ELECTRICITY • These charges interact to create

an electrical force.
 A form of energy that results
from the flow of charged • Like charges produce
particles. repulsive forces – so they
repel each other (e.g. electron
 Electricity being the flow of
and electron or proton and
moving electrons produces a
proton repel each other).
resultant called electrical
current. • Unlike charges produce
attractive forces – so they
Electrostatics
attract each other (e.g. electron
 › Electrostatic Laws and proton attract each other).

 › Electric Potential • A very highly simplified model

of an atom has most of the
Electrodynamics mass in a small, dense center
 › Electric Circuits called the nucleus.

 › Electric Power • The nucleus has positively

charged protons and neutral
ELECTROSTATIC neutrons.
 is the study of electric charges • Negatively charged electrons
in stationary form. move around the nucleus at
 The smallest units of electric much greater distance.
charge are electron and
proton. • Ordinary atoms are neutral
 The electron has one unit of because there is a balance
negative charge, and the proton between the number of
has one unit of positive charge. positively charged protons and
 The electric charge with negatively charged electrons.
electrons and proton has the ELECTRIC CHARGE
same magnitude but opposite
signs.  Electrons move from atom to
 Electric charge comes in atom to create ions.
discrete units that are positive
• Positively charge ions
or negative.
result from the loss of
Note: Electrostatics is the study of electrons and are called
stationary electric charges cations.

ELECTRIC CHARGE AND • Negatively charge ions

ELECTRICAL FORCES: result from the gain of
electrons and are called
• Electrons have a negative anions.
electrical charge.
• Protons have a positive
electrical charge.
  (A) neutral atom has no net  An object is said to be
charge because the numbers of electrified if it has too few or
electrons and protons are too many electrons.
balanced.
 One object that is always available
 (B) Removing an electron to accept electric charges from an
produces a net positive charge; electrified object is the Earth. The
the charged atom is called a Earth behaves as a huge
positive ion (cation). reservoir for stray electric
charges. In this capacity, it is
 (C) The addition of an electron
called an electric ground.
produces a net negative charge
and a negative ion (anion).  An object is said to be electrified if
it has too few or too many
ELECTRIFICATION
electrons. The most familiar
 is the process of adding or example of such electric charge is
removing electrons from a static electricity.
substance.
 Electrification occurs when an
Note: Electrification can be created object becomes charged by the
by contact, friction, or induction. removal or additional of electrons.

ELECTRIFICATION CAN BE  Matter is electrically neutral

CREATED BY THE FOLLOWING: because in the entire universe the
total number of negative charges
1. Friction - a buildup of electron equals the total number of
caused by rubbing object positive charges.
together; due to differences in
the number of electrons  The outer shell electrons of some
available on each, electrons types of atoms however are
travel from one to the other. loosely bounded and can easily
be removed.
2. Contact - a connection that
causes the flow of electrons.  Removal of this electron electrifies
the substances from which they
- This process is a simple were removed and result in static
equalization of charges, electricity.
with both objects having
similar charges after the  Positive electric charges do not
contact. move.

3. Induction - using the electric • The transfer of electrons from

field of a charged object to one object to another causes
confer a charge on an the first to be positively
uncharged object. electrified and the second to be
negatively electrified.
- Induction is the process
of electrical fields acting Note: The smallest unit of electric
on one another without charge is an electron (-).
contact.
The fundamental unit of electrical  When an object becomes
charge is the COULOMB (C) electrified, the electrical
18
charges are distributed
1 C = 6.3 x 10 electron charges
throughout the object.
Example: Thunder cloud;
electrified copper wire.
ELECTROSTATIC LAW
1. Unlike charges attract; like 6. ELECTRIFIED CHARGE
charges repel CONCENTRATION
 Associated with each electric  Electric charges are
charge is an electric field. concentrated along the
 Uncharged particles do not sharpest curvature of the
have an electric field. surface.
 The force of attraction Example: Electric Cattle
between unlike charges or rod
repulsion between like
charges is due to the electric  Electric charge distribution is
field. It is called an electric uniform throughout or on the
force. surface.
2. The addition or removal of  Electric charge of a conductor is
electron is called concentrated along the
ELECTRIFICATION. sharpest curvature of the
3. Only negative charges can surface.
move in solids.
4. COULOMB’S LAW:
 Electrostatic force is directly
proportional to the product
ELECTROSTATIC LAWS
of the charges and inversely
proportional to the square of Four general laws of electrostatics
the distance between them. describe how electric charges
interact with each other and with
Q A QB neutral objects.
F=k 2
d
• Associated with each electric
FORCE FIELDS: charge is an electric field.
 The condition of space around • The electric field points outward
an object is changed by the from a positive charge and
presence of an electrical toward a negative charge.
charge.
• Uncharged particles do not have
 The electrical charge produces a an electric field.
force field, that is called an
electrical field since it is • Unlike charges attract; like
produced by electrical charge. charges repel.

