PGR JUNIOR COLLEGE

KUKATPALLY

SECOND YEAR
CHEMISTRY
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

S. NAME OF UNIT / CHAPTER MARKS VSAQ SAQ LAQ

NO.

1. SOLID STATE 4 2(OR) 1 -

2. SOLUTIONS 6 1 1 -

3. A) ELECTROCHEMISTRY 10 1 - 1

B) CHEMICAL KINETICS

4. SURFACE CHEMISTRY 4 2(OR) 1 -

5. GENERALPRINCIPLESOFMETALLURGY 6 1 1 -

6. P-BLOCKELEMENTS 16 2 1 1

7. D & F -BLOCK ELEMENTS 6 1 1 -

8. POLYMERS 4 2(OR) 1 -

9. BIOMOLECULES 4 2(OR) 1

10. CHEMISTRY IN EVERDAY LIFE 4 2(OR) 1 -

A. HALOALKANESAND HALOARENES

B. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
CONTAINING G, H & O

11. C) ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 16 2 1 1

CONTAINING NITROGEN

33 1) 3 )
 Solid State 4. What is relative lowering of vapour pressure?
Short Answer Questions (4 Marks) : How is it useful to determine the molar mass of
solute?
1. Derive Bragg's equation.
5. State Raoult's law. Vapour pressure of water at
Very Short Answer Questions (2 Marks) : 293K is 17.535 mm. Hg. Calculate the vapour
1. How do you distinguish between crystal lattice pressure of the solution at 293K when 25 g of
and unit cell? glucose is dissolved in 450g of water.

2. What is Schottky defect? 6. State Raoult's law, calculate the vapour pressure
of a solution containing 9g of glucose in 162g of
3. What is Frenkel defect? water at 293K. The vapour pressure of water
4. What makes a glass different from quartz? at 293K is 17.535 mm Hg.
5. How many lattice points are there in one unit 7. What is an ideal solution? Give suitable
cell of face-centered cubic lattice? examples.
6. How many lattice points are there in one unit 8. Calculate the mass of non-volatile solute (molar
cell of face-centered tetragonal lattice? mass 40 g mol–1) which should be dissolved in
114g Octane to reduce its vapour pressure to
7. How many lattice points are there in one unit 80%.
cell of body centered cubic lattice?
9. Define molality (m). Calculate molality (m) of
8. Explain Ferromagnetism with suitable example.
10 gm of Glucose (C6H12O6) in 90 gm of water.
9. Explain Paramagnetism with suitable example.
Very Short Answer Questions (2 Marks) :
10. Explain Antiferromagnetism with suitable
example. 1. Define the term solution.

11. What are f-centres? 2. Define molarity.

12. What is co-ordination number? 3. Define molarity. Calculate the molarity of a

solution containing 5gm of NaOH in 450ml
13. Give an example which shows both schottky solution?
defect and frenkel defect?
4. Calculate the molalityof 2.5gm of ethanoicacid
Solutions (CH3COOH) in 75 gm of benzene.

