Epilepsy Final

PM SHRI JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA KUKNOOR
KOPPAL(D) ,
KARNATAKA
2024-25
BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
TOPIC
EPILEPSY
Submitted By :
Submitted To :
Varun V Kori
Sri AVINASH Y H
XI ‘A’ 1130
PGT BIOLOGY
PM SHRI JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA
KUKNOOR KOPPAL(D) ,
KARNATAKA
2024-25
This is to certify that VARUN KORI of class XI

(Science) has prepared the Biology
investigatory project entitled “EPILEPSY” under
the guidance of MR. AVINSH Y H sir during the
session 2024-25 in partial fulfillment of
BIOLOGY practical examination conducted by
AISSCE.
Signature of Teacher Signature of Principal

Sri AVINASH Y H Ms. Jaya J
PGT Physics Principal
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully

many people have best owned upon me as their
blessing and the heart pledged support, I would like to
thank all the people who have been concerned with
project.
I would like to sincerely thank Ms.Jaya.J,
Principal of my vidyalaya for her co-ordination in
extending every possible support for completion of
this project.
I would like to express deep sense of gratitude to

my teacher Mr.AVINASH Y H sir PGT Biology
for guiding me immensely through the course of the
project
I Would also like to thank my parents for their
continuous support and encouragement.
My sincere thanks and appreciation to
Shri.Mahaboobsaheb G, Lab attendant and my fellow
classmates in developing the project and to everyone
who has directly or indirectly helped me out with their
active support and cooperation.
- i-
Index
1. Acknowledgment i
2. Introduction 1
3. Common symptoms 2
4. Seizure and its types 2
5. Reasons for Epilepsy 3
6. Medical treatment 4
7. Guidelines for anticonvulsant therapy 7
8. Febrile Seizures 8
9. Bibliography 9
-ii-
EPILEPSY
ACT OF NEROUNS 
 Epilepsy is defined as a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent,

unprovoked seizures.
To break this down further:
 CHRONIC : It is long term and ongoing condition

 NEUROLOGICAL : It affects the nervous system, specifically the brain.
 RECURRENT : The seizures happen more than once.
 UNPROVOKED : The seizures occur without an immediate or reversible
cause
 SEIZURES : These are sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbances
in the brain that can cause changes in behavior,
movements, feelings, and consciousness.
To be diagnosed with epilepsy, a person generally needs to have had at least two
unprovoked seizures occurring more than 24 hours apart, or one unprovoked
seizure with a high risk of recurrence. It's important to note that a single seizure
does not necessarily mean a person has epilepsy. Some people might experience a
seizure due to other factors like high fever, severe head injury, or drug withdrawal,
but this doesn't always lead to a diagnosis of epilepsy.
–1–
Common Symptoms
 Temporory confusion
 Staring spells
 Uncontraable jerking
 Loss of consciousness or awareness
 High fever
 Psychological symptom such as fear, anxiety etc
SEIZURES :
A seizure is a sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain that can cause
changes in behavior, movements, feelings, and consciousness.
Seizures may occur in two ways
1. FOCAL ONSET:
These start in a specific area of brain and can occur with or without loss of
consciousness
2. GENERAL ONSET :
These involve all areas of the brain and include types such as:
 Absence seizures (petit mal)

 Tonic clonic seizures (grand mal )
 Atonic seizures
 Myoclonic seizures
It’s important to note that having a single seizure doesn’t necessarily mean a
person has epilepsy is typically diagnosed when a person has had two or more
seizures that were not caused by a known and reversible medical condition .
–2–
REASONS FOR EPILEPSY :
Epilepsy can be result from various factors ,including
 Genetic factors
 Family history of epilepsy
 Genetic mutations
 Inherited conditions
 brain structure and functions

 brain injuries
 brain tumorous
 Cerebral malformations
 neurodegenerative disease
 Infection and illness

 Meningitis
 Encephalitis
 Brainabscess
 Viral infections
 Parasitic infections
 Environmental Factors
 Head trauma
 Poisoning
 Stroke
 Brain hypoxia
–3–
MEDICAL TREATMENT
As experiencing these symptoms some medical treatment are below
1. DEEP BRAIN STIMULATOR (DBS):

