DNS Sem-II Question Paper

MCQs :
1. Evaporator Superheat in Refrigeration System
refers to
A Temperture of the Gas at the Inlet of Compressor
B Temperature of the Gas above its Evaporation Pressure
at the Inlet of Compressor
C Temperature of the Gas at the Inlet of the Evaporator
D Temperature of the Gas above its Evaporation Pressure
at the Inlet of the Evaporator
Answer B

2. No.1 Steering Pump is running in a 4-Ram Steering

Gear System. Low Level of its Hydraulic Oil Tank will
A Alert the Duty Engineer and OOW that something is
wrong with the system
B Stop the No.1 System and start No.2 System
C Start the No.2 System keeping the No.1 System running
too and actuate the Isolating and Bypass Valves.
D Start the No.2 System keeping the No.1 System running
too and actuate only 2 Rams instead of 4.
Answer C
 3. NPSH of a Pump pumping Cargo of Vapour pressure
‘Hv’ from a DB Tank at a depth of ‘h’ metres below to a
height of ‘H’ meters in Wing Tank assuming
Atmospheric pressure ‘Ha’, negligible Friction and
Velocity losses is equal to
AH–h
B Ha – (Hv + h)
C Ha – (Hv+H+h)
D H – (Hv+h)
Answer B

4. Which of the following problems occurring in a

Hydraulic System can be caused using Oil having a
Viscosity lower than specified?
A Seal Deterioration
B Fast Response and Hunting
C Increased Power Consumption
D Oil Film Breakdown
Answer A

5. Scum Valve on the Boiler is provided to

A Check the Level of the Water
B Remove Air during Initial Filling up
C Remove Bottom Sediments and Mud
D Remove Floating Foam and Oil
Answer D
2-Marks Questions :
1. What are the Hazards from Compressed Air?
AK : Fully Charged Compressed Air Pipe even when
Stationary is like a Loaded Gun ready to explode,
Potential Risk of Injury to Human Eye, Injection of Air
Bubble into a Human Skin, Air Blown into a Human
Mouth, Equipment Failure in case of Leakage,
Explosion in a Flammable Atmosphere, Loud Noise,
Contains carryover of Oil which can produce Mist
which are dangerous, Contains carryover of
Condensate making Portable Hoses to flail violently.

2. Explain the Working Principle of Screw Pump

AK : Screw Pumps operate uses 2 or 3 Screws counter
rotating in opposite direction within a Cavity, in which
the Pumped Fluid is trapped between the screws of
their Rotors. As the Screws rotate, this trapped volume
decreases which compresses the Fluid (Liquid or Gas)
and transports it axially towards the Delivery side.

3. What is a Follow-Up Auto Mode and a Follow up

Normal mode?
AK : Follow up Auto mode is in which the Wheel Order
is automatically generated depending upon the
difference between the Ordered Course and the Actual
Course. It is synchronized with Gyro and ECDIS.
 Follow up Normal mode is in which the Helmsman
sets the Wheel manually and the Rudder follows the
Wheel and stays at the set Rudder Angle. In order to
bring the Rudder to Midships, the Helmsman will have
to bring the Wheel to Midships.

4. State the Difference between a Globe and a

Butterfly Valve
AK : A Globe Valve is a Linear Motion Valve which can
be Straight-flow, Angle-flow, Cross-dlow or Y-flow, used
for Regulating Pressure. There is very little leakage in
Globe Valves. Its disadvantage is that there is a large
pressure drop across the valve as the medium has to
change its flow 3 times before exiting resulting in
friction and eddy losses. They are very bulky.
A Butterfly Valve is a Rotary type of Valve giving
excellent flow characteristics. These Valves have to
move only a Quarter of a turn to go from fully closed to
fully open. Very little Pressure drop across these Valves
making them suitable for handling large flow of Gases
and liquids at relatively low pressures. They are kept
either fully open or fully shut otherwise the Disc may
be subjected to shear forces due to its angle giving rise
to heavy vibrations and breakage of Disc from the
Spindle.
5. Name the 3 most Important Trips on the Boiler, 3
most important Alarms on the Boiler and 3 most
important Mountings on the Boiler.
AK : 3 most important trips on the Boiler are (any 3)
Low Low Water Level
Flame Failure
Burner Door Open
High Steam Pressure
Forced Draught Fan Failure
High High Water Level
3 most important Alarms are (from any 3)
Low Water Level
High Water Level
High and Low Fuel Oil Temperature
High and Low Fuel Oil Pressure
High and Low Steam Pressure
Atomising Steam Low Pressure
Forced Draught Fan Low Pressure
Flue Gas High Temperature
Fire in Windbox
High Smoke Density
3 Most Important Mountings are (from any 3)
Safety Valves, Steam Stop Valve, Warming up Valve,
Gauge Glasses, Vent Valve, Scum Valve, Blowdown
Valve, Salinometer Cock, Feed Check Valves, Float
Chambers, Soot Blowers, Manhole Doors.
10-Marks Questions :