Short Answer Questions (4 Marks) : 5. Give an example of solid solution in which the
solute is solid.
1. Define mole fraction. A solution of sucrose in
water is labelled as 20% w/w. What would be 6. Define mole fraction.
the mole fraction of each component in the 7. Calculate the mole fraction of H2SO4 ina solution
solution? containing 98% H2SO4 by mass?
2. What is meant by positive deviation from 8. Define mass percentage of solution?
Raoult's law and how is the sign of 
mix
H related 9. State Raoult's law and give its two limitations?
to positive deviation from Raoult's law?
10. State Henry's law.
3. What is meant by negative deviation from
Raoult's law and how is the sign of 
mix
H related 11. Define osmotic pressure.
to negative deviation from Raoult's law? 12. What are isotonic solutions? Give example.
Electro Chemistry & Chemical Kinetics 3. How is Gibbs energy (G) related to the cell emf
(E) mathematically?
Long Answer Questions (8 Marks) :
4. State Kohlrausch's law of independent migration
1. a) What is electrolysis? State Faraday's laws of ions.
of electrolysis.(First law and Second law)
5. State Faraday's first law of electrolysis.
b) A solution of CuSO4 is electrolysed for 10
minutes with a current of 1.5 ampheres. 6. State Faraday's second law of electrolysis.
What is the mass of copper deposited at the 7. What is a primary battery? Give one example.
cathode?
8. What is a fuel cell? How is it different from
2. a) State and explain Kohlrausch's law of conventional galvanic cell?
independent migration of ions, 9. What is metallic corrosion? Give one example.
b) Give the applications of Kohlrausch's law of 10. Give one example of a secondary battery. Give
indenpendent migration of ions. the cell reaction.
3. Give a detailed account of the collision theory
of reaction rates of bimolecular gaseous Chemical Kinetics
reactions. Short Answer Questions (4 Marks) :
Electro Chemistry 1. Defineand explain the order of a reaction. How
is it obtained experimentally.
Short Answer Questions (4 Marks) :
2. What is “molecularity” of a reaction? How is it
1. Give the construction and working of a standard different from the ‘order' of a reaction? Name
hydrogen electrode with a neat diagram. one bimolecular and one trimolecular gaseous
2. What are galvanic cells? Explain the working of reactions.
a galvanic cell with a neat sketch taking daniel 3. What is half-life (t1/2) of a reaction? Derive an
cell as example. equations for the ‘half-life' value of zero and
3. What are primaryand secondary batteries? Give first order reactions.
examples. 4. Discuss the effect of catalyst on the kinetics of a
4. What is Metallic corrosion? Explain it with chemical reaction with suitable diagram.
respect to iron corrosion.
Very Short Answer Questions (2 Marks) :
5. What are fuel cells? How theyare different from
1. Define the speed or rate of reaction?
galvanic cells? Give the construction of H2 - O2\
fuel cells. 2. What are the units of rate of reaction?

Numerical Problems 3. What is rate law? Illustrate with an example.

4. Define order of a reaction? Illustrate your answer
Short Answer Questions (4 Marks) : with an example.
1. Calculate the emf of cell at 25°C Cr/Cr+3 (0.1M) 5. What are elementary reactions?
// Fe+2 (0.01M) / Fe
Given that E0Cr3+ / Cr = –0.74V and 6. What are complex reactions? Give one example.

E0 Fe+2 / Fe = –0.44V. 7. Define molecularityof a reaction? Illustrate with

an example.
Very Short Answer Questions (2 Marks) : 8. Give two examples for zero order reactions?
1. What is galvanic cell or a voltaic cell? Give one 9. Give two examples for gaseous first order
example. reactions?
2. What is standard hydrogen electrode? 10. What is half-life of a reaction? Illustrate your
answer with an example?
11. What are pseudo first order reactions? Give one 2. Give the composition of the following alloys.
example? a) Brass b) Bronze c) German Silver
Surface Chemistry 3. Explain the terms gangue and slag.
Short Answer Questions (4 Marks) : 4. Write anytwo ores with formulaeofthe following
metals:
1. What are different types of adsorption? Give
any four differences between characterists of the a) Aluminium b) Zinc
different types. c) Iron d) Copper
2. What is an emulsion? Explain the classification 5. What is matte? Give its composition.
of emulsions with examples?
6. What is blister copper? Why is it so called?
3. What is catalysis? How is catalysis classified?
Give two examples for each. 7. What is flux? Give an example.
4. What are micelles? Discuss the mechanism of 8. What is the role of graphite rod in the
micelle formation and cleaning action of soap. electrometallurgyof aluminium?
5. How are colloids classified on the basis of 9. What is the role of cryolite in the metallurgy of
interaction between dispersed phase and aluminium?
dispersion medium?
p-Block Elements
6. What is coagulation? Explain with suitable
examples.
Long Answer Questions (8 Marks) :

