SIR J J COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

ALLIED DESIGN
SEM IX

GROUP 1

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT HOUSING POLICY

AND
HOUSING SCENARIO

GROUP MEMBERS

2007_PURVA BHAMRE 2041_TANVI MESTRI

2019_RADHIKA DHOOT 2043_PRANAY MITHBAVKAR
2029_ADITI KADAM 2060_VEDANT SADAVARTE
2031_KOMAL KHARAT 2073_DARSHAN WAGH
2032_KUNAL KSHIRSAGAR
INDEX
1. OVERALL URBAN DESIGN POLICY IN INDIA.
2.WORK FLOW OF MINISTRY OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT & CORELATION BETWEEN EXISTING
SCHEMES.
3.FUNCTION OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA AND WHICH ARE AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION AND
CONCENTRATION.
4. DEFINING ‘URBAN PLANNING CAPACITY OF INDIA’
5. CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY- SUSTAINABLE DESIGN
6. STATE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL GOVERNMENT LAND DONATION
7.UNDERSTANDING THE HOUSING POLICY
8. REVISE NORMS OF ITS HOUSING AND DESIGN PERIMETERS
9 GOVERNMENT PROVISION FOR HOUSING IN MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND URBAN DESIGN
10. AUTHORITY OF ARCHITECT
11. NATIONAL BUDGET OF HOUSING SCHEME
12. OVERALL NATIONAL PROJECT
13. SANITARY PRACTICES
14. LAWS OF TENANCY
15. TYPES OF TENAMENTS
16. ROLE OF LAW AND PROPERTY RELATION RULES OF LAND USE ENCROACHMENT
17. EVACUATION RULES RE SETTLEMENT RULES WORKPLACE RULES.
 1.
OVERALL URBAN DEVELOPMENT
POLICY IN INDIA
Urban development policy in India encompasses a range of objectives and strategies aimed at
guiding the development of cities and urban areas to ensure sustainable growth, efficient use of
resources, and improved quality of life for residents.
National Urban Policies and Programs: India has several
national-level policies and programs that guide urban
development, such as:
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
(JNNURM): Launched in 2005, aimed at improving urban
infrastructure and governance in cities.
Smart Cities Mission: Initiated in 2015, focused on
transforming selected cities into smart cities through the
use of technology and sustainable development
principles.
AMRUT (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban
Transformation): Started in 2015, aimed at providing
basic urban services like water supply, sewerage, and
urban transport in cities.
The National Heritage City Development and
Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY), a central sector scheme
of the Government of India, was launched on 21st
January 2015 with the aim of bringing together urban
planning, economic growth and heritage conservation in
an inclusive manner & with the objective of preserving
the heritage character of the City.
The North Eastern Region Urban Development Programme (NERUDP)has been teken up
by the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) with the financial assistance from Asian
Development Bank (ADB). ADB contribution is 70% of the cost as loan to the Government
of India
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Urban (PMAY-U)(74) a flagship Mission of Government of
India being implemented by Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA), was launched
on 25th June 2015. The Mission addresses urban housing shortage among the EWS/LIG and
MIG categories including the slum dwellers by ensuring a pucca house to all eligible urban
households by the year 2022, when Nation completes 75 years of its Independence.
Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana National Urban Livelihoods Mission NULM National Urban
Livelihoods Mission (NULM) was launched by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty
Alleviation (MHUPA), Government of India in 24th September, 2013 by replacing the
existing Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY).The NULM will focus on organizing
urban poor in their strong grassroots level institutions, creating opportunities for skill
development leading to market-based employment and helping them to set up self-
employment venture by ensuring easy access to credit. The Mission is aimed at providing
shelter equipped with essential services to the urban homeless in a phased manner. In
addition, the Mission would also address livelihood concerns of the urban street vendors.
 2.
WORK FLOW OF MINISTRY OF
URBAN DEVELOPMENT &
CORELATION BETWEEN EXISTING
SCHEMES
1. Identification of Needs and Planning
a. Survey and Data Collection:
Collect data on current housing needs, existing housing stock, and population demographics.
Use GIS and other spatial analysis tools to map out areas in need of development.
b. Demand Assessment:
Assess the demand for various types of housing (affordable, mid-range, luxury) and plots.
Identify the social and economic diversity within the population to ensure inclusive planning.
2. Scheme Formulation
a. Policy Development:
Develop policies that address the identified needs and promote inclusive growth.
Ensure alignment with national and regional development goals.
b. Scheme Design:
Design schemes that cater to different income groups and social strata.
Include provisions for essential services and infrastructure (e.g., water, electricity, roads).
3. Development Topology
a. Land Use Planning:
Classify land for various uses (residential, commercial, recreational).
Ensure optimal land use to prevent overcrowding and maintain environmental sustainability.
b. Zoning Regulations:
Implement zoning laws to regulate building heights, densities, and land use.
Encourage mixed-use development to create vibrant, livable communities.
4. Housing Distribution
a. Allocation of Plots and Housing Units:
Develop criteria for the allocation of plots and housing units based on income, family size,
and social status.
Use transparent mechanisms like lotteries or point systems to ensure fair distribution.
b. Infrastructure Development:
Ensure that all housing developments are supported by necessary infrastructure.
Plan for public transport, healthcare, education, and recreational facilities.
5. Social Diversity and Inclusion
a. Inclusive Housing Policies:
Promote policies that prevent segregation and encourage social mixing.
Provide subsidies or financial assistance for lower-income groups.
b. Community Development:
Foster community engagement in planning and development processes.
Encourage the creation of social amenities and community spaces.
6. Implementation and Monitoring
a. Project Execution:
Oversee the execution of housing schemes and infrastructure projects.
Ensure adherence to quality standards and timelines.
b. Monitoring and Evaluation:
Continuously monitor the progress of housing projects.
Evaluate the impact of housing schemes on social diversity and distribution.
c. Feedback Mechanisms:
Establish channels for feedback from residents and stakeholders.
Use feedback to make necessary adjustments and improvements.

7. Sustainability and Future Planning

a. Sustainable Development:
Incorporate green building practices and sustainable materials in housing projects.
Plan for future growth and expansion needs.
b. Long-term Vision:
Develop long-term plans for urban expansion and housing development.
Ensure plans are adaptable to changing demographics and economic conditions.