1a Sketch and Explain the Working of Low-Pressure

Evaporator. Show hypothetical pressures and
temperatures at sea water of 20oC.

-680mmHg
45o

82o

72o

Salino
meter 20o
Bilges FW Tk
 Ejector Pump is first started and sea water is passed
through the Condenser. The outlet from the Condenser
is led to the Ejector and a Orifice which feeds Sea
Supply to the Heat Exchanger. The Sea Water after
passing from the Ejector goes Overboard.
The Ejector extracts Air and Gases and maintains a
vacuum of 90% (-680 mm Hg). In this Vacuum
condition, the Sea water boils at Saturation
Temperature of around 37 Deg C. Heat from the Main
Diesel Engine Jacket Water at 85oC is led to heat small
amounts of Seawater in the Heat Exchanger. The Sea
Water flashes off to Steam, passes upwards where any
entrainment of Salts is trapped by the Demister (salts
fall down) and this Steam passing upwards is
condensed in Condenser cooled by Sea Water. The
Salts and non-condensable Gases are continuously
ejected by the Ejector which also ejects any Air to
maintain the Sub-atmospheric Pressure. The Pure
Distilled thus formed is then pumped by a Distillate
Pump to the Fresh water or Boiler Feed Tanks.

OR

1b Sketch and Explain the Working of Port and

Starboard Air Conditioning System. Show hypothetical
pressures and temperatures at sea water of 20oC.
 Above is an Air Conditioning Plant having Port and
Starboard units. In the drawing is shown the Port AHU.
1) A Compressor is the heart of Air Conditioning
System. On the Suction side, it draws Refrigerant away
from the Evaporator which is in vapour form at a Lower
Pressure 4.5 bar and Higher Temperature 8oC
(superheated by 3oC). Discharge Pressure will be around
18 bar, and Temperature raised to 65oC.
2) A Condenser is what receives the Refrigerant
pumped in by the Compressor. In the Condenser the
Refrigerant Gas is first De-superheated and then
Condensed to Liquid by Rejecting Heat to an External
medium such as a Cooling Water System. The
Refrigerant Liquid will now leave the Condenser at
around 5oC Sub-cooled temperature of Liquid. The
Liquid is still at High Pressure of 18 Bar but
Temperature will now be around 45oC.
3) Liquid Receiver : A Liquid Receiver collects and
settles this Liquid. If there is any Air trapped, we can
manually vent it. There is a Sight Glass to check the
level of Liquid in the Liquid Receiver.
4) Drier : The Liquid now passes through a Drier where
Moisture if any is trapped and passes on. There is a
Sight Glass provided on the Refrigerant Pipe to see the
Flow.
5) Liquid Stop Solenoid Valve : From the Drier, the
Pipes now branch out in to Port and Starboard Air
Handling Units. Each of these Pipes have a Solenoid
Valve. This Solenoid Valve works on a Thermo switch of
their respective Units. For example, the Port AHU has
reached the desired set point of 22oC, it will deactivate
its Solenoid Valve and this Valve will stop the Liquid
from going to the Expansion Valve. When the
temperature rises to 25oC, it will activate the Solenoid
Valve and allow the Refrigerant to pass through to
Expansion Valve. Same for Starboard AHU.
6) Expansion Valve : It is this Regulator through which
the Refrigerant passes from the High Pressure Side to
the Low Pressure side. The Pressure Drop causes the
Evaporating Temperature of the Refrigerant to Fall
below that of the Evaporator. In fact, some Liquid even
flashes off to Vapour. The Expansion Valve controls the
Flow of the Refrigerant to the Evaporator either
Thermostatically or Electronically, measuring outlet
temp of Evaporator. The Liquid/Gas mix is now at a Low
Pressure of 4.5 Bar leaving the Expansion Valve. This
sudden Low Pressure drop reduces the temperature of
the Gas to around -5o to -10oC below its Vapourization
Temperature. Expansion Valves work automatically
sensing the temperature leaving the Evaporator.
7) Evaporator : They have Blowers to pass Air over the
flowing Refrigerant in the coil. The Function of the
Refrigerant Gas passing thro’ the Evaporator is to
absorb the Heat from the Blowers blowing the Air over
them. In this bargain, the Air becomes Cold which is
delivered in the Cabins. Gas becomes Superheated, its
pressure is 4.5 bar and temperature 8oC.