7. Explain the following terms Group 15 Elements

a) Electrophoresis 1. How is ammonia manufactured by Haber's
process? Explain the reactions of ammonia with
b) Coagulation
a) ZnSO4(aq) b) CuSO4(aq)
c) Tyndall effect
c) AgCl(s)
8. Name any six enzyme catalysed reactions.
2. How is nitric acid manufactured by Ostwald's
General Principles of Metallurgy process? How does it react with the following?
Short Answer Questions (4 Marks) : a) Copper b) Zn
1. Giving examples to differentiate roasting and c) S8 d) P4
calcination. Group 16 Elements
2. Outline the principles of refining of metals by 3. How is ozone prepared from oxygen? Explain
the following methods. its reaction with
s) Zone refining a) C2H4 b) KI
b) Electrolytic refining c) Hg d) PbS e) Ag
c) Poling 4. Explainindetail themanufacture ofsulphuricacid
by contact process.
d) Vapour phase refining
Group 17 Elements
3. Explain the purification of sulphide ore by froth
floatation method. 5. How is chlorine prepared in the laboratory? How
does it react with the following :
4. Write down the chemical reactions taking place
in the extraction of zinc from zinc blende. a) Iron b) NaOH c) Acidified FeSO4\
Very Short Answer Questions (2 Marks) : d) Iodine e) H2S f) Na2S2O3
1. What is the difference between a mineral and
an ore?
6. How is chlorine prepared by electrolytic Group 18 Elements
method? Explain it's reaction with 10. How are XeF2 and XeF4 are prepared? Give
a) NaOH their structures.
b) NH3 under different conditions
11. How are XeO3 and XeOF4 prepared? Give their
c) Nal structures.
d) Slaked lime
12. Explain the structure of
Group 18 Elements a) XeF6 b) XeOF4
7. How are XeF2, XeF4 and XeF6 prepared? 13. Explain the reaction of the following with water
Explain their reaction with water? Discuss their a) XeF2 b) XeF4 c) XeF6
structures.
Very Short Answer Questions (2 Marks) :
Short Answer Questions (4 Marks) :
Group 15 Elements
Group 15 Elements 1. Why does the reactivity of nitrogen differ from
1. What is allotropy? Explain the different allotropic phosphorus?
forms of phosphorus? 2. Nitrogen exists as diatomic molecule and
2. How does P4 react with the following: phosphorus as P4 - why?
a) SOCl2 b) SO2Cl2 3. Nitrogen molecule is highly stable - why?
3. How does PCl5 react with the following : 4. Why are the compounds of bismuth more stable
a) Water b) C2H5OH c) CH3COOH in +3 oxidation state?

d) Ag 5. What is inert pair effect?

6. PH3 is a weaker base than NH3 - explain.
Group 16 Elements
7. What happens when white phosphorus is heated
4. Write a short note on the allotropy of sulphur. with conc. NaOH solution in an inert
5. How does SO2 react with the following : atomosphere of CO2?
a) Na2SO3(aq) b) Cl2 8. NH3 forms hydrogen bonds but PH3 does not -
why?
c) Fe+3 ions d) KMnO 4
9. How do calcium phosphide and heavy water
Group 17 Elements react?
6. How can you prepare Cl2 from HCl and HCl 10. Ammonia is a good complexing agent-explain
from Cl2? Write the reactions? with an example?
7. Explain the structures of 11. A mixture of Ca3P2 and CaC2 is used in making
a) BrF5 b) IF7 Holme's signal - explain?

8. Write balanced equations for the following? 12. Which chemical compound is formed in the
brown ring test of nitrate ions?
a) NaCl is heated with cone H2SO4 in the
presence of MnO2 13. How is nitric oxide (NO) prepared?

b) Chlorine is passed into a solution of NaI in 14. NO is paramagnetic in gaseous state but
water. diamagnetic in liquid and solid states why?

9. What are interhalogen compounds? Give some 15. Write the chemical reactions that occur in the
examples to illustrate the definition. Howare they manufacture of nitric acid?
classified? 16. Iron becomes passive in cone. HNO3 why?
17. Give the uses of a) Nitric acid b) Ammonia? 40. Electron gain enthalpyof fluorine (F2) is less than
18. Are all the five bonds in PCl5 molecule that of Cl2 - explain?
equivalent? Justify your answer. 41. HF is a liquid while HCl is a gas explain?
19. What are the Neutral oxides of Nitrogen? 42. Bond dissociation enthalpy of “F2” is less than
20. What is laughing gas? Why it is so called? that of “Cl2” - explain?

