
4

b) With two or more gage lines of fasteners.

(𝟏+𝐧)
ee = e - (𝟐𝟓) where: n – number of fasteners in each line
𝟐

 Ultimate Strength Design

Both the elastic and reduce eccentricity methods for analyzing eccentrically loaded
fastener groups are based on the assumption that the behavior of the fasteners is elastic.

M = Pee
J = ∑(𝑦 2 ) for case 2
J = ∑(𝑥 2 ) for case 1
𝐽
Ԏo =
𝑒𝑒 𝑁
N = total no. of rivets
r =√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

𝑀𝑟
R=
𝐽

4.5 Riveted Bracket — Case II.

From the figure, it can be seen that the shearing stress at the critical level is applied in
a horizontal direction from the moment of a couple. It acts, therefore, in a direction of right
angles to that from the vertical load P.

Thus the stress on the critical rivet is the resultant force of the two. Accordingly,

𝑃 2 𝑀𝑐 2
𝑓𝑎 = 𝑅 = √(𝑛) + (∑ 𝑦2 )

In which 𝑛 is the number of rivets in one column.

6
Structural Steel Design

. 𝑃
𝑁𝑛 𝑀𝑐
∑ 𝑦2

Moment Couple

Figure 2

Examples:

1. A concentrated load 𝑃 is applied at a distance of 250 mm from the rows of the rivets
which has a diameter of 22 mm. Determine the magnitude of this load if the allowable
shearing stress of the rivets is 103 MPa. Use two plates to support the load shown.

Solution:

𝑃 2 𝑀𝑐 2
𝑅 = √( ) + (∑ )
𝑁𝑛 𝑦2

𝑅 = 𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 (𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟)

𝜋
𝑅= (22 𝑚𝑚)2 (103 𝑀𝑃𝑎) = 39154 𝑁
4

𝑀 = 250𝑃

𝑐 = 112.5
For two plates
∑ 𝑦 2 = 4(37.5)2 + 4(112.5)2 =
562.50 𝑚𝑚2

𝑛 = 4(2) = 8 𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑠

𝑃 2 𝑀𝑐 2
𝑅 = √(𝑛) + (∑ 𝑦2 )
𝑃 2 250𝑃 (112.5) 2
39154 = √[8 ] + [ ]
(56250)

𝑃2 𝑃2
39154 = √64 + 4

𝑃2 +16𝑃2 Try to solve the same problem using

(39154)2 = √ another approach or solution. Just
64
2 analyze the problem very well.
17𝑃 = 64(39154 )2 ,
𝑷 = 𝟕𝟓𝟗𝟕𝟎 𝑵

7
Structural Steel Design

2. A steel knee-brace is riveted to a steel column eccentrically as shown in the diagram.

Calculate the maximum stress on any rivet in the group. F=100kN at 45 degrees.
Solution:
𝑒
sin 45° =
150

𝑒 = 106.07 𝑚𝑚
𝑀 = 100(106.07)

𝑀 = 10607 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑦
𝑓𝑥 = ∑(𝑥 2
+𝑦 2 )

∑(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 4(53.03)2 + 4(106.07)2

∑(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 56252.1032
1067000(106.07)
𝑓𝑥 = = 2011.955
56252.1032

𝑀𝑥 1067000(106.07)
𝑓𝑦 = ∑(𝑥 2 = = 2011.955
+𝑦 2 ) 56252.1032

𝑃 100000
= = 20000
5 5

𝑅 = √(20000)2 + (2011.955)2

𝑹 = 𝟒𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟏. 𝟖𝟗 𝑵 (𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑡)

3. A riveted bracket is subjected to load P at an angle ϴ from the vertical. There a 4-

25mm diameter rivets, 2 on each column face. Compute the maximum shear stress if
P=40 kN, ϴ= 45 deg., b=100mm, a=150mm, and e=250mm.

8
Structural Steel Design

Solution:

M= Pe
Px = 20 cos 45 = 14.14 kN
Py = 20 sin 45 = 14.14 kN
M= 14.14(250) + 14.14(100)
M=4949kN.mm = 4949000 N.mm

J = ∑(x2) = 2(752) = 11250

𝑀𝑥 4949000 N.mm ( 75 )
fy = = = 32993 MPa
∑(𝑥 2 ) 11250
14140 2 14140 2
Ract = √(32993 + ) +( ) = 40682 N
2 2
R = FvAs
𝜋(25)2
40682 = Fv ( )
4

Fv = 82.88 MPa

4. A bolted connection shown is bolted with A 490 bolts. A 36 steel is used with Fy =
248 MPa and Fu = 400 MPa. Allowable shear stress of 145 MPa.

a) Compute the diameter of bolt needed.

b) Compute the shear stress at bolt B.

