Design of a Portable Ventilator

Abstract:

Ventilator device are external devices that are designed to assist a patient to perform a
particular task. It is to keep up or improve a breathing ability of a person if he
encounters problem in his own breathing. Ventilators play a vital role in human’s life. It
is a piece of equipment, software program or product system that is used to increase,
maintain, or improve the functional capabilities of persons with disabilities in breathing
period. This paper deals with the hardware design of a lab model ventilator. A prototype
model of the ventilator has been designed and tested.
INTRODUCTION

Respiratory maladies and damage incited respiratory disappointment comprise a

noteworthy general medical issue in both created and less created nations. Asthma,
incessant obstructive aspiratory infection and other perpetual respiratory conditions are
boundless. These conditions are exacerbated via air contamination, smoking, and
consuming of biomass for fuel, which are all on the ascent in creating nations. Patients
with basic lung sickness may create respiratory disappointment under an assortment of
difficulties and can be bolstered mechanical ventilation. These are machines which
precisely help patients move and breathe out, permitting the trading of oxygen and
carbon dioxide to happen in the lungs, a procedure alluded to as fake breath . While the
ventilators utilized in current emergency clinics are exceptionally practically and
innovatively complex, their obtaining expenses are correspondingly high. Staggering
expenses render such innovatively advanced mechanical restrictively costly for use in
asset poor nations. Also, these ventilators are regularly delicate and powerless during
proceeded with use, requiring expensive administration contracts from the maker. In
creating nations, this has prompted practices, for example, sharing of ventilators among
emergency clinics and acquiring of less dependable revamped units. Since therapeutic
assets in these nations are amassed in major urban focuses, now and again country
and peripheral zones have no entrance at all to mechanical ventilators.The main
contribution of the paper is design a portable ventilator model which can be used for
measuring the respiration status of humans. A prototype is developed which is a cost
effective one by placing the potentiometer and needle valve in place of flow analyzer. At
initial stage our ventilator were be working with amount of 1bar in compressed air
through the regulator, then moving to the solenoid valve for on & off condition. From
solenoid end two ways are developed, one end is connecting in needle valve and
potentiometer the other end is exhalation valve. After adjusting the flow of air through
needle valve and potentiometer the tube was developed from 6mm to 8mm for the
connection purpose of test lung bag. It were be used to show the inhalation and
exhalation of patient. Finally, the total prototype was able to illustrate the major four
parameter of ventilator.

LITERATURE SURVEY
The execution of closed loop control of tidal volume parameter which is controlled in
mechanical ventilators utilized at serious consideration units (ICU) and veterinary
resources for exploratory examinations was actualized by H. Güler and F. Ata, which
reduction the remaining burden of clinicians. L. D'Orsi, A. Borri and A. De Gaetano built
up the firstversionofasimplebutrealisticphysiologicallungventilationmathematicalmodel.
The patient-ventilator complex is considered by demonstrating the weight wave
provided by the mechanical lung ventilator as an external (control)input.R. Robert, P.
Micheau, O. Avoine, B. Beaudry, A. Beaulieu and H. Walti, planned a vigorous
controller to perform weight managed expiratory stream and to execute it on the most
recent fluid ventilator model (Inolivent-4) utilizing Numerical reproductions and reasoned
that weight controlled ventilation incredibly streamlines the utilization of the fluid
ventilator, which will surely encourage its presentation in escalated care units for clinical
applications.
Borello has just proposed the structure of an adjustment plot for a steady and exact
control of air and oxygen gas for ventilators. This new controller offers uniform following
of dynamic stream reference flag over the full scope of patient burden from huge grown-
up to little newborn child in this way requiring no manual (from the earlier) determination
in the control structure or its additions to modify for patient size. Mustafa has gotten the
mathematical models of known and used air flow and volume signals in clinical
medicine, LabVIEW and MATLAB/Simulink condition based reproductions for a
Pressure-controlled ventilator. Volyanskyy has built up a neuro-versatile control design
to control lung volume and moment ventilation with information weight imperatives that
likewise represents unconstrained breathing by the patient. A microcontroller based
advanced control of a modern application is produced for the situating control of a
ventilator cylinder in a fake breath gadget. A model mechanical ventilation arrangement
of a lung test system was proposed for trial ponder. Reproduction and experimental
studies on the air flow dynamic of the mechanical ventilation framework were done by
Yan Shi and the weight dynamic qualities of the mechanical ventilator framework were
dissected. The ideal determination of mechanical ventilator settings that guarantee
satisfactory oxygenation and carbon dioxide leeway while limiting the danger of
ventilator-related lung damage (VALI) is a critical test for concentrated consideration
clinicians and has been structured by Anup Das. Maria has dissected the contrasts
among volume and weight controlled ventilation demonstrating that weight controlled
ventilation allows a more reliable compensation of breathing circuit compressible
volume. Toyama assessed the exactness of three unique ventilators to convey little VT
during volume-controlled ventilation. Hussain proposed Synchronized Intermittent
Mandatory Ventilation mode control utilizing Pulse Oximeter that is shabby, exact and
simple to use to programmed state in a sensible spending plan improving wellbeing
offices in poor nations like Bangladesh.
PROBLEM STATEMENT