Correlation and Integration

Data-Driven Decisions: Effective correlation between existing schemes and future development
relies on robust data collection and analysis.
Inclusive Policies: Ensuring social diversity and equitable distribution requires policies that are
inclusive and address the needs of all social strata.
Holistic Planning: The integration of housing distribution with infrastructure and community
development creates cohesive and sustainable urban environments.
Continuous Improvement: Regular monitoring and feedback loops ensure that housing schemes
remain relevant and effective in meeting the population's needs.
 3.
FUNCTION OF URBAN
DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA AND
WHICH ARE AREAS OF
SPECIALIZATION AND
CONCENTRATION.
 URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN
INDIA

KEY FUNCTIONS OF AREA OF SPECIALIZATION

URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND CONCENTRATION

URBAN PLANNING AND INFRASTRUCTURE HOUSING & ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC

LANDUSE MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT URBAN RENEWAL SUSTAINABILITY DEVELOPMENT

i. SPACE PLANNING i. TRANSPORTATION i. AFFORDABLE i. GREEN SPACES i. INDUSTRIAL

ii. ZONING ii. UTILITY & SERVICES HOUSING ii. SUSTAINABLE &COMMERCIAL
ii. URBAN PRACTICES ZONES.
RENEWAL ii. JOB CREATION

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

i. GOVERNANCE & POLICIES

ii. DISASTER MANAGEMENT
& RESILIENCE
 URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN
INDIA

KEY FUNCTIONS OF AREA OF SPECIALIZATION

URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND CONCENTRATION

SMART CITIES & DIGITAL TRANSPORTATION & AFFORDABLE HOUSING

INFRASTRUCTURE MOBILITY & SLUM REHABILITATION

i. ENVIRONMENTAL & SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC ZONES &

URBAN DEVELOPMENT INDUSTRIAL CORRIDORS
ii. URBAN HEALTH & EDUCATION

KEY ORGANIZATIONS

MINISTRY OF HOUSING PRADHANMANTRI NATIONAL URBAN

SMART CITIES MISSION AMRUT LIVLIHOODS
AND URBAN AFFAIRS AWAS YOJNA
MISSION
 4.
DEFINING ‘URBAN PLANNING
CAPACITY OF INDIA’
Cumulative Planning Capacity of India
 5.
CONSTRUCTION TECNOLOGY -
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN
 SUSTAINABILITY CONCERNS

DEVELOPMENT OF GREEN BELTS

GREEN RECREATIONAL SPACES

&
GREEN ZONES

SPECIAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN , ECO SENSETIVE ZONE

UNDER CONSULTATION OF MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT
AND FOREST

URBAN SPRAWL AND SATELLITE TOWNSHIP

 SUSTAINABILITY CONCERNS
The types of sustainable urban design strategies include:
1. Compact Development: Encouraging higher population density and
mixed land use to minimize urban sprawl and promote efficient land
utilization.
2. Green Spaces and Park: Incorporating parks, green roofs, and urban
forests to enhance biodiversity, provide recreational areas, and improve
air quality.
3. Sustainable Transportation: Promoting public transportation systems,
cycling infrastructure, and pedestrian-friendly pathways to reduce
reliance on cars and decrease carbon emissions.
4. Green Building Design: Constructing energy-efficient buildings that
use eco-friendly materials and technologies, reducing energy
consumption and waste production.
5. Water Management: Utilizing rainwater harvesting, wastewater
recycling, and permeable surfaces to manage water sustainably and
prevent urban flooding.
6. Social Inclusivity: Ensuring that urban design considers the needs of
all residents, regardless of age, ability, or socioeconomic background, to
foster cohesive and equitable communities.
7. Transit Oriented Development: Planning urban areas around transit
hubs to encourage public transportation use and reduce car
dependency.
8. Urban Agriculture: Introducing community gardens, rooftop farms,
and urban agriculture initiatives to promote local food production and
reduce food miles.
9. Waster Reduction and Recycling: Implementing efficient waste
management systems that prioritize recycling, composting, and
reducing single-use plastics.
10. Smart Technology: Utilizing data and technology to optimize urban
services, energy consumption, and resource management.
 6.
STATE GOVERNMENT TO CENTRAL
GOVERNMENT LAND DONATION
 LAND ACQUISITION ACT
LAND TITLE VERIFICATION
Area is verified by tallying and surveying

LAND ACQUISITION SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESMENT SURVEY

Right to fair compensation & i. If the acquisition is going to be of any public usage,
transparency in land acquisition ii. The number of families to be affected, displaced,
iii. Other properties which can be affected,
INITIAL ACQUISITION NOTICE iv. Rehabilitation colony plan,
noticer with details of the plot must be published v. Overall cost and the good thing about the project,
within the official gazette and a couple of daily local
newspapers in this locality for the general public
REVIEW OF REPORT
Decides whether the project can move or be
rejected together with justifications

As a mandate, 60 days are provided to the final public for raising any objections before the collector

LAND SURVEY REPORTS

PUBLICATION OF DECLARATION OF ACQUISITION
the land is marked, measured, and planned by the collector and project head
FINAL NOTICE
published for the people for compensation, rehabilitation, and resettlement claims
before the Collector. Claims have to be done within 60 days of final notice publication.
The Land acquisition award is then made to people claiming compensation and rehabilitation
and resettlement. It is done after an inquiry by the collector. Payment details of the identical area
are to be captured and stored by the organization’s finance system.

FINALLY ,
THE POSSESSION OF LAND IS TAKEN BY THE COLLECTOR
UNDERSTANDING HOUSING POLICIES
WHAT IS HOUSING POLICY

HOUSING POLICY

GOVERNMENT
ACTION

Legislation and
Allocation of Resources Tax Polices
Program Delivery

Housing Standard and Impact of Housing

Urban Planning Supply and Availability
 7.
UNDERSTANDING THE HOUSING
POLICY
 HISTORY
Housing Policies of the
Government of India since the
1950s

PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3 PHASE 4

Welfare Centric Economic Interests Facilitator Role Current Trends

(1950s-1970s) (1980s-1990s (2000s-2010s) (2020 onwards)

Government as a Shift toward Government as a Emphasis on

Provider of Housing. Economic Driven Facilitator of Affordable
Policies Housing Activity Housing Schemes
Emphasis on Public-private Promotion of Real
Sustainable and
Welfare and partnerships in Estate Development
Inclusive Urban
Social Equality. housing
Development
development
OBJECTIVE
-for Affordable Housing
1. Assist all people, especially the houseless and inadequately housed.
2. Create an enabling environment for housing activity.
3. Expand infrastructure facilities in rural and urban areas.
4. Improve housing situation of poorest sections and vulnerable groups.
5. Promote equal distribution of land and houses in urban and rural areas.

GOALS of Housing Policy

1. Motivate and help all people to secure affordable shelter.
2. Improve the environment of human settlements.
3. Promote access to shelter for houseless and disadvantaged groups.