Solution:

a) M = Pe = 125000(250)
M = 31.25 x106 N.mm

J = 2(2002) + 2(1002)
J = 100000 mm2

9
Structural Steel Design

𝑀𝑦 31.25 𝑥106 (200)

fx = =
∑(𝑦 2) 100000
fx = 625000 MPa
125000
P/n = = 25000
5
Ract = √(25000)2 + (625000)2
Ract = 67315 N

By shear:
R = FvAv
𝜋𝑑 2
67315 N = 145 ( )
4
d = 24.31 mm say 25 mm
The greater value of d
By bearing:
R = FbAb ; Fb = 1.2Fu
67315 = d (12.5) (1.2)400)

d = 11.22mm, therefore use d = 25 mm

𝑀𝑦 31.25 𝑥106 (100)

b. fx = =
∑(𝑦 2 ) 100000

fx = 31250 MPa

Ract = √(25000)2 + (31250)2

Ract =40019 N

Shear Stress:
RB = FvAv
𝜋252
40019 = Fv ( )
4
Fv = 81.53 MPa answer

5. Determine the thickness of the plate using the

Reduced Eccentricity Method.
c = 3 in.
bolt diameter = 6/8 in.
fs = 13 ksi
fb = 25 ksi

Sol’n:
(1+2n)
ee = L -
4
(𝟏+𝟐(𝟏))
= 10 -
𝟒
ee = 9.25 in.
M = Pe = 9 kips(9.25 in. )
M = 41.625 kip-in

10
Structural Steel Design

6𝑀 6(41.625)
t= =
𝑓𝑏(𝑑 2 ) 25(4.52 )

1
t =0.493 in. or
2
”

4.6 Riveted Brackets (for Cases 3)

The total stress R on the critical rivet may be computed by the laws of cosines, thus

P 2 Mc 2 P Mc
fa = R = √( ) + (∑ 2 2 ) +2( ) (∑ ) cosθ
Nn x +y Nn x2 +y2

Another formula that can also be used to determine the total stress of this bracket
connection.

Mc
P ∑ x2 + y2
Nn
Moment
Figure 3 Couple

The stress on the critical rivet is the resultant force of the two. Accordingly,

R = √(Fx )2 + (Fy )2
Where:
My
Fx = fx = ∑(x2 +y2 )
y = distance from the x-axis of the most stressed rivet
P P Mx
Fy = + fy = +
Nn Nn ∑(x + y 2 )
2

x = distance from the y-axis of the most stressed rivet

 Riveted Brackets — Reduced Eccentricity Method

(1 + 2n)
ee = e − (25) SI System
4

11
Structural Steel Design

(1 + n)
ee = e − (25) English 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
2
𝑛 = 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒

 Riveted Brackets — Ultimate Strength Method (USD)

𝑀𝑟
𝑅=
𝐽
Where:
𝑀 = Pee ee = reduced effective eccentricity
r = √(oτ
̅̅̅̅̅) 2 +c 2
o

𝐽 = ∑(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝐽
𝜏𝑜 = 𝑁 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑡𝑠 (𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒)
𝑒𝑒 𝑁
 Design Procedures:

1. Identify the values of:

P – applied load
e – distance from the center of rivet group to the load applied
n – no. of rivets used
fs – allowable shearing stress
Fy - allowable yielding stress
c – distance from the center of rivet group to the outermost rivet
d – diameter of rivet

2. Solve for maximum moment, M= Pe

3. Determine the allowable capacity of one rivet, R allow = AsFs

Fs = 0.40Fy
As = area of the most critical rivet
Basically, the
4. Determine the actual capacity of the most critical rivet, outermost rivet
Note:
R act − capacity of the most stressed rivet
R act = √(Fx)2 + (Fy)2

Fx = fx
My
fx = , y= distance from the x- axis of the most stressed rivet
∑(x2 + y2)
P
Fy = fy +
n
Mx
fy = , x= distance from the y- axis of the most stressed rivet
∑(x2 + y2)

P Mc P Mc 2
or Ract = √[ ]2 + [
∑(x2 + y2 )
]2 + 2 [∑( ] cos 
n n x2 + y2 )

12
Structural Steel Design

5. Compute the plate thickness, Recall the

6M notations
t= 2
fbd

Examples:
Most critical rivet
1. Investigate the capacity of the most stressed rivet.

Given: The data needed are

indicated in the figure.