5. ELECTRIC CHARGE ELECTROSTATIC FORCE

DISTRIBUTION
  When unlike charges—one  has the ability to do the work
negative and one positive— are when this energy is released
close to each other, the electric
 the unit of electric potential is
fields radiate in the same
volt (V)
direction and cause the two
charges to attract each other.  Electric potential is sometimes
The force of attraction between termed Electromotive Force
unlike charges or repulsion (EMF) or VOLTAGE
between like charges is
attributable to the electric field.  100V - house

COULOMB’S LAW  220V - x-ray

The magnitude of the electrostatic ELECTRODYNAMICS

force is given by Coulomb’s law as  phenomena recognized as
follows: electricity.
 The electrostatic force is very
strong when objects are close  If an electric potential is applied
but decreases rapidly as objects to objects such as copper wire,
separate. This inverse square then electrons move along the
relationship for electrostatic wire. This is called an electric
force is the same as that for x- current, or electricity.
ray square relationship for
electrostatic force is the same  Electric currents occur in many
as that for x-ray intensity. types of objects and range from
the very small currents of the
ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL human body (e.g., those
measured by
• Electric potential is sometimes
electrocardiograms) to the very
called voltage; the higher the
large currents of 440,000-V
voltage, the greater is the
cross- country electric
potential to do work.
transmission lines.
• In the United States, the electric
Note: Electrodynamics is the study
potential in homes and offices is
of electric charges in motion.
110 V.
FOUR ELECTRIC STATES OF
• X-ray imaging systems usually
MATTER
require 220 V or higher.
 Superconductivity is the property
• The volt is potential energy/unit
of some materials to exhibit no
charge, or joule/coulomb
resistance below a critical
• (1 V = 1 J/C). temperature (Tc).
 A conductor is any substance
through which electrons flow easily.
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
 A semiconductor is a material
 stored energy that under some conditions
 behaves as an insulator and in to do work. If electron flow is
other conditions behaves as a inhibited, the circuit resistance is
conductor. high.
 An insulator is any material that
does not allow electron flow.

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
 When the resistance is controlled
and the electron flow over a closed
path, the result is electric circuit.
1. Ampere (A)
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
 Electric currents are measured
 Electric current is measured in in Ampere (A). The ampere
amperes (A). measures the number of
electrons flowing in the electric
 The ampere is proportional to circuit.
the number of electrons flowing o 1A = 1C/s
in the electric circuit.
2. Volt (V)
 One ampere is equal to an  Electric potential is
electric charge of 1 C flowing measured in volt (V).
through a conductor each
AMPERE VS. VOLTAGE
second.
Example: You could say that…
Note: Increasing electric resistance
results in a reduced electric current. • Amps measure how much water
comes out of a hose.
 Electric potential is measured in
volts (V) and; • Volts measure how hard the
water comes out of a hose.
 Electric resistance is measured
in ohms (Ω). OHM’S LAW
 Electrons at high voltage have high  Ohm’s Law states that the
potential energy and high capacity voltage across the total circuit
 or any portion of the current is  Temperature – lower
equal to the current times the temperature has lower
resistance. resistance

Electric circuits can be reduced to

one of two basic types:
1. Series circuit
2. Parallel circuit
V= IR
SERIES CIRCUIT
V (volt) = electric potential
 In a series circuit, all circuit
I (electric current) = ampere
elements are connected in a
R (resistance) = Ohms line along the same conductor.
RESISTANCE
 The opposition to the flow of an
electric current, producing heat.
 The greater the resistance, the
less current gets through.
 Good conductors have low
resistance.
 measured in ohms.
What influences resistance?
 Material of wire – aluminum
and copper have low resistance
 Thickness – the thicker the
wire the lower the resistance
 Length – shorter wire has lower
resistance
PARALLEL CIRCUIT  Current in which electrons
oscillates back and forth.
 A parallel circuit contains
elements that are connected at  electrons flow in different
their ends rather than lying in a directions in a wire.
line along a conductor.

ELECTRIC POWER
 Electric power is measured in
watts (W). Common household
electric appliances, such as
toasters, blenders, mixers, and
radios, generally require 500 to
1500 W of electric power. Light
bulbs require 30 to 150 W of
electric power. An x-ray imaging
system requires 20 to 150 kW of
electric power.
o Power (W) = voltage (V) ×
current (A).
Note: 1 watt is equal to 1 A of current
flowing through an electric potential of
1 V.

THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF

CURRENTS:
1. Direct Current (DC)
 Electrons flowing in one
direction along the conductor.
 Where electrons flow in the
same direction in a wire.
2. Alternating Current (AC)