2a Sketch and Describe a 2-Stage 15-ppm OWS taking

suction from Bilge Holding tank with pressures. Show
the latest requirement on the Overboard line.
 AK : In an Oily Water Separator, the separation takes
place in 2 Chambers, the Primary Chamber or
sometimes called as the Pre-separator Unit for coarse
separation and the Secondary Chamber sometimes
called as the Emulsion Treatment Unit with the
Coalescing Filter. A Positive Displacement Mono Screw
Pump made of a single Carbon Steel Rotor in an
Elastomer Stator is used for developing extremely low
smooth, steady, uniform flow rates at high pressures.
Normal pressure on the OWS is about 2.0 Bar and the
flow rate around 3 to 4 m3 per hour.
 During startup both the Chambers are filled with
Seawater and then Bilge water is pumped through.
Once Bilge Water takes suction, shut the Seawater. The
Bilge Water enters the Primary Chamber where there is
a steam heating coil. This Compartment has a Manual
Drain Valve, a Manual Vent Valve, a Press Gauge, a Test
cock, a Thermometer, an Air Release Valve, a Relief
Valve, an Oil Level Probe, and an Oil Discharge Valve.
Steam must be opened as this will assist in separation
of Oil Globules due to Gravity separation process. The
Oil Globules separate, rise, and collect on top of the
chamber. When the Oil Level Sensor senses Oil, it
opens the Oil Discharge Valve automatically to release
the Oil to Sludge Tank.
The Bilge Water now flows through a Strainer to the
Secondary Chamber Coalescing Filter. This Chamber
has a Manhole Door for inspection and renewal of
Filters, a Manual Drain Valve, a Manual Vent Valve, a
Test Cock, a Relief Valve, an Oil Level Probe, an Oil
Discharge Valve. In this Chamber, the finer Globules of
Oil which were not separated in the Primary Chamber
rise and collect on top of the Chamber. When the Oil
Detector Probe detects the Oil, it opens its Oil
Discharge Valve to release Oil in Sludge Tank.
A Sampling Line from the Secondary Chamber is led
to the 15ppm Oil Monitoring System which also has
Fresh water for flushing the cell. A 3-way Valve directs
the Effluent from the secondary Chamber either
overboard (<15ppm) or to a Bilge Holding tank
(>15ppm). That means if the Oil Content Monitoring
system detects more than 15 ppm of Oil in the Effluent,
then it gives off an Audio/Visual alarm and further it
closes the discharge to the overboard and opens the
Discharge to the Holding tank. Once the Oil content
goes below 15 ppm, the Overboard Discharge reopens
and the Bilge Holding Tank Discharge shuts.
In the Overboard line before the Overboard Valve, a
line is installed leading to Bilge Holding Tank. This is for
manual testing and inspection during Surveys.