Patients with basic lung sickness may create respiratory disappointment under an
assortment of difficulties and can be bolstered mechanical ventilation. These are
machines which precisely help patients move and breathe out, permitting the trading of
oxygen and carbon dioxide to happen in the lungs, a procedure alluded to as fake
breath . While the ventilators utilized in current emergency clinics are exceptionally
practically and innovatively complex, their obtaining expenses are correspondingly high.
OBJECTIVES
1. To save time and money ―
2. To make easy to use ventilator
3. To Reduces unwanted cost of technical manpower
4. To display the heart rate and spo2 of patient so that nurse or doctor can change
ventilator configurations
 BLOCK DIAGRAM

POWER SUPPLY

SPO2 / HEART rae sensor LCD

SERVO MOTOR AMBU

POT 1 ARDUINO UNO
BAG

POT 2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 Amid the global crisis caused by the corona virus pandemic, hospitals and
healthcare facilities are reporting shortages of vital equipments. As makers it's our
responsibility to combat the shortage by constructing makeshift-open-source
substitute devices. Our country might be in a lock down but our ingenuity isn't !

One important device for which demand has ramped up is ventilators for patients
who need assistance with their breathing due to the respiratory effects of COVID-
19. Basically a ventilator is a machine that provides breathable air into and out of
the lungs, to deliver breaths to a patient who is physically unable to breathe, or
breathing insufficiently. A DIY ventilator may not be efficient as that of a medical
grade ventilator but it can act as a good substitute if it has control over the following
key parameters

 Tidal volume: It's the volume of air delivered to the lungs with each breath by the
ventilator - typically 500ml at rest.
 BPM(Breaths per minute): This is the set rate for delivering breaths.
 Inspiratory:Expiratory ratio (IE Ratio): refers to the ratio of inspiratory
time:expiratory time.
 Flow rate: is the maximum flow at which a set tidal volume breath is delivered by the
ventilator
 Peep (Positive end expiratory pressure): It is the pressure in the lungs above
atmospheric pressure that exists at the end of expiration.
My design is based on the automation of the manual BVM (Ambu-bag),which you
can find in any medical supply store. It is a hand-held device commonly used to
provide positive pressure ventilation.
HARDWARE USED

