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Chem14 Experiment I Measurement Standards

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19 views35 pages

Chem14 Experiment I Measurement Standards

Uploaded by

aaguilar.margareth
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Measurement

s Standards
Experiment I: CHEMISTRY FOR
ENGINEERS
Units of Measurement
• Measurement is a technique in
which the properties of an
object are determined by
comparing them to a standard
quantity.

• Also, measurement is the


essential metric to express
any quantity of objects,
things and events.
Units of Measurement
• Scientists around the world agree
on one system…
– International System of Units
(le Systeme International d’Unites)
– SI units
– Built from seven base units
SI Base Units
Units of Measurement
Mass
•Measures quantity of matter
•SI unit: kilogram, kg
•1kg = 1000 g
•gram used for smaller
masses
Length
•SI unit: meter, m
• Longer distances:
km
kilometer,
Ex. 1km = 1000 m
• Shorter distances:
cm
Ex. 1 m = 100 cm
Volume
Volume is the amount of
space an object occupies.
It is a derived unit: combination
of base units by multiplying or
dividing SI unit is m 3
Volume: l x w x h = m x m x m = m3
• Also: liters (L), mL, dm3 and cm3

• 1 L = 1 dm3 = 1000mL = 1000 cm3


Derived Units
Significant Figures (sig
figs)

• How many numbers mean anything?


• When we measure, we can (and
do) always estimate between the
smallest marks.

1 2 3 4 5
Significant figures (sig figs)

• Better marks means a better estimate.


• Last number measured actually an estimate

1 2 3 4 5
Significant Figures

• They needed a set of rules to


decide which numbers are
significant
• Only measurements have sig figs.
• Counted numbers are
exact : A dozen is exactly
12
Conversion factors: 100 cm = 1 m
Unique problem

• 50 has only 1 significant figure


• if it really has two, how
can I write it?
• Scientific notation
• 5.0 x 101 2 sig figs
• Scientific Notation shows
ALL sig figs
Rounding rules

•Round 454.62 to four


sig. figs.
– to three sig figs
– to two sig figs
– to one sig fig
Density
Density
Density = mass D= m
volume V
• Units: g/cm3 or g/mL but SI
unit is kg/m3
• derived unit
• Used to identify substances
• Varies with temperature
• As temp. increases density…???
Density
Density Examples
• If a metal block has a mass of 65.0
grams and a volume of 22 cubic
centimeters, what is the density of
the block?
• D=m
V
• D = 65.0 g = 3.0 g/cm3
22 cm3
Density Examples
• Aluminum has a density of 2.7 g/cm3.
What volume of aluminum has a
mass of 60 grams?
• D=M
V
20 cm3
Density Examples
• Gold has a density of 19.3 g/cm3. A
block of metal has a mass of 80 g and a
volume of 12 cm3. Could this block be a
piece of gold?
• No, because this block has a density
of 7 g/cm3s
Unit Conversions
Unit Conversions
Given information in one unit  need to to
convert it to another unit !

1. Identify what’s given


2. Organize plan of attack
3. Carry out plan WITH UNITS!!
Conversion factors

• “A ratio of equivalent measurements.”

• Start with two things that are the


same. 1 m = 100 cm

• Does NOT change the VALUE,


it changes the UNITS.
Let’s Try Some!
• 323 mm = m
• 3.2 miles = in
• 250 gallons= ml
• 15 days = min
• 54.3cm3 =_______m3
• 7.54ft2 =_________n2
Making Good
Measurements
• We can do 2 things:
1. Repeat measurement
many times
- reliable measurements
get the same number
over and over
- this is precise
2. Test our
measurement against
“standard”,
a
or
accepted value
- measurement is
exact
accepted value is accurate
Measurements are Uncertain
1. Measuring instruments
are never perfect
2. Skill of measurer
3. Measuring conditions
4. Measuring always
involves estimation
– Flickering # on balance
– Between marks on instrument
Calculating Percent Error
(TableT)
• Compares your measurement to
accepted value

• Negative if measurement is too


small
• Positive if measurement is
Calculating Percent Error
What is the % error for a mass
measurement of 17.7g, given
that the correct value is 21.2g?

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