Solution:

Solve the allowable and actual stresses:

Mx
 R allow = Asfs fy = ∑(x2
+ y2 )
[ (d)2 ] (25,000)(14.75)(2.75)
R allow = { } (15,000) fy = ∑[10(2.75)2 + 4(4)2 +4(7)2 ]
4
7 2
[ ( ) ] (25,000)(14.75)(2.75)
8
R allow = { } (15,000) fy =
4 335.5

R allow = 9,019.81 lb. fy = 3,022.54 psi

P
 R act = √(Fx)2 + (Fy)2 Fy = fy +
n
(25,000)
Fx = fx Fy = 3,022.54 +
10
My
fx = ∑(x2 Fy = 5,522.54 psi
+ y2 )
(25,000)(14.75)(7)
fx = ∑[10(2.75)2 + 4(4)2 +4(7)2 ]
(25,000)(14.75)(7)
fx = R act = √(Fx)2 + (Fy)2
335.5

fx = 7,693.74 psi R act = √(7,693.74)2 + (5,522.54)2

R act = 9,470.54 lb.

Check/Investigate
𝑅𝑎𝑐𝑡 > 𝑅𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 (unsafe)

Using another formula for the actual stress:

13
Structural Steel Design

𝑐 = √(2.75)2 + (7)2
𝑐 = 7.52 in.

7
tan  =
2.75
7
 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2.75)
 = 68.55 

𝑃 𝑀𝑐 𝑃 𝑀𝑐 2
𝑅𝑎𝑐𝑡 = √[ ]2 + [ ∑(𝑥 2 ]2 +2 [∑(𝑥 2 2)] 𝑐𝑜𝑠 
𝑛 + 𝑦2) 𝑛 +𝑦
25,000 (25,000)(14.75)(7.52) 25,000 (25,000)(14.75)(7.52) 2
𝑅𝑎𝑐𝑡 =√[ (2)(5) ]2 + {
[10(2.75)2 + 4(4)2 +4(7)2 ]
}2 + 2 {
(2)(5) [10(2.75)2 + 4(4)2 +4(7)2 ]
} 𝑐𝑜𝑠 68.55 

𝑅𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 9,470.54 lb.

2. A single plate 225 mm x 650 mm is fastened to the flange of the column with 6 rivets
arranged a shown. The maximum load on a corner rivet shall not exceed 42000 N.
Allowable stresses:
Tension of plates = 138 MPa
Bearing of rivets = 220 MPa
Shearing of rivets = 112 MPa
a. What is the required diameter of rivets
in the bracket connection?

b. What is the safe load P that the bracket

could carry?
c. What is the thickness of the plate?
Solution:
a. Diameter of rivet:
Shearing of corner rivet:
π(D)4
42000 = (112)
4
D = 21.85 say 22 mm

14
Structural Steel Design

b. Safe load P:
M = P(424 + 75)

𝑀 = 449𝑃
𝑀𝑦
𝐹𝑥 = 𝑓𝑥 = ∑(𝑥2
+𝑦2 )

𝑃 𝑀𝑥 𝑃
𝐹𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦 + 𝑛 = ∑(𝑥2 +𝑦2) + 𝑛

∑(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 6(75)2 + 4(75)2 = 56250

𝑀𝑦 499𝑃(75)
𝑓𝑥 = ∑(𝑥2 +𝑦2) = = 0.66533𝑃
56250

𝑃 𝑃
= 6 = 0.16667𝑃
𝑛
𝑀𝑥 499𝑃(75)
𝑓𝑦 = ∑(𝑥2 = = 0.66533𝑃
+𝑦 2 ) 56250

𝑅 = √(0.66533𝑃)2 + (0.83199𝑃)2

42000 = 1.065𝑃
P = 39425 N
c. Thickness of the plate
Bearing of rivets on the plate:
42000 = 22(t)(220)

t = 8.68 mm say 9 mm
Bending of plate:
Dia. of hole 22+3=25 mm
Mc
f= J

M = 424(39425)

= 16.72 × 106 N. mm
225
𝑐= = 112.5 𝑚𝑚
2
𝑡(225)3
𝐽= − (25)(𝑡)(750)2 (2) = 667968.75𝑡
12

𝑀𝑐
𝑓= 𝐽

16.72×106 (112.5)
138 = 667968.75𝑡

15
Structural Steel Design

𝑡 = 20.4 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 21 𝑚𝑚

∴ Use t = 21 mm

3. It is required to find the necessary size of A502, Grade 1, hot-driven rivets and the
thickness of web plates for the bracket shown in the figure. Use the AISC specification
for A36 steel.
32 000 #

1.3”

1”
3” O O 4”
3” O O
3” O O
1” O O
1.5”

5.5” W10 x49

The single-shear capacity R of a 1 in. rivet is ¼ x 3.1416 x 1 2 x 15,000 = 11780 lb.

