CHART SUMMERY SESSION : 2024-25 X/CBSE /BIOLOGY 1

MECHANISM OF DIGESTION
Before Digestion
DIGESTION IN ORAL CAVITY
Proteins,
(i) Immediately after Ingestion with the help of teeth and tongue food is mixed carbohydrates,
up with saliva to make it soft for easy swallowing. fats, Vitamins,
Minerals,
(ii) During Mastication, the salts present in saliva, Neutralise the acidic effect Roughage
of food and turn the medium neutral in the oral cavity. and water.

C O R P O R AT E OFFICE A D D R E S S : 2 0 6 , O M T O W E R , Z O N E - I I , M . P. N A G A R , B H O PA L
(iii) During Mastication, lysozymes present in saliva kills the microorganisms
present in food and in the oral cavity.
Digestion of Carbohydrate : Digestion of carbohydrate begins in the oral
cavity due to the presence of salivary amylase or ptyalin . If starch is
present in the food, then it is converted into maltose with the help of ptyalin.

Starch 
Salivary Amylase/ptyalin
pH  7, neutral, oral cavity
Maltose

Digestion of Fats :- Digestion of fats does not occur in oral cavity as

there is no fat digesting enzyme present in saliva and also fats need to be
emulsified before digestion. So fats are not digested in oral cavity.
Digestion of Proteins :- It requires acidic medium to begin with and also
there are no protein digesting enzymes released in the oral cavity with saliva
for its digestion.  No digestion of protein is seen in oral cavity.. After
digestion
Pharynx Proteins, fats,
carbohydrates,
From the oral cavity, the bolus is rolled down into the pharynx with the help of maltose, vitamins,
tongue, is known as swallowing. In the pharynx no digestion occurs due to minerals, Roughage
and water.
the Absence of digestive gland or its secretion. It passes the food to the S. Amylase/
oesophagus. Ptyalin
Bolus
Bolus
To the
Oesophagus stomach

No digestion takes place here due to the absence of digestive gland or its secretion. Oesohagus serves as
the passage of food from the pharynx to the stomach.
Special movements in the oesophagus known as Peristaltic Movements, which pass down the food to
the stomach.
Peristalsis : Peristalsis is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that moves food to different process-
ing stations in the digestive tract. The process of peristalsis begins in the esophagus when a bolus of food
is swallowed.

DIGESTION IN STOMACH
Bolus from mouth is pushed down to the stomach. The sphincters (muscular valve) Before Digestion in
the stomach close down immediately after receiving the bolus.

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 CHART SUMMERY SESSION : 2024-25 X/CBSE /BIOLOGY 2
(i) Digestion in stomach is carried out due to presence of GASTRIC JUICE re- Before Digestion
leased by the gastric glands.
Proteins,
(ii) Two types of digestion are seen in the stomach :- carbohydrates,

BOLUS
Maltose, fats,
(a) Mechanical Digestion :- Vitamins, Minerals,
(i) It is the churning of the food, i.e. converting larger particles into smaller ones. Roughage
and water.
(ii) During mechanical digestion, gastric juice mixes up with the food to makes it S. Amylase
soft.
(iii) Concentrated HCl acid is present in the gastric juice kills the microorganisms
present in the food (disinfection).
(iv) Gastric juice turns the medium acidic to start chemical digestion.

C O R P O R AT E OFFICE A D D R E S S : 2 0 6 , O M T O W E R , Z O N E - I I , M . P. N A G A R , B H O PA L
(b) Chemical Digestion :-
Chemical digestion starts immediately after mechanical churning.
Digestion of carbohydrates :- Digestion of carbohydrates does not take
place in stomach as gastric juice does not contain any enzyme to digest carbohy-
-drates. But a little digestion of carbohydrate is seen till the action of salivary
amylase is stopped by conc. HCl acid.