Housing scenario of India

64% 18% 17% 1%

OWNERS PRIVATE RENTED SOCIAL RENTED SHARED

OCCUPATION OCCUPATION SECTORS OWNERSHIP
 8.
REVISED NORMS OF HOUSING &
IT’S DESIGN PARAMETERS.
 REVISED NORMS OF HOUSING
In India there came need to revised norms and initiatives as a are part of broader efforts to
address housing challenges in India, including rapid urbanization, housing shortages, and
ensuring sustainable and inclusive urban development.
Here are some key aspects that have been emphasized in recent discussions and policy
initiatives:

1. Affordable Housing: Focusing on promoting affordable housing through initiatives like

the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY).
2. Sustainable Housing: There is an increasing emphasis on sustainable building practices
and green housing.
3. Smart Cities and Urban Development: Integrating technology into urban planning to
improve infrastructure, transportation, and overall quality of life.
4. Regulatory Reforms: There have been efforts to streamline regulatory processes and
reduce bureaucratic hurdles in the housing sector.
5. Rental Housing: There is a growing recognition of the need for a robust rental housing
market to cater to migrant workers and urban populations who prefer renting over
owning.
6. Urban Renewal and Slum Rehabilitation: Programs are in place to rehabilitate slum
areas and provide better housing conditions for marginalized communities in urban areas.
7. Financial Inclusion: Increase access to housing finance for low-income groups and
informal sector workers who may not have traditional documentation or collateral.
The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Urban (PMAY-U) set out an ambitious target of
meeting the validated demand of nearly 11 million houses in urban areas by 2022.

Realising the need to speed up the implementation of housing projects across the
country to meet the “housing for all” vision, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
(MoHUA), launched the Global Housing Technology Challenge – India (GHTC-India) on
January 14, 2019, which leverages the Technology Sub-Mission (TSM) under PMAY-U.
DESIGN PARAMETERS
Design parameters for housing in India encompass various aspects to
ensure comfort, safety, sustainability, and affordability.
These parameters are influenced by climate, cultural preferences,
regulatory requirements, and technological advancements.
Some design parameters are continually evolving to meet the evolving
needs of urbanization, environmental sustainability, and demographic
shifts in India.
Architects, urban planners, and policymakers collaborate to ensure that
housing designs not only meet regulatory requirements but also
contribute positively to quality of life and community well-being.
Designing housing policy in India involves setting guidelines and regulations
that address the diverse needs of the population, promote sustainable
development, and ensure affordability and inclusivity.
Here are key design parameters for an effective housing policy in India:

1. Affordability
Subsidies and Financial Assistance:
Provide subsidies for low-income groups.
Offer affordable housing loans and interest rate subsidies.
Public-Private Partnerships (PPP):
Encourage PPP models to leverage private investment in affordable
housing.
2. Inclusivity
Social Housing:
Ensure housing for economically weaker sections (EWS) and lower-
income groups (LIG).
Special provisions for vulnerable groups such as women, elderly, and
differently-abled individuals.
Reservation Policies:
Implement reservation policies for marginalized communities in
housing schemes.
3. Urban Planning and Land Use
Land Allocation:
Allocate land specifically for affordable housing.
Promote mixed-use development to integrate residential, commercial,
and recreational spaces.
Density Regulations:
Set density regulations to optimize land use while maintaining quality of
life.
Encourage vertical development in high-density urban areas.

4. Sustainability
Green Building Standards:
Promote green building practices and materials.
Implement energy-efficient building codes and standards.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA):
Mandate EIAs for large housing projects to mitigate environmental
impact.
5. Infrastructure and Amenities
Basic Services:
Ensure access to basic services like water, electricity, sanitation, and
waste management.
Social Infrastructure:
Include provisions for schools, healthcare facilities, parks, and
community centers in housing projects.

6. Technological Integration
Smart Housing:
Integrate smart home technologies for energy management and
security.
Promote digital infrastructure for efficient service delivery.
Building Information Modeling (BIM):
Encourage the use of BIM for efficient planning, design, and
construction management.
7. Legal and Regulatory Framework
Land and Property Rights:
Simplify land acquisition processes and clear property titles.
Protect tenant rights and regulate rental housing markets.
Building Codes and Standards:
Update and enforce building codes and standards for safety and quality.
Streamline approval processes for housing projects.

8. Financing Mechanisms
Innovative Financing:
Develop innovative financing mechanisms like Real Estate Investment
Trusts (REITs) and Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs).
Microfinance:
Expand access to microfinance for home improvement and
construction.
9. Capacity Building
Skill Development:
Train professionals and workers in the construction industry.
Promote research and development in housing technologies and
materials.
Institutional Strengthening:
Strengthen institutions involved in housing policy implementation and
monitoring.

10. Monitoring and Evaluation

Performance Metrics:
Develop metrics to monitor the effectiveness of housing policies.
Regularly review and update policies based on feedback and changing
needs.
Transparency and Accountability:
Ensure transparency in the allocation of housing and subsidies.
Establish mechanisms for grievance redressal and accountability.
Examples of Effective Implementation

1. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY):

Aims to provide affordable housing to all by 2022.
Focuses on in-situ slum redevelopment, affordable housing through
credit-linked subsidy, and affordable housing in partnership.
2. Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY):
Aims to make India slum-free by providing affordable housing and
upgrading existing slums.
3. National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy (NUHHP):
Focuses on providing affordable housing for all, with special attention to
EWS and LIG sections.
 9.
GOVERNMENT PROVISION
FOR HOUSING IN MINISTRY
OF HOUSING AND URBAN
DESIGN
Government provision for housing in ministry of housing
and urban design
The Ministry of Housing and Urban Development (or equivalent agencies, depending on the country) typically provides various forms of support
and initiatives to address housing needs and urban development.
Implementation of government provision for housing in
ministry of housing and urban design
Government provisions for housing through the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development (or equivalent agencies) are implemented through
various mechanisms and strategies. Here are some of the key methods of implementation:
Financial assistance by State Government according to
housing in ministry of housing and urban design
State governments, often in collaboration with federal agencies and local municipalities, provide a range of financial assistance programs to
support housing needs. These programs are typically administered by the state’s housing and urban development departments and may include
the following:
Phase wise development in ministry of housing and urban
design
Phase-wise development in a Ministry of Housing and Urban Development involves planning and executing projects in stages to ensure systematic
progress, efficient resource utilization, and effective management. Here's a typical breakdown of the phases:
Participation in funding methods by ministry of housing
and urban design
Participation in funding methods by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development involves leveraging various financial resources and
mechanisms to support housing and urban development projects. Here are several key funding methods in which the ministry can participate:
Projected development patterns as per ministry of
housing and urban design
The projected development patterns as per the Ministry of Housing and Urban Design can vary depending on the country or region. Generally,
these projections focus on anticipated trends in urbanization, housing demand, infrastructure development, and sustainable growth strategies.
Here are some common elements that such projections might cover:
CONCLUSION