OR

2b State the Advantages of Hydraulic System. State

Pascal’s and Bernoulli’s principle and the importance of
correct sealing of Joints in Hydraulic System.
AK : Hydraulic Systems are capable of moving
Heavier Loads as well as providing greater force than
Mechanical, Pneumatic and Electrical systems over
relatively long distances from a remote Central Control
Station.
It provides constant Force and Torque regardless of
how fast it is going.
 They are durable, work better, less noisy and are
less likely to break down or fail due to their much
simpler and more robust design.
Variable Speed Control of both Linear and Rotary
motion with smooth capability to take up Load is
possible
They have fewer moving parts than other systems
Failure of a single component in a Hydraulic Circuit
does not cause all other components in the chain to fail
resulting in complete breakdown of the whole system.
They tend to be more economical than electric or
mechanical systems because they use fewer parts so
they are much easier to maintain.
They do not cause sparks so are safer to use and
can be used in a wider variety of places on board any
kind of Vessels
Hydraulics systems are easier to be cooled or
heated. They perform equally well in hot or cold
environments, where other systems may overheat or
freeze and stop working.
Pascal’s Principle – Pressure at any point in Fluid at
Rest in a closed Container is the same in all directions
and in all planes. Thus, a Pressure change in one part is
transmitted without loss to every portion of the Fluid
and the Walls of the Container in other part.
 Bernoulli’s Principle – Increase in the Speed of the
Fluid occurs simultaneously with a Decrease in Static
Pressure or the Fluid’s Potential Energy.
 Importance of Gaskets :
Does not allow Seepage, and does not allow Leakage
Prevents intermixing of Liquids and contamination
Prevents Dirt, Debris going in
Prevents Pollution
Prevents Unsafe Condition
Maintains Pressure and Flow ensuring Lubrication and
Cooling to Equipment, less wear and tear.
Prevents Failure of Equipment
Prevents Excessive Repair Bills.

3a Sketch and Describe a 4-Ram Hydraulic Steering

Gear showing the Hydraulic Telemotor.
AK : A Hydraulic Telemotor works on Non-freezing
Liquid such as Glycerol It employs a Transmitter located
on the Bridge in which 2 Plungers are present moving in
the direction of the Steering Wheel. The Glycerol
solution gets pumped into one side of the Pipe line and
returns from the other side.
The Pumped Glycerol then goes to the Telemotor
Receiver in Steering Gear Room, which has a Moving
Cylinder operating the Pump Stroke Lever PSL of the
Variable Displacement Pump.
The Hydraulic System consists of 2 Motor Driven
Hydraulic Pumps and 4 Rams in their respective
Cylinders. The speciality of these Variable Displacement
Pump is that it runs continuously and capable of
varying and reversing the Flow to the Rams.
Once PSL is actuated by the Telemotor Receiver on
receiving signal from the Transmitter on Bridge, the
Pump is put on stroke and Hydraulic Oil is passed to the
Rams on one side of the Pump and returned from the
other side to the Pump.
The Linear movement of the Rams is converted into an
Angular movement of the Rudder. This is achieved by 2
Crosshead connected to the Tiller Arm of the Rudder.
When the Rudder moves, it actuates the Hunting Gear
and brings back the PSL to Zero Stroke and thus the
pumping is stopped.
If the Rudder has to be moved to Port Side, then
Hydraulic Oil is fed from Delivery of Pump to Rams of
Cylinder 1 and 4. Oil From Rams 2 and 3 shall return to
the Pump Suction Side. If the Rudder has to be moved
to Starboard side, then the Hydraulic Oil is to be fed to
the Rams of 2 and 3. Now the Oil from the Rams 1 and
4 shall return back to the Pump Suction side.
The advantage of the 4-Ram System is that it gives us
the freedom of isolating any leaky part of the Ram
system, thus keeping the Healthy part of the System
working ensuring availability of Steering at all times.
System is protected by Relief Valves, Alarms, Trips to
safeguard the System
 OR

3b Sketch and Describe a Rotary Vane Steering Gear

with the Hunting Gear arrangement.
 It consists of a Rotor which is Taper Fit on the Rudder
Stock and keyed to it. The Rotor has moving 3 Rotary
Vanes, and a Stator of larger internal diameter than the
outside diameter of the Rotor to form an annular space
between them. The Stator has stationary, fixed Vanes.
This Stator is firmly fixed to the Ship’s structure by
Anchor Bolts to prevent it from rotating.
 The Telemotor Transmitter on the Bridge gives a signal
to the Telemotor Receiver in the Steering Flat and this
actuates the Pump Stroke Lever PSL of the Pumps.
The speciality of these Variable Displacement Pump is
that it runs continuously and capable of varying and
reversing the Flow to the Rotary Vanes. 2 Motor Driven
Variable Delivery Pumps are fitted, one of which runs
and the other standing by, to pump Hydraulic Oil on
one side of the 3 Rotary Vanes while the other side of
the Rotary Vane is vented back to the suction side.
This moves the Rudder Stock and thus the Rudder.
When movement is desired in other direction, the
Hydraulic Oil is fed on the other side of the Vane.
Hunting Gear Arrangement – Imagine Bridge Wheel
command to 10o Port. The Telemotor Receiver will be
moved to Port, Lever L1 Top will move to left, L1
Bottom will move to right, Lever L2 top will move to the
right because of the Fulcrum and the Linkage. This will
put the Pump on Stroke and Hydraulic Oil will be fed as
shown in the Fig on one side of the 3 Rotating Vanes.
As the Vanes rotate to the Port, so does the Rudder
and also the Feed-Back Lever L3, which is fitted to the
Rudder. The Feed-Back Lever moves the Lever L2
Bottom side to the Left as it is connected to L3. This
movement brings the PSL to Zero Position and no more
Pumping.
 The cost of Rotary Vane to produce the same Torque
as with 4-Ram type is less. It is also lighter in weight,
takes up less space and requires less maintenance. In
most of the modern Ships, the Rotary Vane is very
popular and used .

