Exp : - 1 : Study of 8085 Microprocessor Functional Block Diagram

Aim: Study of 8085 Microprocessor Functional Block Diagram

Theory:
Introduction to 8085 Microprocessor: -
Introduced in 1977 by Intel.
It is 8-bit MP.
It is a 40 pin dual-in-line chip.
It uses a single +5V supply for its operations.
Its clock speed is about 3MHz.
What is Microprocessor?: -
A Microprocessor is multipurpose, programmable logic device that read binary
instructions from a storage device called memory, accepts binary data as a input and
processes data according to those instructions, provides result as output. The
microprocessor is the Central Processing Unit (CPU) of a microcomputer. The structure
of Microcomputer: -
I/O Device
Microprocessor
Memory

These three components work with each other to perform a given task. The physical
components of this system are called hardware. A set of instruction written to the
microprocessor to perform a specific task is called a program and a group of such
program is called software.
The microprocessor is a semiconductor device consisting of electronic logic
circuits. The microprocessor is capable of performing various computing functions and
making decisions to change the sequence of program execution. The microprocessor has
a set of instructions designed internally to manipulate and communication is determined
by the logic design of the microprocessor called the Architecture.
Features of a Microprocessor
Here is a list of some of the most prominent features of any microprocessor −
 Cost-effective − The microprocessor chips are available at low prices and results
its low cost.
 Size − The microprocessor is of small size chip, hence is portable.
 Low Power Consumption − Microprocessors are manufactured by using
metaloxide semiconductor technology, which has low power consumption.
 Versatility − The microprocessors are versatile as we can use the same chip in a
number of applications by configuring the software program.
 Reliability − The failure rate of an IC in microprocessors is very low, hence it is
reliable.
Primary Function of the CPU of a Microprocessor:
1. To fetch, decode and execute program instructions in the proper order.
2. Transfer data to and from memory and to and from I/O section.
3. Responds to external interrupts.
4. Provide overall timing and control signals for the entire system.
5. R/W of data into memory so bi-directional bus is required.
6. All processing and data flow is done in the system with mpu chep.
8085 Bus Structure:
System Bus: -
The 8085 MPU performs different functions using three sets of communications
lines called Buses. They are from one group called the system Bus.
Address Bus:

 The address bus is a group of 16 lines generally identified as A0 to A15.

 The address bus is unidirectional: bits flow in one direction-from the MPU to
peripheral devices.
 The MPU uses the address bus to perform the first function: identifying a
peripheral or a memory location.

Data Bus:

 The data bus is a group of eight lines used for data flow.
 These lines are bi-directional - data flow in both directions between the MPU and
memory and peripheral devices.
 The MPU uses the data bus to perform the second function: transferring binary
information.
 The eight data lines enable the MPU to manipulate 8-bit data ranging from 00 to
FF (28 = 256 numbers).
 The largest number that can appear on the data bus is 11111111.

Control Bus:

 The control bus carries synchronization signals and providing timing signals.
 The MPU generates specific control signals for every operation it performs. These
signals are used to identify a device type with which the MPU wants to
communicate.

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU):

 It is used to perform the arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, increment
and decrement and logical operations like AND, OR and EX-OR.

 It receives the data from accumulator and registers.

 According to the result it set or reset the flags.

Accumulator
It the main register of microprocessor.
It is also called register ‘A’.
It is an 8-bit register that is part of the arithmetic/logic unit (ALU).
It is used in the arithmetic and logic operations.
It always contains one of the operands on which arithmetic/logic has to be performed.
After the arithmetic/logic operation, the contents of accumulator are replaced by the
result.

Temporary Register
It is an 8-bit register.
It is used to store temporary 8-bit operand from general purpose register.
It is also used to store intermediate results.

Status Flags
Status Flags are set of flip-flops which are used to check the status of Accumulator
after the operation is performed.