The Ministry of Housing and Urban Development utilizes various strategies to address housing needs and promote urban development. Key
methods include government budget allocations, public-private partnerships, grants, low-interest loans, tax incentives, and international funding.
These efforts are complemented by community involvement, philanthropic contributions, and innovative financing mechanisms like impact
investing and green bonds.
10.AUTHORITY TO ARCHITECT
Authority of Architects in Central Government Housing Policy
Role in Policy Formulation:
a)Involvement in drafting and reviewing housing policies.
b)Advising on design standards and sustainability practices.
Regulatory and Compliance Oversight:
a)Ensuring adherence to building codes and regulations.
b)Participating in regulatory bodies such as the National Building Code (NBC) committees.
Project Design and Approval:
a)Leading design efforts for government housing projects.
b)Reviewing and approving architectural plans and drawings.
Urban Planning and Development:
a)Contributing to master planning and urban development strategies.
b)Advising on land use, zoning, and infrastructure integration.
Sustainability and Green Building Initiatives:
a)Promoting eco-friendly and sustainable design practices.
b)Implementing green building standards in government projects.
Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs):
a)Collaborating with private developers on housing projects.
b)Ensuring architectural integrity and quality in PPP initiatives.
Affordable Housing Design:
a)Innovating cost-effective design solutions for affordable housing.
b)Balancing affordability with quality and livability.
Authority of Architects in Housing Scenario:
Design and Aesthetic Control:
a)Setting design standards for residential buildings.
b)Ensuring aesthetic consistency and cultural relevance.
Project Management and Supervision:
a)Overseeing construction to ensure design compliance.
b)Managing project timelines and budgets.
Innovation and Technology Integration:
a) Introducing innovative construction techniques and materials.
b)Incorporating smart technologies in housing designs.
Quality Assurance:
a)Ensuring high-quality construction and finishing standards.
b)Addressing safety concerns and building resilience.
Community and Stakeholder Engagement:
a)Engaging with communities to understand housing needs.
b)Facilitating stakeholder consultations and feedback sessions.
Documentation and Reporting:
a)Preparing detailed project reports and documentation.
b)Monitoring and reporting on project progress and outcomes.
Collaboration with Engineers and Urban Planners:
a)Working closely with engineers, urban planners, and other professionals.
b)Ensuring multidisciplinary coordination in housing projects.
Advocacy and Representation:
a)Representing the architectural profession in policy discussions.
b)Advocating for the role of architects in housing and urban development.
11.NATIONAL BUDGET FOR
HOUSING SCHEME
 Budget Allocation Overview:
a)Detailed breakdown of the annual budget allocated to housing schemes.
b)Comparison of current year's allocation with previous years.
Key Housing Schemes:
a)Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) - Urban and Rural.
b)Affordable Rental Housing Complexes (ARHCs) for urban migrants/poor.
c)Grants and subsidies for housing in rural areas under schemes like Indira Awaas Yojana.
Components of Housing Budget:
a)Construction and development costs.
b)Infrastructure development including roads, water supply, and electricity.
c)Administrative and operational expenses.
d)Funding for slum redevelopment and rehabilitation projects.
e)Financial incentives for affordable housing development.
Funding Sources:
a)Central government funding.
b)State government contributions.
c)Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs).
d)International loans and grants from organizations like the World Bank and Asian
e)Development Bank.
Monitoring and Utilization:
a)Mechanisms for tracking budget utilization.
b)Reports on fund disbursement and project progress.
c)Audit processes to ensure accountability and transparency.
12.OVERALL BUDGET FOR
NATION
 Total National Budget Overview:
a)Comprehensive view of the national budget for the fiscal year.
b)Key sectors receiving budget allocations such as defense, health, education, and
infrastructure.
Housing Sector's Share:
a)Proportion of the total national budget dedicated to housing schemes.
b)Trends in the share of the housing budget over recent years.
Expenditure Breakdown:
a)Breakdown of the total national budget by major categories.
b)Allocation to social sectors including housing, healthcare, education, and social welfare.
Revenue Sources:
a)Tax revenue (income tax, corporate tax, GST, etc.).
b)Non-tax revenue (fees, fines, dividends from public sector enterprises, etc.).
c)Borrowings and loans.
Fiscal Deficit and Borrowing:
a)Details on the fiscal deficit and how it impacts budget allocations.
b)Borrowing plans to finance the budget deficit.
Budget Priorities and Policy Goals:
a)Major policy initiatives and their budgetary implications.
b)Focus areas for economic growth and social development.
Housing Budget:
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY):
a)Allocation: ₹27,500 crore
b)Urban component: ₹20,000 crore
c)Rural component: ₹7,500 crore
Affordable Rental Housing Complexes (ARHCs):
a)Allocation: ₹3,000 crore
Slum Redevelopment:
a)Allocation: ₹2,000 crore

Total National Budget:

Total Allocation: ₹34.83 lakh crore
Key Allocations:
Defense: ₹4.78 lakh crore
Health and Family Welfare: ₹2.23 lakh crore
Education: ₹1.04 lakh crore
Infrastructure (including housing): ₹5.54 lakh crore
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) Budget Allocation

Objective: To provide affordable housing to all urban and rural poor by 2022.
Components:
a)PMAY-Urban (PMAY-U)
b)PMAY-Gramin (PMAY-G)
Recent Budget Highlights (Illustrative Example for FY 2023-2024)
Total Allocation for PMAY: ₹27,500 crore
a)PMAY-Urban: ₹20,000 crore
b)PMAY-Gramin: ₹7,500 crore
PMAY-Urban (PMAY-U):
a)Beneficiary-Led Construction (BLC): Financial assistance for constructing new houses or
enhancing existing ones.
b)Credit Linked Subsidy Scheme (CLSS): Interest subsidy on home loans for eligible
beneficiaries.
c)In-Situ Slum Redevelopment (ISSR): Using land as a resource for slum redevelopment.
d)Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHP): Financial support for public-private partnerships
in housing.
PMAY-Gramin (PMAY-G):
a)Direct Financial Assistance: For constructing new homes in rural areas.
b)Support for Basic Amenities: Provision of toilets, drinking water, and electricity.
c)Monitoring and Implementation: Regular tracking of housing completion and quality.
 Funding Sources:
a)Central Government Funding: Major portion of the budget comes from the central
government.
b)State Government Contributions: State governments also contribute to the funding.
c)International Financial Assistance: Loans and grants from international agencies like the
World Bank and Asian Development Bank.
Utilization and Monitoring:
a)Disbursement Mechanism: Funds are disbursed in tranches based on the progress of
construction.
b)MIS (Management Information System) for tracking project progress.
c)Geo-tagging of houses to ensure proper use of funds.
d)Regular audits and inspections by central and state agencies.
Achievements and Progress:
a)Houses Sanctioned: Over 1 crore houses sanctioned under PMAY-U.
b)Houses Completed: Nearly 80 lakh houses completed under PMAY-U.
c)Rural Impact: Significant improvement in housing conditions in rural areas with basic
amenities.
Challenges and Future Goals:
a)Challenges:
Land availability in urban areas.
Ensuring timely completion of projects.
Addressing the needs of specific vulnerable groups.
b)Future Goals:
Achieving "Housing for All" by the set target year.
Enhancing the quality and sustainability of housing projects.
Improving access to housing finance for low-income groups.
The provisions for the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) in the Interim Budget
2024-25 include several significant allocations and initiatives aimed at improving urban
infrastructure and housing:

