DYNAMICS

Definition: Branch of mechanics which deals

with the study of bodies in motion  Displacement is different from distance.
Branch of Dynamics:  Distance is just a scalar quantity and is always
positive.
 KINEMATICS: study of motion
without reference to the forces that VELOCITY : rate of change of the position with
cause motion or are generated as a result time.
of motion. AVERAGE VELOCITY ( v ave): ratio of the
 KINETICS: relates the action of forces displacement and time interval.
on bodies to their resulting motions.
∆ r r2 - r1
 v AVE = =
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION ∆ t t2 - t1
FOR A PARTICLE AVERAGE SPEED (vave): ratio of the total
1) A particle acted upon by a balanced force distance and time interval.
system has no acceleration  It is not always the same as the
 Law of Inertia: states that if a body is magnitude of the average velocity.
at rest or moving at a constant speed in a ∆ r r1 + r2
straight line, it will remain at rest or  v AVE = =
∆ t t1 + t2
keep moving in a straight line at
constant speed unless it is acted upon by
a force. Prob.1
2) A particle acted upon by an unbalanced A man walks 7 km in 2 hours and 2 km in 1 hour
force system has an acceleration in line with in the same direction.
and directly proportional to the resultant of a) What is the man's average speed for the whole
the force system journey?
 F=ma b) What is the man's average velocity for the
 Force, mass, acceleration whole journey?
3) Action and reaction forces between two
particles are always equal and oppositely Prob.2
directed. A man walks 7 km East in 2 hours and then 2.5
 Law of Action and Reaction: states km West in 1 hour.
that when two bodies interact, they a) What is the man's average speed for the whole
apply forces to one another that are journey?
equal in magnitude and opposite in b) What is the man's average velocity for the
direction whole journey?

Prob.3
MOTION IN ONE-DIMENSION You start walking from a point on a circular
field of radius 0.5 km and 1 hour later you are at
Position, Velocity, and Speed the same point.
KINEMATICS: branch of physics that deals a) What is your average speed for the whole
with the description of motion. journey?
RECALL: b) What is your average velocity for the whole
 Scalar Quantities: Distance and Speed journey?
 Vector Quantities: Displacement and
Velocity Prob.4
POSITION (R): location of the particle John droves South 120 km at 60 km/h and then
East 150 km at 50 km/h. Determine
Scalar & Vector Quantities a) the average speed for the whole journey?
a. Scalar Quantities: described by its magnitude b) the magnitude of the average velocity for the
ex.: speed, distance, area, volume, whole journey?
density, temperature, pressure
b. Vector Quantities: described by its Prob.5
magnitude and direction. If you ran 50.0 meters forward for 5.0 seconds,
ex.: velocity, displacement, acceleration, force, instantaneously turned back, ran another 50.0
weight. meters backward for another 5.0 seconds
returning to your original position, your average
Position, Velocity, and Speed velocity is __ while your average speed is ____.
DISPLACEMENT (r̄ ): change in position.
 [  r̄ = r̄ 2 - r̄ 1 ] Prob.6
DISTANCE (r): total length travelled (by a In a 100. m footrace, you cover the first 50.0 m
particle). with an average velocity of 10.0 m/s and the
second 50.0m with an average velocity of 8.00 2. It occurs near the earth’s surface;
m/s. What is your average velocity for the entire 3. The effect of air resistance is negligible;
100. m? 4. The effect of earth’s rotation is neglected.

Prob.7 Note: At the peak of an object launched upwards

A car travels 22 km south, 12 km west, and 14 in a free fall, the speed is zero but the
km north in half an hour. acceleration remains constant.
a) What is the average speed of the car?
b) What is the final displacement of the car? Prob.1
c) What is the average velocity of the car? A rock is dropped from a height of 2.0 meters
above the ground.
ACCELERATION a) When will it reach the ground?
Definition: rate of change of velocity with time. b) What is its speed upon reaching the ground?
 AVERAGE ACCELERATION (a ave):
ratio of the change in instantaneous velocity Prob.2
and time interval. A rock is thrown downwards, giving it an initial
∆ v v2- v1 speed of 1.0 m/s. If it hits the ground with a
 a AVE = = speed of 15 m/s, from what height was it
∆ t t2 - t1
thrown? Time?
Recall:
INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION (a ): Prob.3
acceleration at a specific point in time. You throw a ball upwards from a height 1.0 m
 In a v-t curve, it is the slope of the above the ground, and then observe it until it
tangent line at a specific time. falls to the ground with a speed of 20 m/s.
 It is the limit of the ratio of the velocity a) With what initial speed was it thrown?
and time interval as the time interval b) How long did it stay in the air?
approaches zero.
Prob.4
Particle Under Constant Acceleration You throw a ball upwards from a height of 2.0m
g 2 above the ground, and observe that it comes to a
∆h= v 1 t- t
2 complete stop when it is 3.0m above the ground.
2 2
v 2 = v 1 -2g∆h a) What is the total time of flight of the
v 2 = v1 - gt ball?