21. Why does R3P = 0 exist but R3N = 0 does not 43. What isAqua regia? Write its reaction with gold
(R = alkyl group). and platinum?
44. How is chlorine manufactured by Deacon's
Group 16 Elements method?
22. Why is dioxygen a gas but sulphur a solid? 45. What happens when Cl2 react with dry slaked
23. What happens when lime?
a) KClO3 is heated with MnO2. 46. What are inter halogen compounds. Give two
examples.
b) O3 is passed through KI solution.
24. Give two examples each for amphoteric oxides Group 18 Elements
and neutral oxides? 47. List out the uses of Neon?
25. Why is H2O a liquid while H2S is a gas. 48. In modern diving apparatus, a mixture of He and
26. H2O is neutral while H2S is acidic - explain. O2 is used - Why?
49. Noble gases are inert. Explain?
27. Name the most abundant element present in
earth's crust. 50. Explain the shape of XeF4 on the basis of
VSEPR theory?
28. Give thehybridization of sulphur in the following:
51. Why do noble gases form compounds with
a) SO2 b) SO3 c) SF4 d) SF6
Fluorine and Oxygen only?
29. Write the names and formulae of any two
52. How is XeOF4 prepared? Describe its molecular
oxyacids of sulphur. Indicate the oxidation state
shape?
of sulphur in them.
53. Explain the structure of XeO3.
30. Give one example each for
54. Give any two uses of Argon?
a) A neutral oxide b) A peroxide
c) A super oxide d & f-Block Elements & Co-ordina-
31. What is tailing of mercury? How is it removed?
tion Compounds
32. SO2 can be used as an anti-chlor. Explain. Short Answer Questions (4 Marks) :
33. How does ozone react with ethylene? 1. Explain Werner's theory of coordination
compounds with suitable examples.
34. Out of O2 and O3, which is paramagnetic?
2. Using IUPAC names write the formulae for the
35. Whyare group - 16 elements called chalcogens?
following:
Group 17 Elements i) Tetra hydroxo zincate (II)
36. Which halogen produces O2 and O3 on passing ii) Hexaammine cobalt(III) Sulphate
through water?
iii) Potassium tetrachloro palladate (II)
37. What is the use of ClF3?
iv) Potassium tri(oxalato) chromate (III)
38. Why are halogens coloured?
3. Using IUPAC names write the systematic names
39. Write the reaction of “F2” and “Cl2” with water? of the following:
 i) [Co(NH ) ]Cl 14. Aqueous Cu2+ ions are blue in colour where as
3 6 3
ii) [Pt(NH ) Cl(NH CH )]Cl aqueous Zn2+ ions are colourless why?
3 2 2 3

iii) [Ti (H2O)6] 3+

iv) K2[PdCl4] 15. How do transition metals exhibit catalytic
activity?
v) K3[Fe(CN)6] vi) Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3
16. Give two reactions in which transition metals (or)
4. Explain geometrical isomerism in coordination their compounds acts as catalysts.
compounds giving suitable examples.
17. Whydo the transition metals readilyform alloys?
5. What is lanthanoid contraction? What are the
consequences of lanthanoid contraction. 18. What is misch-metal? Give its composition and
uses.
6. Write the characteristic properties of transition
elements. 19. What is lanthanoid contraction?