Urban Infrastructure Development Fund (UIDF): Managed by the National Housing

Bank, the UIDF will continue to support urban infrastructure in Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities
with a significant increase in its corpus, expected to rise by more than 15% to address the
needs of these mid-tier cities. The fund will have an annual allocation of ₹10,000 crore​.
Affordable Housing: The budget has increased the allocation for low-cost housing
significantly, with a focus on extending the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY). The
allocation for affordable housing under the National Housing Bank is expected to be
hiked substantially to support more housing projects​.
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY): The budget emphasizes achieving the target of
three crore houses under PMAY (Grameen) despite challenges posed by the COVID-19
pandemic. Additionally, two crore more houses are planned to be constructed in the next
five years​(Indian Infrastructure)​.
Infrastructure Development: The government continues to prioritize infrastructure
development, with significant allocations across various ministries. This focus on
infrastructure is expected to provide guidance to municipal and state-level planners to
improve housing and urban amenities​(Indian Infrastructure)​.
These measures indicate a strong commitment by the government to enhance urban
living conditions and support affordable housing initiatives.
BUDGET PRIORITIES

The government has been given a unique opportunity to lead the country towards
strong development and comprehensive prosperity. In the interim budget, a
commitment was made to present a detailed plan for achieving the vision of 'Viksit
Bharat' (Developed India). The current budget outlines sustained efforts in the following
nine priority areas to create ample opportunities for all:
1. Productivity and Resilience in Agriculture: Focusing on improving agricultural
output and making the sector more resilient to challenges.
2. Employment & Skilling: Enhancing job opportunities and skill development
programs.
3. Inclusive Human Resource Development and Social Justice: Promoting inclusive
growth by addressing social inequalities and developing human capital.
4. Manufacturing & Services: Strengthening these key economic sectors to drive
growth.
5. Urban Development: Enhancing urban infrastructure and living conditions.
6. Energy Security: Ensuring reliable and sustainable energy sources.
7. Infrastructure: Investing in infrastructure to support overall economic growth and
connectivity.
8. Innovation, Research & Development: Promoting innovation and R&D for
technological advancement.
9. Next Generation Reforms: Implementing reforms to modernize and streamline
governance.
URBAN DEVELOPMNT AND INFRASTRUCTURE

The government aims to develop cities through various initiatives:

1. Cities as Growth Hubs: Collaborating with states to facilitate economic and transit
planning, and developing peri-urban areas using town planning schemes.
2. Creative Redevelopment: Formulating a framework for policies, market-based
mechanisms, and regulations to creatively redevelop existing cities.
3. Transit Oriented Development: Creating plans for 14 large cities with populations
above 30 lakh, including implementation and financing strategies.
4. Urban Housing: Under PM Awas Yojana Urban 2.0, addressing the housing needs of 1
crore urban poor and middle-class families with a ₹10 lakh crore investment,
including a ₹2.2 lakh crore central assistance over the next five years and an interest
subsidy for affordable loans.
5. Rental Housing: Establishing policies and regulations for efficient and transparent
rental housing markets.
6. Water Supply and Sanitation: Promoting water supply, sewage treatment, and solid
waste management projects in 100 large cities, using treated water for irrigation and
filling nearby tanks.
7. Street Markets: Supporting the development of 100 weekly street markets or food
hubs in select cities over the next five years, building on the success of the PM
SVANidhi Scheme.
8. Stamp Duty: Encouraging states to reduce high stamp duties, with a focus on
further lowering duties for properties purchased by women. This reform will be an
integral part of urban development schemes.
1)Infrastructure Investment by Central Government:
The Central Government has made significant investments in infrastructure, which
have positively impacted the economy.
For the current year, ₹11,11,111 crore (3.4% of GDP) has been allocated for capital
expenditure.
2)Infrastructure Investment by State Governments:
States are encouraged to make similar investments in infrastructure, aligned with
their development priorities.
A provision of ₹1.5 lakh crore in long-term interest-free loans has been made to
support states in resource allocation.
3)Private Investment in Infrastructure:
The government will promote private sector investment through viability gap
funding and supportive policies.
A market-based financing framework will be established.
4)Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY):
Phase IV will provide all-weather connectivity to 25,000 rural habitations with
increased populations.
5)Irrigation and Flood Mitigation:
Financial support will be provided for projects in Bihar, Assam, Himachal Pradesh,
Uttarakhand, and Sikkim to address flood control, irrigation, and disaster recovery.
6)Tourism:
Efforts to position India as a global tourist destination include job creation and
economic opportunities.
Specific projects include developing the Vishnupad and Mahabodhi Temple
Corridors in Bihar, Rajgir, Nalanda, and Odisha's tourist attractions.
BUDGET ESTIMATES 2024-2025

For the fiscal year 2024-2025, the Indian government has made significant allocations in
the areas of architecture and infrastructure for housing. Here are the key points:

Infrastructure Spending: The total infrastructure spending is set at ₹11.11 lakh crore,
representing 3.4% of GDP. This includes investments in various projects under the
PM Gati Shakti initiative, focusing on multi-modal connectivity and upgrading
existing infrastructure, such as railways and roads​.
Housing Initiatives:
1)The budget emphasizes affordable housing with an increased allocation under the
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), aiming to boost housing availability for the middle
class in urban areas​.
2)The government has introduced a new housing scheme specifically targeting the
middle class, which includes affordable financing options.
Urban Development: Continued support for urban infrastructure projects, such as
metro rail expansions and enhancements in public transportation, including the
introduction of e-buses​
13.SANITARY PRACTICES
SANITARY PRACTICES
What is Sanitation?