CH
Digestion of fats:- It does not take place in stomach or is negligible as Gastric YM
lipase is released in negligible amout, that too is destroyed by conc. HCl acid. Maltose, E
carbohydrates,
Also, digestion of fats require emulsification by BILE which is not possible in Fats, Proteins, peptides
stomach [Bile is released from liver and acts in duodenum, part of small intes- peptones vitamins
-tine]. minerals, Roughage
Digestion of proteins : - It starts in stomach due to the presence of acidic and water
medium provided by conc.HCl acid of Gastric juice. Conc. Hcl Acid
After digestion
In Gastric juice, the proenzyme, propepsin/pepsinogen gets activated into pepsin
to the Duodenum
and converts proteins into peptides or peptones.

Conc. HCl acid

Pro Pepsin/Pepsinogen Pepsin
pH 1.8 - 2
Acidic Stomach

Pepsin 80% 20%

Protein Peptides/Peptones
pH 1.8 - 2
Acidic, Stomach

In infants for digestion of milk protein the enzyme secreted is known as Ren-
nin. Rennin is released in deactivated form known as pro rennin which is
activated by conc. HCl. Acid. Rennin acts on milk protein caesin to convert into
Paracaesin, then into peptides and peptones by pepsin.
Conc.HCl acid
Prorennin     Rennin Caesin 
Re nnin
 Paracaesin
pH 1.8  2
med  acidic
,
stomach

Paracaesin+Ca 
 Calcium paracaseinate

Pepsin
Ca.Paracaeninate   Peptides / Peptone

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 CHART SUMMERY SESSION : 2024-25 X/CBSE /BIOLOGY 3

DIGESTION IN SMALL INTESTINE

(a) In Duodenum : Digestion of proteins : -

 In small intestine, process of digestion is carried (i) In duodenum proteins are digested in Alkaline
out in duodenum and jejunum. medium with the help of Bile & Pancreatic juice.
Duodenum does not consists of any digestive gland In pancreatic juice, 3 proenzymes are present
so it recieves digestive juice from 2 glands liver which are :- Chymotrypsinogen, trypsinogen
and pancreas. & carboxy peptidase which are activated by
Liver releases bile through bile duct and pancreas Enterokinase (A protein present in duodenum.)
releases pancreatic juice through pancreatic duct (ii) Chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen and carbox-
ypeptidase are activated by enterokinase and con-

C O R P O R AT E OFFICE A D D R E S S : 2 0 6 , O M T O W E R , Z O N E - I I , M . P. N A G A R , B H O PA L
into the duodenum.
verted into Chymotrypsin, trypsin and peptidase
(i) Bile salts along with NaHCO3 ions of pancreatic
respectively.
juice neutralise the acidic effect of chyme coming
from stomach. (iii) Chymotrypsin and trypsin act on protein to
convert them into peptones
(ii) Bile salts along with NaHCO3 ions then turn the
medium alkaline in duodenum for further diges- Chymotrypsinogen Activated by Enterokinase Chymotrypsin
tion. Trysinogen
pH - 7.8, Alkaline, in Duodenum
Trypsin
Carboxypeptidase Peptidase
Digestion of carbohydrates :-
Carbohydrates reaching the duodenum are di-
Chymotrypsin and trypsin
gested with the help of Pancreatic Amylases Proteins Peptones
which is a group of enzymes acting on polysac- pH - 7.8, Alkaline, in Duodenum
charides and converting them into disaccharides.
(iv) One more proenzyme caroxypeptidase is released
Pancreatic amylases
Polysacchharide Disacchharides with pancreatic juice activated by Enterokinase into
pH 7.8, Alkaline in Duodenum peptidase which specifically acts on peptides to
convert them into Peptones.
Before Digestion
Digestion of fats : -
Carbohydrates,
Fats are mainly digested in duodenum Maltose, fats, Peptidase
Chyne

Proteins, Peptides, Peptones

Peptides
due to the presence of bile and pan- Peptones, water,
Vitamins, minerals, pH - 7.8, medium is alkaline, Duodenum
-creatic lipase. Roughage.
Conc. Hcl Acid