4a Sketch and Describe a Water Tube Boiler stating

how is it fired.
It consists of 2 Horizontal Cylindrical Drums, one
above the other at a distance of 3 to 5 Metres
depending on the capacity of the Boilers. The Bottom
Drum is called Water Drum and as the name suggests it
contains Water. The Top Drum is called the Steam
Drum but as the name suggests it does not contain only
Steam. It contains both Water and Steam and the
reason it is called Steam because the Steam is
generated in this Drum.
Both the Drums are connecting vertically by small
Tubes directly in the path of Exhaust Gases from the
Furnace. These Tubes are called Generating Tubes and
are the main Tubes in which Steam is generated. These
Tubes are also called as Riser Tubes.
The Generating Tubes are shielded from direct Hot
Gases by Tubes called Screen Tubes.
Another Set of Tubes are bent slightly horizontally
from the Steam Drum and forms the upper part of roof
of the Combustion Chamber. These Tubes are
connected to the Water Drum through a Side Header at
the Top and Floor level. These are called Side Water
Wall Tubes.
The Vertical Tubes from Upper Rear Header to the
Lower Floor Header form the Back Wall and are called
the Rear Water Wall Tubes.
There are Large Tubes between the 2 Drums but
not in the path of Exhaust Gas Stream. They act as
Feeders to the Water Drum and Headers so that they
never starve off Water. These are called Downcomer
Tubes. These Tubes are also called as Return Tubes.
Accesses are made possible to the Boiler Drums by
solid Manhole Doors for Internal Inspection when the
Boiler is fully drained. Access to the Furnace and
Combustion Space is by normal Doors which can be
opened to inspect the Furnace from outside.
In the Furnace, the Fuel is burned using Primary and
Secondary Air at the Burners where Atomizing Steam is
used to atomize the Fuel and combustion takes place.
Baffles are fitted to direct the Hot Gases from all the
Burners in the Furnace, first over the bank of Screen
Tubes, then over the bank of Generating Tubes, then
over the bank of Superheater Tubes, then up through
the Economizer and the Air-Heater to the Uptake and
out through the Funnel.
OR
 4b Sketch and Describe a Large 2-Stroke Diesel Engine
showing where is a Stuffing Box and what is its
purpose.
To Turbocharger
Exhaust Valve
Fuel Injectors