Sanitation is the process of keeping places clean and healthy, especially by

providing a sewage system and a clean water supply
Sanitation

garbage disposal disposal of human excreta clean water supply

VISION

The vision for Urban Sanitation in India is:

All Indian cities and towns become totally sanitized, healthy and livable and
ensure and sustain good public health and environmental outcomes for all
their citizens with a special focus on hygienic and affordable sanitation facilities
for the urban poor and women.
 Swachh Bharat Mission

The Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban (SBM-U), launched on 2nd October 2014 aims at
making urban India free from open defecation and achieving 100% scientific
management of municipal solid waste in 4,041 statutory towns in the country. The
second phase of SBM-U was launched on 1st October 2021, for a period of 5 years. The
vision for SBM-U 2.0 is to achieve “Garbage Free” status for all cities by 2026.

Objectives

All households and premises segregate their waste into “wet waste” (from kitchen
and gardens) and “dry waste” (including paper, glass, plastic, and domestic hazardous
waste and sanitary waste wrapped separately).
100% door to door collection of segregated waste from each household/ premise.
100% scientific management of all fractions of waste, including safe disposal in
scientific landfills.
All legacy dumpsites remediated and converted into green zone.
All used water including fecal sludge, especially in smaller cities are safely contained,
transported, processed and disposed so that no untreated fecal sludge and used
water pollutes the ground or water bodies.
 household toilets

public toilets

Mission community toilets

components
Solid waste management

IEC & Public Awareness

Capacity building and Administrative &

Office Expenses (A&OE)
Achievements
 The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs conducted the 'Swachh Survekshan-2016'
survey in January 2016, assessing 73 cities. This was followed by 'Swachh
Survekshan-2017' conducted between January and February 2018, which evaluated 434
cities.
The primary objective of these surveys is to promote large-scale citizen participation
and raise awareness across society about the collective responsibility for improving
urban sanitation.
Additionally, the surveys aim to foster a spirit of healthy competition among towns and
cities. This competition encourages municipalities to enhance their service delivery to
citizens, thereby striving towards creating cleaner and more livable cities.
The achievements of Swachh Survekshan:
Increased Awareness: Raised public awareness about urban cleanliness and sanitation.
Behavioral Change: Fostered improved citizen participation in cleanliness initiatives.
Infrastructure Upgrades: Cities upgraded waste management and sanitation
infrastructure.
Competitive Improvement: Created a competitive environment leading to better
cleanliness standards.
Recognition and Incentives: Rewarded top-performing cities, encouraging ongoing
improvement.
Policy Influence: Influenced urban policies for effective sanitation and cleanliness
management.
 National Urban Sanitation Policy
The Government of India has published a National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) in October
2008, which aims at sustainable management of waste water and excreta in fully sanitized cities.
 Supply of clean drinking water
The Government of India has undertaken several initiatives to increase the availability of fresh drinking
water across the country. Some of the key steps taken include:
1. National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP):
NRDWP is a flagship programme aimed at providing safe drinking water to rural areas.
It focuses on ensuring sustainability of water supply systems through community participation and
decentralized management.
2. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM):
SBM aims to ensure sanitation and cleanliness, which indirectly impacts the quality of drinking water.
Construction of toilets and proper waste management help in preventing water contamination.
3. Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM):
Launched in 2019, JJM aims to provide piped water supply (Har Ghar Jal) to all rural households by
2024. The mission emphasizes community involvement, local water quality testing, and sustainable
water management practices.
4. National Urban Drinking Water Mission (NUDWM):
NUDWM focuses on providing adequate and safe drinking water supply in urban areas.
It promotes water conservation, reuse, and rainwater harvesting.
5. Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABHY):
ABHY aims to improve groundwater management in priority areas.
It promotes community participation and incentivizes states to adopt efficient water use practices.
6. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)
It is a flagship irrigation scheme launched by the Government of India aimed at improving water use
efficiency in agriculture.
Objective: Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) aims to expand irrigation coverage and
improve water use efficiency in agriculture.
Components: It includes schemes like micro-irrigation, watershed development, and renovation of
water bodies to ensure "Har Khet Ko Pani" (water to every field) and sustainable agricultural practices.
14.LAWS OF TENANCY
LAWS OF TENANCY
Tenancy is defined as the right to
live in a building or use land
owned by someone else for a
specific period of time in
exchange for paying a sum of
money to the rightful owner.
Model Tenancy Act
The Model Act requires the landlord and tenant to sign a written agreement which specifies
the rent, period of tenancy and other related terms. Security deposit is capped at two
months’ rent for residential premises, and six months’ rent for non-residential premises.

Conditions for eviction of tenant under the Model Act include: (i) refusal to pay agreed
upon rent; (ii) failure to pay rent for more than two months; (iii) occupation of part or
whole of premises without written consent; and (iv) misuse of premises despite a written
notice.

The Model Act establishes a three-tier quasi-judicial dispute adjudication mechanism

consisting of: (i) Rent Authority; (ii) Rent Court; and (iii) Rent Tribunal. No civil court will
have jurisdiction over matters pertaining to provisions under the Model Act.

Rent Authorities and Rent Courts may be established by the District Collector with the
approval of the state government. The state or union territory government may establish
a Rent Tribunal after consulting with the jurisdictional High Court.
Model Tenancy Act Key Features
The Tenancy agreement: The Model Act states that to rent any premises, a written
agreement must be signed between the landlord and the tenant. The agreement must
specify: (i) the rent payable, (ii) the time period for the tenancy, (iii) terms and period for
revision of rent, (iv) the security deposit to be paid in advance, (v) reasonable causes for
entry of landlord into the premises, and (vi) responsibilities to maintain premises. The
Rent Authority must be intimated about the agreement within two months from the date
of agreement.

Security deposit: The security deposit may not exceed: (i) two months’ rent for residential
premises, and (ii) six-months’ rent for non-residential premises. The security deposit will
be refunded by the landlord to the tenant at the time of taking over vacant possession of
the premises, after making due deductions.
Model Tenancy Act Key Features
Tenancy period: The tenant may request the landlord for renewal or extension of the
tenancy period. The tenant will be liable to pay enhanced rent if: (i) a tenancy period has
ended and not been renewed, or (ii) the tenant fails to vacate the premises at the end of
such tenancy. If the tenant fails to vacate the premises at the end of tenancy, or on
termination of tenancy by an order, he will be liable to pay: (i) twice the monthly rent for
the first two months and, (ii) four times the monthly rent subsequently till he occupies the
premises.