A neurosurgical procedure that involves implanting a medical device called a
neurostimulator , sometimes called as “brain pacemaker” to deliver electrical
impulses to specific areas of the brain
PURPOSE
To treat various neurological and
psychiatric conditions by modulating
abnormal brain activity.
CONDITIONS TREATED WITH DBS :

 PARKINSION
 DYSTONIA
 ESSENTIAL TREMOR

 EPILEPSY
2. NERVE CONDUCTING TEST :

To evaluate the function of peripheral
nerves ,diagnose nerve damage or disorders
and monitor treatment effectiveness .it is
mainly used for peripheral neuron therapy
Peripheral nerve injuries radiculopathy
(nerve root damage) etc.
It evaluates nerve function and damage,

muscle strength and weakness, sensory loss
or numbness, pain or tingling sensations.
–4–
3.ELECTROENCEPHALOGGRAPHY (EEG)
Electro refers to electrical activity, Encephalon refers to to the brain and Graph
refers to the recording or measurement Of activity. It measures the electrical
activity of the brain through electrodes placed on the scalp,
Records: Voltage
Frequency(Hz)
Amplitude
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS :
1. DIAGNOSING EPILEPSY AND SEIZURES

2. MONITORING BRAIN ACTIVITY
3. DETECTING BRAIN DAMAGE OR DISORDERS
4. STUDYING SLEEP DISORDERS
5. NEUROFEEDBACK TRAING
–5–
4.GENE THEREPY TREATMENT :
A medical treatment that uses gens to prevent to treat diseases by repairing or
replacing damaged or abnormal gens
-it identifies the faulty gene causing the diseases, choosing a suitable vector
(Virus or no viral) to deliver the healthy gens editing the faulty gene using
Techniques like CRISPR/Cas9.
–6–
GUIDELINES FOR ANTICONVULSANT THERAPY
 Start with one first line drugs

 Start with low dose, gradually increase to effective dose or until side effects
 If first drug fails due to side effects or continue seizures , start second line drugs
gradually withdrawing first
 Be aware of drug interaction
 Do not use more than two drug in combination at any
Most used tablets for epilepsy (CHRONOTAB 300/50)
–7–
FEBRILE SEIZURES
(seizure due to fever )
FEBRILE SEIZURES are convulsions that can happen when a young child has fever
above 100.4o F (38oC) .(febrile means feverish) the seizures are usually last for a
few minutes and stop on their own. The fever may continue for some time
Most febrile seizures stop without treatment and don’t cause other health
problems some kids might feel sleepy after a seizure ,while others feel no lasting
effects
 who gets febrile seizures ?

Febrile seizures happen in kids from
6 months to 5 years old. They are most
Common in toddlers 12-18 months old.
 What should not do during

febrile seizure?
 Do not try to hold or restrain.
 Do not put anything in child’s mouth
 Do not give any fever reducing
medicine to child
 Do not try to put your child into cool or
lukewarm water to cool off
–8–
BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://kidshealth.org
www.google.com
AI ( META , GEMINI , OTTER )
–9 –

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PM SHRI JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA KUKNOOR

BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

This is to certify that VARUN KORI of class XI

Signature of Teacher Signature of Principal

In the accomplishment of this project successfully

I would like to express deep sense of gratitude to

 Epilepsy is defined as a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent,

To break this down further:

 CHRONIC : It is long term and ongoing condition

 Absence seizures (petit mal)

 brain structure and functions

 Infection and illness

1. DEEP BRAIN STIMULATOR (DBS):

CONDITIONS TREATED WITH DBS :

2. NERVE CONDUCTING TEST :

It evaluates nerve function and damage,

1. DIAGNOSING EPILEPSY AND SEIZURES

Techniques like CRISPR/Cas9.

 Start with one first line drugs

Most used tablets for epilepsy (CHRONOTAB 300/50)

 who gets febrile seizures ?

 What should not do during

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