1. ARDUINO UNO
2. SERVO MOTOR
3. POTENTIOMETER
4. I2C LCD
5. SPO2
6. AMBU BAG
SOFTWARE USED

1. PROTEUS
2. ARDUINO IDE

SPECIFICATION AND DETAILS

ARDUINO UNO

Technical Specifications
The Arduino Uno development board is based on the Atmel ATmega328, an 8-bit, 16 MHz
microcontroller with 14 digital input/output (I/O) pins, 6 of which are capable of pulse-width
modulation (PWM), as well as a 6-channel, 10-bit analog-to-digital converter. Digital
communication capabilities include UART TTL serial, SPI serial, and two-wire interface serial
(I2C). The Arduino development platform features a cross-platform, Java-based IDE as well as a
C/C++ library which offers high-level access to hardware functions[
The Major Features of Micro Controller ATmega328P:
High Performance, Low Power Atmel®AVR® 8-Bit Microcontroller Family
• Advanced RISC Architecture
– 131 Powerful Instructions
– Most Single Clock Cycle Execution
– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
– Fully Static Operation
– Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20MHz
– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments
– 32KBytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash program
Memory
– 1KBytes EEPROM
– 2KBytes Internal SRAM
– Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
ECG SENSOR

ECG Monitor Sensor Module is based on AD8232 Analog Device IC. This is a cost-effective ECG Sensor
used to measure the electrical activity of the heart. This electrical activity can be charted as an ECG or
Electrocardiogram and output as an analog reading. ECGs can be extremely noisy, out AD8232 Single
Lead Heart Rate Monitor acts as an op amp to help obtain a clear signal. This sensor can be connected
to an Arduino/Raspberry Pi, etc. Sample codes are easily available on the internet.

The AD8232 is an integrated signal conditioning block for ECG and other biopotential measurement
applications. It is designed to extract, amplify, and filter small biopotential signals in the presence of
noisy conditions, such as those created by motion or remote electrode placement.

The AD8232 module breaks out nine connections from the IC that you can solder pins, wires, or other
connectors to. SDN, LO+, LO-, OUTPUT, 3.3V, GND provide essential pins for operating this monitor
with an Arduino or other development board. Also provided on this board are RA (Right Arm), LA (Left
Arm), and RL (Right Leg) pins to attach and use your own custom sensors. Additionally, there is an LED
indicator light that will pulsate to the rhythm of a heart beat.

Note: This product is NOT a industry grade medical device and is not intended to be used as such or as
an accessory to such nor diagnose or treat any conditions.
Features of AD8232 ECG Monitor Sensor Module:-

 Operating Voltage - 3.3V

 Analog Output

 Leads-Off Detection

 Shutdown Pin

 LED Indicator

 3.5mm Jack for Biomedical Pad Connection or Use 3 pin header

. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD) :

 LCD is used in a project to visualize the output of the application.

 We have used 16x2 LCD which indicates 16 columns and 2 rows. So, we can write 16
characters in each line. So, total 32 characters we can display on 16x2 LCD.
 LCD can also used in a project to check the output of different modules interfaced with
the microcontroller. Thus LCD plays a vital role in a project to see the output and to
debug the system module wise in case of system failure in order to rectify the problem.

9.3.1. LCD Power Sources:

Figure 6: Pin Diagram of LCD
 LCD has 2 Power Sources
 1. VCC and GND are at 1 and 2 NO. Pins of LCD. Used to drive the LCD
3mA current consumption.
 2. VCC and GND is at 15 and 16 NO. pins of LCD used to drive the backlight
of LCD 100 mA current
 Total current consumption = 3mA + 100mA = 103 mA
 So, in order to reduce the current requirement we are connecting a 330 ohm
resistance in series with the backlight pin VCC. This reduces the current
consumption (100mA / 330ohm =0.303 mA).
Therefore new total current consumption = 0.303Ma
 Pin No. Symbol Function
1 GND GROUND
2 VCC +5V
3 CONTRAST GND
4 E ENABLE
5 RS REGISTER SELECT
6 R/W READ WRITE
7 DB0 DATA LINE
8 DB1 DATA LINE
9 DB2 DATA LINE
10 DB3 DATA LINE
11 DB4 DATA LINE
12 DB5 DATA LINE
13 DB6 DATA LINE
14 DB7 DATA LINE
15 VCC +5V
16 GND GND