7. What is meant by chelate effect? Give example. 20. Scandium is a transition element? But Zinc is
not why?
8. Explain the terms
i) Ligand ii) Coordination number
Polymers
iii) Coordination entity Very Short Answer Questions (2 Marks) :
iv) Central metal atom / ion 1. Mention the type of polymerization involved in
the formation of the following polymers
Very Short Answer Questions (2 Marks) :
a) Bakelite b) PVC
1. CuSO4.5H2O is blue in colour where as
anhydrous CuSO4 is colourless. Why? c) Polyethene d) Teflon
2. How many moles of AgCl is precipitated when 2. What is polymerisation? Give an example of a
1 mole of CoCl3.5NH 3 is treated with AgNO3 polymerization reaction.
solution? 3. What is PHBV? How is it useful to man?
3. Calculate the ‘spin only' magnetic moment of 4. Define an elastomer.
ee2
qq  ion. 5. Mention the structures and names of the
monomers used for preparing the following
4. What is an ambidentate ligand? Give example. polymers.
5. What is an alloy? Give example. a) Bakelite b) Polystyrene
6. What are coordination compounds? Give two c) Teflon d) Poly vinylchloride
examples.
e) Nylon-6, 6 f) Glyptal
7. What is the difference between a double salt
g) Terylene
and a complex compound?
6. What is vulcanization of rubber?
8. What is a ligand?
7. What do you mean by polydispersity index?
9. Why do transition elements exhibits
characteristic properties. 8. What is Bi-degradable polymer? Give two
examples.
10. What is a chelate ligand? Give example.
9. Write the names and structures of the monomers
11. What are complex compounds? Give examples.
of the following polymers
12. Silver atom has completelyfilled d orbitals (4d10)
i) Buna-S ii) Buna-N
in its ground state. How can you say that it is a
transition element? iii) Dacron iv) Neoprene
13. Why Zn2+ is diamagnetic where as Mn2+ is 10. What is an addition polymer? Give an example
paramagnetic? of an addition polymer.
11. What is cross linking agent used in vulcanization? Very Short Answer Questions (2 Marks) :
12. Is – [HN.CHR – CO]n – a homopolymer or a 1. What is Zwitter ion? Give an example.
copolymer?
2. What are essential and non-essential amino
13. Give two examples for Semi-synthetic acids? Give one example for each.
polymers?
3. Why cannot vitamin C be stored in our body?
14. What is ziegler-natta catalyst?
4. What is the difference between nucleoside and
15. Give the structure of Nylon-2 - Nylon-6. nucleotide?
16. What are the monomer repeating units of Nylon 5. What are amino acids? Give two examples.
– 6 and Nylon – 6, 6.
6. What are proteins? Give an examples.
17. Name the different types of molecular masses
7. What are fibrous proteins? Give examples.
of polymers.
8. What are globular proteins? Give examples.
18. What is the difference between Buna-N and
Buna-S? 9. Write the names of three types of RNA.
19. What are fibers? Give example. 10. Write the biological functions of nucleic acids.
20. What are thermoplastic polymers? Give 11. What is glycogen? How is it different from
example. starch.
21. What are thermosetting polymers? Give 12. Write any two methods of preparation of
example. glucose. Write the equations.
22. What are homopolymers? Give example. Chemistry In Everyday Life
23. What are copolymers? Give example. Very Short Answer Questions (2 Marks) :
24. What are monomers? Give example. 1. What are antibiotis? Give example.
25. What is PDI? (Poly dispersity index) 2. What are antiseptics? Give example.
Biomolecules 3. What are antifertility drugs? Give example.
Short Answer Questions (4 Marks) : 4. What are artificial sweetening agents? Give
1. Give the sources of the following vitamins and example.
name the diseases caused by their deficiency. 5. What are analgesics? Give example.
a) A b) D c) E and d) K 6. What are non-narcotic analgesics? Give
2. What are hormones? Give one example for each. example.

i) Steroid hormones 7. What are antacids? Give example.

ii) Poly peptide hormones and 8. What are antihistamines? Give example.

iii) Amino acid derivaties 9. What are tranquilizers? Give example.

3. Write notes on vitamins. 10. What are narcotic analgesics? Give example.
What art antimicrobials?
4. Write notes on the functions of different
hormones in the body. 11. What are disinfectants? Give example.

5. What are enzymes? Give examples. 12. What are the main constituents of dettol?

6. Write the importance of carbohydrates. 13. What is tincture of iodine? What is its use?

7. Write notes on amino acids. 14. What are food preservatives? Give example.

8. Explain the denaturation of proteins with suitable 15. What is saponification?

examples. 16. What are soaps chemically?
17. What are barbiturates? 6. Find the A & B products in the following
18. What is the difference between antiseptics and reactions
BO BO BB gg B O2B
O
disinfectants.
3 2 RRORR

Haloalkanes And Haloarenes 7. Write the structures of the following compounds.