Use 1 in. rivet

Plate Thickness.

From a large-scale layout of one of the plates, the depth d at the point of critical moment
measured perpendicular to the compression edge AB is 11 1⁄8 in. and the length of the
compression edge scales 17 in. Assume a plate thickness of 5/8 in.

Fb = 492 000 = 18 080 psi

17/.625

t = 6x15x32000 = 0.644 in
2x18080x11.1252

Use 16 1-in. rivets and 2 ¾ in. plates. Try to solve these in

details. Refer from the
given procedures of
bracket connection.

Exercises:
Plate No. 4
A. Cases 1 & 2

P4-1. Design a case I to carry a concentrated load of 6700 lb, located12 in. from the centerline
of the column. Refer to the AISC specification for allowable stresses. Assume A36 steel
and A502, Grade 1, hot-driven rivets.

16
Structural Steel Design

P4-2. Design a case II bracket to support a 17,500 lb. load applied to provide a clearance of 8
½ in. between it and the near edge of the W8 x 31 column. Use 7/8 in. A502, Grade 1,
hot-driven rivets and design the bracket to adhere to the AISC specification for A36
steel.

P4-3. In the bracket shown, it is subjected to an

eccentric load P = 214 kN acting 150 mm
from the centroid of a single line of
fasteners. The steel plate has a thickness
of 12.5 mm and the angular section has a
thickness of 6.25 mm. using 22 mm
diameter of A25 bolts with an allowable
shearing stress Fv = 145.14 MPa and an
allowable bearing stress of Fv = 1.5 Fy.
Minimum tensile strength Fy = 400 MPa.
Spacing of bolts = 100 mm.

a) Compute the max. allowable load per fastener

b) Compute the number of bolts required.
c) Compute the capacity of the required number of bolts.

17
Structural Steel Design

P4-4. A steel knee-brace is riveted to a steel column eccentrically as shown in the diagram.
Calculate the maximum stress on any rivet in the group. F=100kN at 45 degrees.

P4-5. A concentrated load 𝑃 is applied at a distance of 250

mm from the rows of the rivets which has a
diameter of 22 mm. Determine the magnitude of
this load if the allowable shearing stress of the
rivets is 103 MPa. Use two plates to support the
load shown.

B. Case 3
P4-6 Determine the rivet capacity of the most stressed rivet under the combined shear and
tension of the bracket shown in the figure. The diameter of the rivets is 22 mm.
Thickness of the plates is 12 mm. Use two plates to carry the load of 222.4 kN as shown.

18
Structural Steel Design

P4-7. Find the maximum stress of the bracket shown if it has a diameter of 22 mm. Spacing of
bolts = 100 mm.

P4-8. The bracket shown is bolted with 20 mm ∅ bolts. It carries an eccentric load of P = 30
kN. Compute the shearing stress of bolt B.

P4-9. A single plate 225 mm x 650 mm is fastened to the flange of the column with 6 rivets
arranged as shown. The maximum load on a corner rivet shall not exceed 42000 N.
Tension of the plates = 138 MPa, Bearing of rivets = 220 MPa, and Shearing of rivets =
112 MPa are the allowable stresses. Determine the required diameter of rivets and the
safe load P it could carry.

P4-10. The bracket shown is bolted with 5 – 20 mm ∅ bolts. It carries an eccentric load of
P = 35 kN. Determine the following:

19
Structural Steel Design

b) Location of the centroid of the group of bolts (reference: point A)

c) Shearing stress of the most stressed rivet

References:

 Besavilla , Simplified Steel Design , 719-736A

 Besavilla , STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN, pages 37-62-L
 John Lothers, STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN, pages 163-166
Web site:
 http://thegateacademy.com/blogs/bracket-connections-%28by-bolts%29

 https://engineering.stackexchange.com/questions/35396/how-should-the-welded-
corner-of-this-bracket-be-detailed

suggested websites:

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QElwkgYH5pw
 https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=design+of+welded+bracket&docid=60802641
2655775449&mid=402D35107A0A7A0C64AB402D35107A0A7A0
 https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/b-steel-bracket-
shown-figure-q1-b-subjected-design-load-350-kn-determine-sizes-fillet-weld-
q38284160
 http://www.cecalc.com/SteelWelds/SteelWeldsProblem1.aspx

20