( v +v
r 2 - r1 = 1 2 t
2 ) Prob.1
A stone is thrown vertically into the air from a
tower 100 ft high at the same instant that a
Prob.1 second stone is thrown upward from the ground
A bullet comes to rest in a tree in .01 seconds, the ground. The initial velocity of the first stone
with an acceleration of -8000 m/s 2. What was is 50 ft per sec and that the second stone is 75 ft
the bullet’s velocity right before it hit the tree? per sec. When and where will the stones be at
the same height from the ground.
FREE-FALLING OBJECT  Ans.
 Free-fall motion is an example of a t = 4 sec
motion along a straight line where an h1 = -57.6 ft (below the tower)
object has a constant acceleration h2 = 42.4 ft (above the ground)
(which is the acceleration due to
gravity). Prob.2
 It only occurs near a massive object’s On a certain stretch of track, trains run at 60
surface (earth’s surface in most of our mph. How far back of a stopped train should a
examples) warning torpedo be placed to signal an
 Acceleration due to gravity near the oncoming train? Assume that the breaks are
earth’s surface is equal to 9.8066 m/s 2 applied at once and retard the train at the
pointing towards the center of the earth. uniform rate of 2 ft per sec2.
But if we are talking about a small  Ans. r = 1936 ft or = 0.367 mi
object relative to the earth, in our
perspective it is usually oriented Prob.3
downwards. A stone Is thrown vertically upward and returns
to earth in 10 sec. What was its initial velocity
Assumptions in free fall: and how high did it go?
1. The only force acting on the particle is  Ans. v1 = 32.174 ft/s; h = 1608.7 ft
gravity;
 top of a 600-ft tower if the two stones are to pass
Prob.4 each other 200 ft from the top of the tower?
A ball is dropped from the top of a tower 80 ft  Ans. t’ = 13.677 sec
high at the same instant that a second ball is
thrown upward from the ground with the initial Prob.11
velocity of 40 ft/s. When and where do they A ship being launched slides down the ways
pass, and with what relative velocity. with a constant acceleration. She takes 8 sec to
 Ans. slide the first foot. How long will she take to
t = 2 sec slide down the ways if their length is 625 ft?
h1 = 64.348 ft (below the tower)  Ans. t = 200 s
h2 = 15.652 ft (above the ground) Prob.12
Relative Velocity = -40 ft/s A train moving with constant acceleration
travels 24 ft during the 10th sec of its motion
FORMULAS: and 18 ft during the 12th sec of its motion. Find
a 2 its initial velocity and its constant acceleration.
r = v1 t + t  Ans. v1 = 52.5 ft/s; a = -3 ft/s2
2
2 2
v 2 = v 1 + 2g r
Prob.13
v 2 = v1 + a t An automobile starting from rest speeds up to 40
ft/s with a constant acceleration of 4 ft/s2, runs
Prob.5 at this speed for a time, and finally comes to a
A stone is dropped down a well and 5 sec later rest with a deceleration of 5 ft/s2. If the total
the sound of the splash is heard. If the velocity distance traveled is 1000 ft, find the total time
of sound is 1120 ft/s, what is the depth of the required.
well?  Ans. t = 34 sec
 Ans. h = 353.097 ft
Prob.6 Prob.14
Repeat Problem 5 if the sound of the splash is A train travels between two stations ½ mi apart
heard after 4 sec. in a minimum time of 41 sec. If the train
accelerates and decelerates at 8 ft/s2, starting
Prob.7 from rest at the first station and coming to a stop
A stone is dropped from a captive balloon at an at the second station, what is the maximum
elevation of 1000 ft. Two seconds later another speed in mph. How long does it travel at this
stone is projected vertically upward from the speed?
ground with a velocity of 248 ft/s. If g is 32  Ans. v = 60 mph; t = 34 sec
ft/s2, when and where will the stones pass each
other? Prob.15
 Ans. Two cars A and B have a velocity of 60 mph in
t=5s the same direction. A is 250 ft behind B when
h1 = 400 ft (below the tower) the breaks are applied to car B, causing it to
h2 = 600 ft (above the ground) decelerate at the constant rate of 10 ft/s2. In
what time will A overtake B and how far will
Prob.8 each car have traveled?
A stone is thrown vertically upward from the  Ans.
ground with a velocity of 48.3 ft/s. One second
later another stone is thrown vertically upward Prob.16
with a velocity of 96.6 ft/s. How far above the An automobile moving at a constant velocity of
ground will the stones be at the same level? 45 ft/s passes a gasoline station. Two seconds
 Ans. t = 1.400 s; h = 36.090 ft later, another automobile leaves the gasoline
station and accelerates at a constant rate of 6
Prob.9 ft/s2. How soon will the second automobile
A ball is shot vertically into the air at a velocity overtake the first
of 193.2 ft/s. After 4 sec, another ball is shot  Ans. t’ =16.787 sec
vertically into the air. What initial velocity must
the second ball have in order to meet the first Prob.17
ball 386.4 ft from the ground? A balloon rises from the ground with a constant
 Ans. v1 = 158.652 ft/s acceleration of 4 ft/2.Five seconds later, a stone
is thrown vertically up from the launching site.
Prob.10 What must be the minimum initial velocity of
A stone is thrown vertically up from the ground the stone for it to just touch the balloon? Note
with a velocity of 300 ft/s. How long must one that the balloon and stone have the same
wait before dropping a second stone from the velocity at contact.
 Find the time at which the particle is at
r instantaneous rest.
v= Prob.2
t
INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY: Given: a = t – 5 ; t = 0, v = 8
dr Find the time at which the particle is at
v= instantaneous rest.
dt
Prob.3
INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION:
Given: v = 2t2 - 3t – 5;
dv
a= Find the acceleration a when t = 5
dt