Long Answer Questions (8 Marks) : i) 2-chloro-3-methylpentane.
1. Explain the mechanism of Nucleophilic ii) p-bromo chloro benzene
bimolecular subtitution SN2 reaction with one
example. Organic Compounds containing C, H
2. Explain the mechanism of Nucleophilic & O Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
unimolecular substitution SN1 reaction with one
Long Answer Questions (8 Marks) :
example.
1. With a suitable example write equations for the
3. Define the following :
following:
i) Racemic mixture
i) Kolbe's reaction
ii) Retention of configuration
ii) Reimer-Tiemann reaction
iii) Enantiomers
iii) Williamsons ether synthesis
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 2. a) Write any two methods of preparation of
phenol
Short Answer Questions (4 Marks) :
b) Explain the acidic nature of phenols and
1. How will you carry out the following compare with that of alcohols.
conversions?
1) Ethane to bromoethene Short Answer Questions (4 Marks) :
2) Toluene to benzyl alcohol 1. Explain the acidic nature of phenols and compare
with that of alcohols.
2. Explain SN1 & SN2 reactions.
2. Write the products formed by the reduction and
3. Explain the Grignard reagent preparation and oxidation of phenol.
applications with suitable examples.
Very Short Answer Questions (2 Marks) :
Very Short Answer Questions (2 Marks) :
1. Compare the acidic strength of acetic acid,
1. What are the ambident nucloephiles? chloroacetic acid, benzoic acid and phenol.
2. What is the stereochemical result of SN1 and 2. Give the reagents used for the preparation of
SN2 reactions? phenol from chlorobenzene.
3. What are Enantiomers? 3. Name the reagents used in the following
4. Which one of the following has highest dipole reactions.
moment? i) Oxidation of primary alcohol to carboxylic
i) CH2Cl2 ii) CHCl3 acid
iii) CCl4 ii) Oxidation of primary alcohol to aldehyde
5. Which compound in each of the following pairs 4. Write the equations for the following reactions.
will react faster in SN2 reaction with OH–? i) Bromination of phenol to 2, 4, 6-
i) CH3Br or CH3I tribromophenol
ii) ( CH3)3CCl or CH3Cl ii) Benzyl alcohol to benzoic acid.
 Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acid Very Short Answer Questions (2 Marks) :
Long Answer Questions (8 Marks) : 1. Write equations for carbylamine reaction of any
one aliphatic amine.
1. Describe the following
2. What is diazotisation?
1) Acetylation
3. Explain whyethylamine is more soluble in water
2) Cannizaro reaction where as aniline is not soluble.
3) Crossed aldol condensation 4. Gabriel phthalimide synthesis exclusively forms
4) Decarboxylation primary amines only. Explain.
5) Aldol condensation 5. Give structures of A, B and C in the following
reaction.
Short Answer Questions (4 Marks) :
C6H5 N2 Cl CuCNA HO
2/ +
H NH 
1. Write the equations of any aldehyde with B 3C
Fehlings reagent. 6. How do you carryout the following conversions:
2. What is Tollens reagent? Explain its reaction with i) Benzoic acid to BEnzamide,
Aldehydes. ii) Aniline to p-bromo aniline
3. Explain the following reaction 7. Arrange the following bases in decreasing order
i) Reimer-Tiemann reaction of Pkbvalues.
ii) Williamson's ether synthesis C6H5NH2, C6H5NHCH3, (C2H5)2 NH and
C6H5 NH2
Very Short Answer Questions (2 Marks) :
8. How is nitrobenzene coverted into aniline?
1. Write the reaction showing a halogenation of
carboxylic acid and give its name. List of Named Reactions :
2. How do you distinguish acetophenone and 1. Aldol Condensation.
benzophenone? 2. Cross Aldol Condensation.
3. Write equations showing the conversion of 3. Cannizaro's Reaction.
1) Acetic acid to Acetyl chloride 4. Clemmensen's Reduction.
2) Benzoic acid to Benzamide 5. Wolff-kishner Reduction.
4. Write the mechanism of esterification. 6. Carbylamine Reaction.
7. Reimer-Tiemann Reaction.
Organic Compounds Containing
8. Esterification.
Nitrogen
9. Sandmeyer Reaction.
Long Answer Questions (8 Marks) : 10. Gattermann Reaction.
1. Explain the following named reactions : 11. Williamson's Ether Synthesis.
i) Sandmeyer reaction 12. Decarboxylation.
ii) Gatterman reaction 13. H.V.Z. Reaction.
Short Answer Questions (4 Marks) : 14. Diazotisation.
15. Wurtz-fitting Reaction.
1. How do you prepare ethyl cyanide and Ethyl
isocyanide from a common alkylhalide? 16. Fittig Reaction.
17. Wurtz Reaction.
2. Explain the following :
18. Kolbe's Reaction.
a) Diazotisation
19. Hoffmann Bromamide degradation Reaction.
b) Carbylamine reaction