Flags:

 The ALU includes five flip-flops that are set or reset according to the result of an
operation.
 The microprocessor uses the flags for testing the data conditions.
 They are Zero (Z), Carry (CY), Sign (S), Parity (P), and Auxiliary Carry (AC)
flags. The most commonly used flags are Sign, Zero, and Carry.

The bit position for the flags in flag register is,

1. Sign Flag (S):
 After execution of any arithmetic and logical operation,
if D7 of the result is 1, the sign flag is set. Otherwise it is reset.
 D7 is reserved for indicating the sign; the remaining is the magnitude of number.
 If D7 is 1, the number will be viewed as negative number.
If D7 is 0, the number will be viewed as positive number.
2. Zero Flag (z):
 If the result of arithmetic and logical operation is zero, then zero flag is set
otherwise it is reset.
3. Auxiliary Carry Flag (AC):
 If D3 generates any carry when doing any arithmetic and logical operation, this
flag is set. Otherwise it is reset.
4. Parity Flag (P):
 If the result of arithmetic and logical operation contains even number of 1's then
this flag will be set and if it is odd number of 1's it will be reset.
5.Carry Flag (CY):
 If any arithmetic and logical operation result any carry then carry flag is set
otherwise it is reset.
General Purpose Registers of 8085:
There are 6 general purpose registers, namely B, C, D, E, H, L.
Each of the them is 8-bit register.
They are used to hold data and results.
To hold 16-bit data, combination of two 8-bit registers can be used.
This combination is known as Register Pair.
The valid register pairs are: B – C, D – E, H – L.

Program Counter
It is used to hold the address of next instruction to be executed.
It is a 16-bit register sequencing the execution of instructions.
The microprocessor increments the value of Program Counter after the execution of
the current instruction, so that, it always points to the next instruction.
Stack Pointer
It holds the address of top most item in the stack.
It is also 16-bit register.
It points to a memory location in R/W memory, called the stack.
The beginning of the stack is defined by loading a 16-bit address in the stack pointer
(register).
Increment/Decrement Register
This register is used to increment or decrement the value of Stack Pointer.
During PUSH operation, the value of Stack Pointer is incremented.
During POP operation, the value of Stack Pointer is decremented.
Instruction Register:
When an instruction is fetched from the memory, it is loaded in the instruction
register.
It is used to hold the current instruction which the microprocessor is about to execute.
It is an 8-bit register.
Instruction Decoder:
It gets the instruction from the instruction register and decodes the instruction.
It identifies the instruction to be performed and then given to the Timing and Control
Unit.
Timing and Control unit:
 It has three control signals ALE, RD (Active low) and WR (Active low) and three
status signals IO/ M (Active low), S0 and S1.
 ALE is used for provide control signal to synchronize the components of
microprocessor and timing for instruction to perform the operation.
 RD (Active low) and WR (Active low) are used to indicate whether the operation
is reading the data from memory or writing the data into memory respectively.
 IO/ M (Active low) is used to indicate whether the operation is belongs to the
memory or peripherals.
 If,
Interrupt Control Unit:

 As the name suggests it controls the interrupts during a process. When a

microprocessor is executing a main program and whenever an interrupt occurs,
the microprocessor shifts the control from the main program to process the
incoming request. After the request is completed, the control goes back to the
main program.
 There are 5 interrupt signals in 8085 microprocessor: INTR, RST 7.5, RST 6.5,
RST 5.5, TRAP.

Serial Input/output control:

It has two control signals named SID and SOD for serial data transmission.
 It controls the serial data communication by using these two instructions:
SID (Serial input data) and SOD (Serial output data).
Power Supply
This unit provides +5V power supply to the microprocessor.
The microprocessor needs +5V power supply for its operation.
Machine Cycle:-
T state-It is defined as the one subdivision of operation performed in one clock period.
Machine Cycle: It is the time required to complete one operation of accessing memory/
I/o, either Memory write, Memory Read, I/o read or I/O write.
Instruction Cycle: Instruction cycle is the time required to complete the execution of
an instruction.