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Lecture 1

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19 views

Lecture 1

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ertc13m220110
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Construction & Materials Technology Department 2023 - 2024

CH.1 Introduction
■ Estimation

Estimation is a process of calculating quantities and costs of various items required in


connection with a work. It is prepared by calculating the quantities from the dimensions
on the drawing for various items required to complete the project and multiplied by unit
cost of the item concerned.

■ Purpose of estimation

▪ To assess the volume of work involved in the project.


▪ To arrange and organize material, manpower, equipment and tools necessary for the
project.
▪ To fix the project completion period.
▪ To ascertain the fund required for completing the purpose to work.
▪ To invite tenders and preparation of bill of quantities.

■ The Estimator

Estimator is a person who is responsible for estimating the quantities from the design drawings,
and measurements of the quantities in the site. To be a good estimator a person must possess the
following skills:

a) An estimator must have a sound understanding of the construction methods, materials, and
the capacities of skilled labor.
b) An estimator must possess the basic skills needed to determine the quantities of materials,
labor, and equipment necessary to complete a project. This requires the estimator to
understand the design that the architect or engineer has specified.

c) An estimator must possess strong computer skills. Much of today’s estimating is performed
using computer software packages, such as Excel, takeoff software.

d) An estimator must be detail-oriented. Estimators must carefully and accurately determine


the costs and quantities needed to complete the project.

Estimation 1 Marewan S. Khalid


Construction & Materials Technology Department 2023 - 2024

■ Types of estimates

1. Conceptual estimate:

The conceptual estimate is an estimate prepared while the project is still in a conceptual state. The
conceptual estimate is used to study the feasibility of a project or to compare two potential design
alternatives (for example, a concrete structure versus a steel structure or three stories versus four
stories). These estimates are based on a description of the project or on very limited drawings.

2. preliminary estimate

The preliminary estimate is an estimate prepared from a partially completed set of drawings. A
preliminary estimate is often performed when the drawings are 35% to 50% complete and is used
to check to see if the proposed design is on budget and to identify changes to the design that need
to be made to meet the budget. Preliminary estimates are more accurate than conceptual estimates
because more design information is available.

3. Final or detailed estimates

Final or detailed estimates are used to prepare bids and change orders, order materials, and
establish budgets for construction projects. They are prepared from a complete or nearly
completed set of drawings and are the most accurate type of estimate.

■ The quantity takeoff

The quantity takeoff is the process whereby the estimator prepares a complete list of all building
components that need to be constructed to complete the project. The quantity takeoff may also be
called the quantity survey. The quantity takeoff includes components that are incorporated into the
building (for example, footings, masonry walls, and windows).

Estimation 2 Marewan S. Khalid


Construction & Materials Technology Department 2023 - 2024

CH 2. Principles of Measurements
■ Units of measurement
The units of measurements are mainly categorized for their nature, shape and size, and for making
payments to the contractor. The principle of units of measurements normally consists the
following:

1) Lump sum
These are some items, for which detailed quantities cannot be taken out easily or it takes sufficient
time to find the details. For example, works of site cleaning, floors pesticides. For such items a
lump-sum rate is provided in the estimate.
2) The number (No.)
Used in the works, which has no dimensions at all, for example, light points, sanitary works.
3) Meter length (L. m)
Used in the work which is difficult to measure the two dimensions of the three-dimensions or two
dimensions are very small and difficult to measure. For example, pipe works, electrical
installation, DPC and skirting tiles.

4) Square meter (m2)


Used in the works in which the third dimension is very small or fixed, for example, plastering,
painting and implementing floor tiles.
5) Cubic meter (m3)
Used to express the work in which the three dimensions are clear and could be measured
accurately, these works are excavation, brick works and concrete works.
6) Weight (Wt.)
Used in the works which represents only weight, such as reinforcement works and cement
quantities.
7) Time
Used in case of worker, staff payment, as well as equipment payment.

No. Activity / Item Unit


1 Site cleanup and planning Lump sum
2 Foundations excavation m3
3 Crushed stone laying under foundation m2
4 Cement, Gypsum, Reinforcement Ton/ Kg
5 Doors No.
6 Payment Day/hrs

Estimation 3 Marewan S. Khalid


Construction & Materials Technology Department 2023 - 2024

■ Rules for measurement


Some of the general rules for measurement are listed below:
▪ Measurement shall be made for finished item of work and description of each item shall include,
materials, transport, labor, fabrication tools and all types of overheads for finishing the work in
required shape, size and specification.

▪ In booking items in the table, the order shall be in sequence of length, width and height or
Thickness.

▪ Same type of work under different conditions and nature shall be measured separately under
separate items.

▪ All works shall be measured, and subject to the following tolerances:

 Linear measurement shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 m.


 Areas shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 m2
 Cubic contents shall be worked-out to the nearest 0.01 m3

▪ The bill of quantities shall fully describe the materials, proportions, workmanships and accurately
represent the work to be executed.

■ General items in building estimation


Estimation of building construction works generally includes:

1) Cleaning and preparing the work site for project planning.


2) Excavations for the foundations.
3) Crushed stone layer under the foundation of a (8 -10) cm thickness.
4) Placing the concrete for foundation.
5) Stone, blocks or bricks under DPC.
6) Pour DPC of 10 cm thickness.
7) Walls building with clay brick or concrete block.
8) Casting concrete for roofs and beams.
9) Finishing work: cement rendering, plastering with gypsum, floors tiling,
10) Doors, windows, etc.

Estimation 4 Marewan S. Khalid

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