TO INTEGRATE:
 ACCELERATION – VELOCITY
 VELOCITY - DISPLACEMENT
TO DIFFERENTIATE:
DISPLACEMENT – VELOCITY MOTION DIAGRAM
VELOCITY – ACCELERATION
Prob.1
Prob.20 Acceleration-Time Diagram
A stone is dropped into a well with no initial
velocity and 4.5 seconds later, a splash is heard.
If the velocity of sound is constant 330 m/s, find
the depth of the well up to the water level.

Prob.21
Drops of water fall from the roof of a building
16 m high, at regular interval of time. When first
drop strikes the ground, at the same instant fifth
drop starts its fall. Find the distance between the
individual drops in the air, the instant first drop
reaches the ground.

Prob.24
The motion of the particle along a straight line is
governed by the relation a = t3 – 2t2 + 7 where a
is the acceleration in m/s2 and t is the time in Prob.2
second. At time t = 1 second, the velocity of the Acceleration-Time Diagram
particle is 3.58 m/s and displacement is 9.39 m.
Calculate the displacement, velocity and
acceleration at time = 2 seconds.

Prob.25
The acceleration of a particle is defined by the
relation a = 25 – 3x2 mm/s2. The particle starts
with no initial velocity at the position x = 0,
determine the a) velocity when x = 2 mm, b) the
position when velocity is again zero and c) the
position where the velocity is maximum and the
corresponding maximum velocity.

Prob.26
The displacement (x) of a particle moving in one
direction, under the action of a constant force is PROJECTILE MOTION
related to the time t by the equation t = x-2 + 3
where x is in meters and t is in seconds. Find the
displacement of the particle when its velocity is
zero.