(i) Fats are first emulsified by bile salts  Peptones from duodenum enter into jejunum for
so that Pancreatic Lipase can act further digestion.
on it properly. Digestion of Nucleic Acids, DNA & RNA
(ii) Pancreatic Lipase acts on emulsified
 Pancreatic juice contains an enzyme nucleases
fats and converts them into fatty ac-
which act on nucleic acid to convert them into sim-
-ids + Glycerol (conversion rate is 95 After pler form.
- 98%). Therefore, pancreatic lipase digestion

is considerate principal fat Peptones,

Disaccharides Nucleases
digesting enzyme. Ready to
Maltose,Fatty, Acids,
+ Glycerol, proteins,
Nucleic acid Simpler form
enter Jejunum minerals, Roughage [DNA and RNA] pH - 7.8, Alkaline, Duodenum
and water

.. (a) In Jejunum :
. ... .. .. ..
f
Emulsiication ........ .. ... (emulsified)
Fats + Bile salts . . . . ..
..
From duodenum food now reaches to the jejunum
Droplets form for further digestion.
In jejunum, process of diges-
Fats Pancreatic Lipase
f
(emulsiied)
Fatty acids + Glycerol tion is completed with the help
pH 7.8, medium Alkaline in dueodenum

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 CHART SUMMERY SESSION : 2024-25 X/CBSE /BIOLOGY 4

of digestive juice known as From  Fatty Acid + Glycerol now moves down to Ileum
Intestinal Juice or succus
Duodenum
for further absorption.
Disaccharides
entricus released from intes- proteins, peptones,
Haltose, Fatty acids
-tinal gland. + Glycerol, Minerals, Digestion of Proteins  It is completed in je-
water, roughage.
Lil of fats C 2O 5 junum with the help of enzyme Erypsin released in
With the help of succus Bile salts + NaHCO3 ions
succus entericus.
entericus process of digestion
is completed in jejunum. Erypsin (Group of enzymes) mainly act on pep-
tones to convert them into Amino Acids (It can
also act on left out proteins, peptides and polypep-
Digestion of Carbohy- Amino acids,
Fatty acids +
After
digestion
tides.
-drates  Disaccharide Glycerol, Monosaccha-
rides, Vitamins,
Minerals water, Also,
reaching from Duode--num are Glycose, Fructose
Peptones

C O R P O R AT E OFFICE A D D R E S S : 2 0 6 , O M T O W E R , Z O N E - I I , M . P. N A G A R , B H O PA L
and Galactose
converted into SuccusENTRICUS (or proteins, Erypsin
Monosacchharide with the Chyle Amino acids
peptides and
polypeptides) pH-7.8-8, Alkaline,
help of Intestinal Amylases. Ready for absorption jejunum

Maltase  Finally now amino acids move down to Ileum for

(a) Maltose Glucose + Glucose
pH - 7.8 Alkaline, Jejunum absorption.
So, in jejunum, with the help of succus
entericus,
Sucrase
Sucrose Glucose + Fructose process of digestion is finally completed
(b) pH - 7.8, Alkaline, Jejunum where
Carbohydrates are converted 
 Monosac-
-charides (glucose)
Lactase
Lactose Glucose + Galactose
Fats are converted 
(c) pH - 7.8 - 8, Alkaline, jejunum  Fatty acids and Glyc-
-erol.
Proteins are converted 
 Amino acids.
Dextrins Dextrinase
and Glucose + Glucose
(d) pH - 7.8 - 8, Alkaline, jejunum
Isodextrins

Isomaltase
Isomaltose Glucose + Glucose
(e) pH - 7.8 - 8, Alkaline, jejunum

 Finally in Jejunum, various disaccharides are con-

verted into monosaccharides which move down
to Ileum for absorption.

Digestion of Fats  Digestion of fats is mainly

completed in duodenum (95 - 98%). If at all 2-5%
digestion of fats is left then it is completed in je-
junum with the help of Intestinal Lipase released
with succus entericus.

Intestinal lipase
Fats Fatty acids + Glycerol   
f
(emulsiied) Medium - Alkaline
pH - 7.8 - 8, jejunum