Table 1: LCD Pin description

9.4. Power supply

Figure 7: Circuit Diagram-Power Supply

 The basic step in the designing of any system is to design the power supply
required for that system. The steps involved in the designing of the power
supply are as follows,
1) Detership the total current that the system sinks from the supply.
2) Detership the voltage rating required for the different components.
 The bridge rectifier and capacitor i/p filter produce an unregulated DC
voltage which is applied at the I/P of 7805.
 The minimum dropout voltage is 2v for IC 7805, the voltage applied at the
input terminal should be at least 7 volts .
 C1 (1000 µf / 65v)is the filter capacitor .
 C2,C4 (0.1uF ceramic),C3 (220uF/25V electrolyte capacitor) is to be
connected across the regulator to improve the transient response of the
regulator.
 Assuming the drop out voltage to be 2 volts, the minimum DV voltage
across the capacitor C1 should be equal to 7volts (at least).
9.4.1. Power supply component design

9.4.1.1. Transformer Design

We require +5V o/p. The drop-out voltage of regulator is 2V (As per datasheet).

Vdc = 5+2 = 7V

So at the regulator input minimum 7V should be applied.

According to formula,

Vdc= 2Vm / pi.

Assuming there is no Ripple Capacior

Hence From

Vm = Vdc . pi / 2

= 7 x 3.14 / 2

= 10.99V

Vm = 10.99V

During one cycle, two diode are conducting, hence

 Drop of voltage of one diode = 0.7V

Drop of voltage of two diode = 1.4V

Vim = Vm + 1.4V

Vim = 10.99 + 1.4

Vim= 12.39V

Vrms = Vim / Sqrt (2)

=12.39 / Sqrt (2)

Vrms = 8.76V

Vim = 12.39V

Vrms = 8.76V

So we select transformer of 9V

Similarly Im = Idc x pi / 2.

Im = 400m x 3.14 / 2

Im = 628mA

Irms = Im / Sqrt (2)

= 628m / Sqrt (2)

= 444.06 mA

Irms = 444.06mA

So we select transformer with current rating of 500mA.

Considering voltage and current transformer

we take Transformer - 0-9V / 500mA Step down transformer

9.4.1.2. Rectifier Design

PIV of diode = Vm = 12.39 V

Im = 628 mAmp

So we select bridge IC of 1 Ampere rating.

9.4.1.3. Filter capacitor Design

R = Vdc / Idc

= 7 / 400m

= 17.5 Ohms

Vr = 2 (Vim - Vdc)

= 2(12.39 - 7)

Vr = 10.78V

C = Vdc / (F x R x Vr)

= 7 / (100x17.5x10.78)
 C =371.05uF

So for safe working we select capacitor 0f 1000uF

C = 1000uF / 35V

C1 - 1000uF/35V - Electrolytic Capacitor

C2, C4 -0.1uF Ceramic Capacitor

C3 -220uF/25V Electrolytic Capacitor

Why 11.0592 MHz?

Serial data communication needs often dictate the frequency of the oscillator
because of the requirement that internal counters must divide the basic clock rate to
yield standard communication baud rates. If the basic clock frequency is not
divisible without a reminder, then the resulting communication is not standard.

Table 2: BAUD RATE FORMULA

Here we keep

SPBRG = 143; for 4800 baud rate and 71 for 9600 baud rate

BRGH = 1; high speed

Therefore 11.0592 MHz / 16 (143 +1);

11.0592 MHz / 16(144);

11.592 / 2304;
4800 s/sec (a standard communication baud rate)

MG995 SERVO MOTOR

CONCLUSION
In this paper, a prototype device to assist the patients who can partially breathe by their
own is developed. This device is provided with very basic design and reliable structure
that is easily acceptable by the patient. Main focus in this paper is to minimize the
components and increase the efficiency of the device, so that while using this device to
the patient, they should feel as comfortable as the normal ventilator. In this paper
needle valve is used along with the potentiometer for replacing the flow analyzer so that
the entire setup is cost effective. Arduino UNO board is used because it is easy to
program. This research has led to the development of lab model ventilator.

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