Others:
Prob.1 FORMULAS:
Displacement given: r = t3 - 7t2 + 8t + 12
x
 v=
t
  x = vt passing between the obstacles is 2.5 sec,
 x = (v1cosϴ)t calculate the complete range of projection and
x the initial velocity of projection.
 t=
v1 cosθ
Prob.9
 y = (v1sinϴ) ( v cosθ )-2 v cosθ ( )
2
x g x A particle from a point A, with the angle of
1 1 projection equal to 15o falls short of a mark B
gx
2 on the horizontal plane through A by 22.5m and
 y = xtanϴ - 2
2 (1+tan ϴ) when the angle of projection is 45o it falls
2 v1 beyond B by the same distance, as shown. Show
that for the particle to fall exactly at B, the
Time of Flight, T velocity of projection being the same in all three
2v 1 sinθ cases. Also determine the velocity of projection.
T=
g
2
v1
Rmax =
g Prob.10
Range, R – displacement A block of ice starts sliding down from the top
2
v 1 sin 2 θ of the inclined roof of a house (angle of
R=
g inclination is 30o with the horizontal) along a
line maximum slope as shown. The highest and
Max Height, Hmax lowest points of the roof are at height of 10.9m
2
v 1 sin θ
2 and 8.4m respectively from the ground. At what
Hmax = horizontal distance from the starting point will
2g the block hit the ground? (Neglect friction)
c 2 = a 2 + b2
Prob.11
Prob.1 A shell burst on contact with ground and
A ball thrown from horizontal level, such that it fragments fly in all directions with speed up to
clears a 6m high wall, situated at a horizontal 30 m/s. If a man is 40m away from the spot, as
distance of 35m, as shown. If the angle of shown, find for how long he is in danger.
projection 60o respect to the horizontal, what
should be the minimum velocity of projection? Prob.14
A ball is projected from point A with a velocity
Prob.2 v = 10 m/s which is perpendicular to the incline,
A ball thrown from top of building with a speed as shown. Determine the range R when angle is
12 m/s at angle of depression 30o with 30o solve the fundamentals.
horizontal, strikes the ground 11.3m horizontally
from the foot of the building, as shown. Prob.16
Determine the height of the building. A ball rebounds at A and strikes and inclined
plane at point B at a distance 76m, as shown, If
Prob.4 the ball rises to a maximum height h = 19m,
A ball thrown by a boy in the street, is caught by compute the initial velocity and the angle of
another boy on a balcony 4m above the ground projection α.
and 18m away after 2 sec as shown. Calculate
the initial velocity and the angle of projection.
CURVELINEAR MOTION
Prob.6
A ball is projected from the top of a tower of Rectangular Component:
110m height with a velocity of 100 m/s and at an Vector:
angle of elevation 25o to the horizontal, as r =¿ xi + yj + zk
shown. Neglecting the air resistance, find a) the
maximum height the ball will rise from the r = √ x 2 +y 2 + z2
ground, b) the horizontal distance it will travel
just before it strikes the ground and c) the dr
v= = vxi + vyj + vzk
velocity with which it will strike the ground. dt
v = √ v x2 + v y2 +v z2
Prob.7
An object is projected so that it must clear two dv
obstacles, each 7.5m high, which are situated a= = axi + ayj + azk
50m from each other, as shown. If the time dt
 √
v = a x2 + a y2 + a z 2

x vx ax
cosα = = =
r v a
y v a
cosβ = = y = y
r v a
z vz az
cosγ = = =
r v a

More formulas: Prob.20

Vector: A particle moves in the x-y plane with the
r =¿ xi + yj velocity components vx = 8t – 2 and vy = 2. If it
r = √ x 2 +y 2 passes through the point (x, y) = (14 , 4) at t = 2
seconds, determine the equation of the path
traced by the particle. Find also the resultant
acceleration at t = 2 seconds.
v = vxi + vyj
Prob.22
v = √ v x2 + v y2 A car travels along a vertical curve on a rod, the
equation of the curve being x = 200y (x-
a = axi + ayj horizontal and y-vertical distances in meters; m)
v = √ a x2 + a y2 The speed of the car is constant and equal to 72
km/hr.
Radius of Curve; ρ a) Find its acceleration when the car is at the

| |
3 deepest point on the curve and
b) What is the radius of curvature of the curve at
ρ = ( vx + vy )
2 2 2

this point?
vx ay - vy a x

RELATIVE MOTION
Tangential:
rA + rB/A = rB
dv rB/A = rB - rA
at = = 0 ; a = an
dt vB/A = vB - vA
a = √ a t2 +a n 2 aB/A = aB - aA

2 a 2
v r = v1t + t
an = 2 2
ρ

| |
v2 = v12 + 2ar

( ( ))
2 3 v2 = v1 + at
dy 2
1 +
dx
ρ=
d2 y Prob.23
dt2 Two cars A and B start from rest from point O at
the same instant and travel towards right along a
straight road as shown. Car A moves with an
dy acceleration of 4 m/s2 and car B moves with an
Slope:
dx acceleration of 6 m/s2. Find the relative position,
dy velocity and acceleration of car B with respect to
tanθ =
dx car A 5 seconds from the start.
vx = vcosϴ
vy = vsinϴ

Prob.19
𝑥 with a
1 2
A point moves along the path y =
3
constant speed of 8 m/s. What are the x and y
components of the velocity when x = 3? What is
the acceleration of the point when x = 3?
 Prob.26
Prob.24 A car A is travelling along a straight highway,
From point O as shown, a ship A travels in the while a truck B is moving a circular curve of
North making an angle of 45˚ to the West with a 150m radius. The speed of car A is increased at
velocity of 18 km/hr and ship B travels in the the rate of 1.5 m/s2 and the speed of truck B is
east with a velocity of 9 km/hr. Find the relative being decreased at the rate of 0.9 m/s 2. For the
velocity of ship B with respect to ship A. position shown, determine the
a) velocity
b) acceleration of A relative to B. At this instant,
the speed of A is 75 km/hr and that of B is 40
km/hr.

Prob.25
Figure shows cars A and B at a distance of 35m.
Car A moves with a constant speed of 36 kmph
and car B starts from rest with an acceleration of
1.5 m/s2. Determine the relative
a) position
b) velocity
c) acceleration of car B with respect to car A 5
seconds after car A crosses the intersection.