Eviction: To evict a tenant, the landlord must apply to the Rent Authority seeking such
eviction. The Authority may make an order for eviction on certain grounds including : (i)
refusal to pay the agreed rent; (ii) failure to pay rent for more than two months; (iii) parting
of possession of part or whole of premises without written consent of landlord; (iv) misuse
of premises even after receiving written notices to desist from such misuse; and (v)
structural change by tenant without written consent.
Types of tenancies in India
A tenancy agreement contains specific information and the terms and conditions for renting
or leasing a property. The following are the various types of tenancy agreements in India:
Rent Agreement
Lease Arrangement.
Leave and License Agreement

1.) Rent agreement

A rent agreement is a legal contract signed by a landlord and a tenant. The agreement
details the parties’ names, the property’s description, the rent payment, the security deposit,
late payment fees, the grace period, the amenities to be provided to the tenant, parking
privileges, and duties related to property maintenance and repairs.

2.) Lease agreement

A lease agreement refers to a legally binding contract (between a landlord and a tenant). A
lease gives a tenant the right to use the property for a set period, and the time frame is
typically longer than 12 months and can get extended. A lease agreement must be registered
to be valid, and no one can change the terms and conditions of a lease agreement once it
has been signed and registered.

3.) Leave and license agreement

A leave and license agreement which allows the licensee (tenant) to occupy the licensor’s
property (landlord). You get permission to occupy the property as a licensee based on the
agreement, not the tenancy. Compared to a lease agreement, this arrangement makes
eviction easier for landlords. This agreement only allows the licensee to occupy a property
but does not give the licensee ownership of the property.
What are the rights of tenants?

1.) The right to reject the oral agreement

If your landlord forces you to enter an oral agreement rather than a written one, you have every
right to refuse. It is critical to have your rental or lease agreement in writing and registered for
validity.
2.) The right to peaceful possession
Every tenant has the right to peaceful possession of the property. The landlord should not enter
the rented house without first informing the tenant.
3.) The right to remain on the premises.
The landlord has no right to ask you to leave the premises without providing a valid reason
during the tenancy term. You should be given at least a month’s notice to look for a new home.
The landlord cannot demand that you pay for structural damages to the house. According to
the law, the landlord should bear the expenses incurred for structural changes.
4.) Possession of the deposit
While the tenant vacates the property, the landlord should return the security deposit.
5) Tenancy extension
If you are not interested in extending your tenancy, the landlord has no right to force you.
6..) The right to essential services
The landlord cannot cut off essential services such as electricity and water. He cannot prevent
you from using the necessary amenities to recover rental payments or for any other reason.
What are the rights of Landlords?
The three important rights of a landlord, under the Mharashtra Rent Control Act, which are
as follows:

1.) Right to evict

Violations on the part of the tenant, can be reason for the landlord to evict him/her.
However, different states in India may have different variations of this right. The law
makes it necessary that a landlord should give a notice of eviction to the tenant, before
approaching the court.

2.) Right to charge a rent

The landlord can charge a rent and can increase it, periodically. The rent agreement,
therefore, must state it very clearly that there will be a periodic revision of the rent.

3.) Right to repossess the property for maintenance

In order to improve the condition of the property, renovate or maintain the premises, the
landlord can temporarily repossess the property. However, changes made to the property
should not be intended to bring any harm to the tenants or their comfort.
15.TYPES OF
TENEMENTS
 TYPES:

1. Integrated Housing
2. Affordable Housing in Partnership
(AHP)
3. Cooperative Housing
4. Public Housing
5. Rental Housing Complexes (RHC)
6. Slum Redevelopment Housing
7. Middle Income Group (MIG)
Housing
8. Lower Income Group (LIG) Housing
9. Economically Weaker Section
(EWS) Housing:
Integrated Townships:
Target Group: Mixed-income groups.
Features:
Large-scale developments with mixed-use facilities.
Residential units along with commercial, educational, and recreational amenities.
Focus on creating self-sufficient communities.

Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHP):

Target Group: Urban poor and lower-income groups.
Features:
Partnership between government and private developers.
Incentives and subsidies for private developers to build affordable housing.
Mix of EWS, LIG, and MIG units.

Cooperative Housing:
Target Group: Members of cooperative societies, often middle-income groups.
Features:
Housing projects managed by cooperative societies.
Shared ownership model.
Collective maintenance and management of housing complexes.
Public Housing:
Target Group: Government employees, urban poor, and marginalized communities.
Features:
Government-funded housing projects.
Provision of basic amenities and infrastructure.
Focus on social housing and inclusive development.

Rental Housing Complexes (RHC):

Target Group: Migrant workers, urban poor, and those in need of affordable rental housing.
Features:
Affordable rental units.
Focus on providing temporary housing solutions.
Public-Private Partnership (PPP) models for development.

Slum Redevelopment Housing:

Target Group: Slum dwellers and urban poor.
Features:
Redevelopment of slums into formal housing units.
In-situ development to minimize displacement.
Provision of essential services like water, sanitation, and electricity.
Middle Income Group (MIG) Housing:
Target Group: Households with an annual income between ₹6 lakhs and ₹18 lakhs.
Features:
Larger units with more amenities.
Size typically around 90-120 square meters.
Eligibility for interest subsidies under the Credit Linked Subsidy Scheme (CLSS).

Lower Income Group (LIG) Housing:

Target Group: Households with an annual income between ₹3 lakhs and ₹6 lakhs.
Features:
Slightly larger units compared to EWS.
Size typically around 60-90 square meters.
Interest subsidies on housing loans under schemes like PMAY.

Economically Weaker Section (EWS) Housing:

Target Group: Households with an annual income up to ₹3 lakhs.
Features:
Basic units with essential amenities.
Size typically around 30-60 square meters.
Government subsidies and financial assistance available.
The specific socio-economic groups and the occupational
categories surveyed are given below.

1. High Income Group (HIG) : Top officials like , Secretaries, Deputy Secretaries,
Directors, Professors etc.

2. Middle Income Group (MIG) : Office Superintendents, Section Officers,

Assistant Secretaries, Assistant Professors, Lecturers etc.

3. Low Income Group (LIG) : Class IV employees like Office Peons, Drivers,
Helpers etc.

4. Industrial Labourers (IL) : Labourers from any organised Industry.

.
5. Slums (SL) : Households from big slums of the city.