Connecting
Rod

Crankshaft

A 2-Stroke Engine is started by admitting Starting Air

on top of the Pistons, which run inside their respective
Liners. Liners have Scavenge Ports at the bottom which
allow Scavenge Air to come in when the Piston
uncovers it.
The Piston on its way up compresses this Air and
raises its temperature. Fuel is admitted at the top
which ignites in the presence of this Hot Air. Pistons are
pushed down and at a fixed distance the Exhaust Valve
located at the top opens which allows the Exhaust to
go out of the Cylinder.
The Scavenge Ports are uncovered next, which allows
Charged Fresh Air to come in and facilitates in
removing Exhaust Gases from the Exhaust Valve. As the
Piston starts to go up, the Scavenge Ports are closed
first and the Exhaust Valve is closed later.
The Linear Movement of the Piston is transferred to
the Crosshead via the Piston Rod. The Connecting Rod
between the Crosshead and the Crank of the
Crankshaft converts the Linear Motion into a Rotary
motion for the Crankshaft to rotate.
The Stuffing Box is like Diaphragm Plate with many
Sealing and Scraper Rings. It acts as a Division between
the Scavenge Space and the Crankcase thus preventing
Air from the Scavenge Space finding its way into the
Crankcase; at the same time preventing Oil from the
Crankcase finding its way into the Scavenge Space.
 5a Sketch and Describe the Complete Main Air System
stating Pressures and Temperatures at important
nodes.
 AK : Air is drawn in from the Atmosphere on the
Suction Stroke through the First Stage Suction Valve via
a Filter. As the Piston moves up on the Upstroke the
Pressure in the Cylinder rises above the Atmospheric
and the Suction Valve closes automatically. The Air is
now getting Compressed. The Air at around 5 Bar
Pressure now passes through the Delivery Valve to the
First Stage Cooler called as the Intercooler. Here the
Air is cooled from 85oC to 40oC.
The Low Temperature Air now passes to the Second
Stage Suction and Compression now takes place in a
similar manner achieving a much higher pressure of 30
Bar in the smaller Second Stage Cylinder. The
advantage of cooling is that the Lube oil doesn’t get
burnt, decreases the specific volume of air, and thus
decreases the work done by the Motor. The 30 Bar Air
Pressure is now pumped through the Second Stage
Delivery Valve into 2nd Stage Cooler which is called the
Aftercooler. Here the Temperature of Air is cooled from
120 deg C to 44 deg C and this Air is now passed
through a Non-Return Valve into the Air Bottle for
Storage and Use.
There are 2 Air Bottles, one is in use and the other
pressed up and kept standby. Air is led to various
Equipments like the Main Engines, the Aux Engines,
Aux Air Bottle, Control Air and Service Air through
reducing valves as they require only 7 bar of Air. Relief
Valves, Fusible Plugs, Alarms and Trips are provided in
the System to safeguard the machinery.

OR

5b Sketch and Describe a Centrifugal Pump. Explain its

Working, Advantages and Disadvantages.
AK : In this Pump the Flow through the Pump is
induced by the Centrifugal Force imparted to the Liquid
by the rotation of a single Impeller or multiple
Impellers. They are Radial Flow or Axial Flow Type.
Liquid enters the Centre or the Eye of the Impeller and
flows radially or axially out between the Vanes, its
Velocity being increased by the rotation of the
Impeller. The Centrifugal Force is used to build up a
Forced Vortex Flow. A Diffuser or a Volute Casing is
then used to convert the Kinetic Energy in the Liquid to
Pressure Energy. They are Horizontally or Vertically
mounted.
These Pumps are not self-priming Pumps and must
be primed either by Gravity Supply or by External /
Internal Priming Equipment. These Pumps should not
be started unless the Suction pipe, the Pump and the
Discharge pipe upto the Discharge Valve are full of the
Liquid to be pumped. When Liquid enters the Pump
Suction by Gravity, then Priming is usually unnecessary
and the Pump will remain full of Liquid when shut
down. It may require a small Vent valve on the Casing
to open to release any Gas or Vapour or Air trapped
inside.
When operating with a negative Suction head or
called Suction Lift, then it must be primed either by
opening Sea suction or by means of a Priming pump or
by means of an Exhauster Priming System which will
evacuate all Air, Vapour and Gases from the Suction
Piping of the Pump. The Discharge Valve if not a Non-
Return Valve may have to be manually closed during
priming.
Placing these types of Pumps as Submersible Cargo
Pumps right at the bottom of the Cargo Tanks has
largely eliminated Cavitation, and external Stripping
requirements are not necessary.
Biggest Advantage of a Centrifugal Pump is that they
are ideal for large flow applications with the added
benefit of high efficiency such as for a wide variety of
applications ranging from Hydrophore Pumps to Sea
Water Pumps to Cargo Pumps. Can be run at high
Speeds, less maintenance, less moving parts, high
power output to weight.
Disadvantage of a Centrifugal Pump :
 Has issues when the Viscosity of Liquid increases. Flow
Rate decreases, Head Pressures reduce, Power
Consumption increases, Efficiency Drops, Reduced
Performance, overheating of Seals.
Cannot self-prime, Requires external or internal
priming unit.
Impeller, Casing, Bushes are affected by wear,
corrosion and cavitation.