Category Urban Housing Shortage in Million as on 2012

EWS : 10.55
LIG : 7.41
MIG :0.82 HIG

Total :18.78
Sl. No. Name of States/UTs Housing Shortage-2012 (in Million)

18 Meghalaya : 0.03
1 Andhra Pradesh : 1 27
19 Mizoram: 0.02
2 Arunachal Pradesh: 0.03
20 Nagaland: 0.21
3 Assam:0.28
21 Orissa: 0.41
4 Bihar:1.19
22 Puducherry :0.07
5 Chhattisgarh:0.35
23 Punjab :0.39
6 NCT of Delhi:0.49
24 Rajasthan :1.15
7 Goa:0.06
25 Sikkim :0.01
8 Gujarat:0.99
26 Tamil Nadu :1.25
9 Haryana:0.42
27 Tripura :0.03
10 Himachal Pradesh:0.04
28 Uttar Pradesh :3.07
11 Jammu & Kashmir:0.13
29 Uttarakhand :0.16
12 Jharkhand:0.63
30 West Bengal :1.33
13 Karnataka :1.02
31 Andaman & Nicobar Island :0.00
14 Kerala :0.54
32 Chandigarh :0.02
15 Madhya Pradesh :1.10
33 Dadra & Nagar Haveli :0.05
16 Maharashtra:1.94
34 Daman & Diu ;0.01
17 Manipur :0.08
35 Lakshadweep :0.01
India : 18.78
 16.ROLE OF LAW AND
PROPERTY RELATION ROLE
OF LAND USE
ENCROACHMENT
Land Enchroachment
Land encroachment is the unauthorised occupation or use of land or property by someone
without legal rights or permission. It’s common in unused agricultural, residential, or
commercial areas, especially when owners are absent. Understanding legal procedures for
addressing encroachment is crucial for property owners.

Illegal Encroachment Act & Punishment

Land grabbing, trespassing, and land encroachment is a legal offence. According to Section 441
of the IPC (Indian Penal Code), 1860, an action can be termed encroachment when a person
trespasses or enters the land (or any property) owned by another without seeking legal
permission to do so.
In many cases, the encroacher/land grabber can use the land to develop illegal structures and
occupy it without the attention of the actual landowner(s). These acts are strictly prohibited by
law and can face imprisonment or/and monetary fine as per the encroachment of land act.
Situations such as encroachment of land by neighbours can cause a considerable problem
while selling the land.
Thus, the owner needs to resolve the situation legally as soon as it occurs.

Encroachment of Government Land

Since the 1950s, there have been many cases where someone has participated in encroachment
on government land and built illegal construction on the land, hoping that the Government
laws would change in the future and the land would be given to the encroacher. But, recent
Supreme Court (SC) judgments dealing with encroachers wanting regularizations have been
strict, and the law is firmly against government land encroachment.
Land Enchroachment Act, India
Section 441 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860 is applied to land and property encroachment.
According to section 441, encroachment occurs when somebody tries to enter illegally into
someone else's property. This is done to commit an offence, threaten a person for possession of
the property and stay there. On land encroachment, the penalty is provided under section 447
of PC. If a person is found guilty, they will pay a Rs 550 fine and imprisonment for up to three
months. In the following manner, law treats the encroachment:-
Section 441 is also applicable on trespassing on private land, and it is an offence under
section 442.
The judiciary can either stop encroaching or restrain them under the Land Encroachment
Act
The judiciary can also ask to pay compensation for encroachment as per the Land
Encroachment Act. Compensation is calculated based on present land value, and loss
caused.
To claim the damages, move the court as per Order 39 (rules 1, 2 and 3)

Penalties under the land encroachment act

Under section 447 of IPC related to the Land Encroachment Act, an encroacher will have to
pay Rs 550 as a fine or/and face imprisonment for up to 3 months. The penalty will be decided
according to the offence.
Property and Property Law
Property, in a legal sense means any form of interest or right over in a thing. That thing can be
tangible/intangible, moveable/immovable etc.
Property law is the set of rules and regulations that governs how a property can be acquired,
owned utilized and alienated. It encompasses a range of subjects such as transfer of property
procedures, contract act principles and inheritance laws, among others.

Property Laws in India

The property laws in India have gone through a lot of changes and developments over time
and are regulated through various acts and regulations.
The Constitution, lays down the structure of property laws in the country ensuring that
individuals have the authority to own, possess and dispose of property as a constitutional right.
The Transfer of Property Act 1882 (TPA) serves as the primary legislation governing property
law in India.
Over time these laws have been regularly updated to keep up with the dynamic environment
of our legal system.
In this article we aim to provide an overview of the evolution of property law in India explore,
types of properties and shed light on the laws that currently shape the dynamic landscape of
property rights and regulations.
What are the types of Property Law in India?

1. Transfer of Property Act, 1882:

The Transfer of Property Act is a law, in India that governs and establishes guidelines and
procedures for the transfer of property more specifically, immovable property like land and real
estate.
It sets out the principles and procedures for transferring property through means such as sale,
mortgage, lease, gift and exchange. Its primary purpose is to facilitate the transfer of property,
from one individual to another.

2. Partition Act of 1893:

The Partition Act of 1893 is significant, in the realm of property law because it addresses the
challenges that arise when properties owned jointly need to be divided among its co-owners.
This legislation provides a framework that helps both courts and individuals to navigate the
complexities of partition cases ensuring a fair distribution of property rights.

3. Indian Succession Act, 1925:

The succession law sets out the guidelines, for how property’s distributed when someone dies
either with or without a will.
The Indian Succession Act of 1925 specifically deals with cases involving a written will
(testamentary succession).
However, if there is no written will, the laws regarding intestate succession or unwilled
succession outlined in the Hindu Succession Act of 1956 would apply.
17.EVACUATION RULES,
RESETTLEMENT RULES,
WORK PLACE RULES
EVACUATION STRATEGIES
In the event of a fire, its occupants need to know what action should be taken to
leave the building safely along protected escape route. In very tall buildings, full
building evacuation via stairways might be impracticable in the event of a fire.
Many evacuation strategies have been developed and experimented in many
countries and few of them are listed below. Due to limitations of space, only salient
aspects of these strategies are discussed here:

Total Building Evacuation;

Progressive Evacuation;

Phased Evacuation;

Partial Evacuation;

Self-Evacuation;

Stay-in-place Approach.
RESETTLEMENT

Resettlement is the process of identification and transfer of a group, large or small,

from their local habitat/ native place to a host place, which may or may not have
agreed to admit them. It may happen voluntarily when people or communities
migrate from one place to another on will. It may also happen involuntarily when it
is forced by the public agency for the larger public good/benefit.

Challenges involved in Resettlement:

The challenges are categorized in two broad categories for the purpose;
Pre-relocation and post-relocation.

Resettlement typically moves people from the inner city to the outer periphery.
This relocation often places people far from their workplaces.
City fringes offer fewer livelihood opportunities.
Basic services are often lacking, including:
Roads and transport connectivity
Water supply
Sewerage and sanitation
Schools and healthcare facilities
These infrastructure services are essential for living in any area.