Scribd
Upload
78 views

Chapter 2 Measurements

This document summarizes key topics from Chapter 2 of a chemistry textbook, including expressing numbers, units, measurement uncertainty, unit conversions, and density. It provides examples of scientific notation calculations, defines units like meters and grams. It also explains measurement

Uploaded by

Mehak Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
78 views

Chapter 2 Measurements

This document summarizes key topics from Chapter 2 of a chemistry textbook, including expressing numbers, units, measurement uncertainty, unit conversions, and density. It provides examples of scientific notation calculations, defines units like meters and grams. It also explains measurement

Uploaded by

Mehak Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 50

Making Measurements

Chapter 2

Chem 1114
Langara College
Topics covered in chapter 2

 Expressing Numbers
 Units
 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
 Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results –
Unit Conversions
 Density – Just Another Conversion Factor
Measurements in Chemistry
Qualitative data vs. quantitative data
Qualitative data: observations that don’t involve numbers
Quantitative data: data involving a numerical measurement

All quantitative data require a number, and most


quantitative data also require a unit

3
2.1 expressing numbers
learning outcome
 Learn to express numbers properly
2.1 Expressing Numbers

Exponential notation (or scientific notation) is a


method to simplify very large or very small numbers
It requires two parts: a number between 1 and 10, and
an appropriate power of 10

a x 10b
coefficient base
Scientific Notation

0.0000000001
Scientific Notation - Examples

154000 =

0.0000234 =

1.53x106 =

8.91x10-11 =
Scientific Notation Calculation- Division

3.65x106
=
4.91x10-11
Practice
1.36x10-3
=
1.47x102
Scientific Notation Calculation- Multiplication

1.35x105 x3.91x10-21 =
Practice 7.16x105 x5.17x10-34 =?
Practice 3.11x107 x5.23x10-14
1.16x10-3x3.33x10-21
=?
Scientific Notation Calculation – Addition/
Subtraction
7.16x105 +5.17x104 =

3.75x1011 - 4.91x1010=
2.2 measurements and units
learning outcomes
 Explain the process of measurement
 Identify the three basic parts of a quantity
 Describe the properties and units of length, mass,
volume, density, temperature, and time
 Perform basic unit calculations and conversions in the
metric and other unit systems
2.2 Measurements and Units
Units in Measurements
In 1964, International System (le Système Internationale,
SI) was agreed upon for scientific measurements

SI Base Units
Prefixes

deci d 0.1 10-1


Ex: The diameter of a carbon atom is 0.000 000 0003 m.
Express the diameter in nm.
Derived Units — Area and Volume

Area: has a unit of cm2, m2, etc.

Volume:
Volume has derived units: m3, cm3
More common units: mL and L
2.3 measurement uncertainty,
accuracy and precision
learning outcomes
 Define accuracy and precision
 Distinguish exact and uncertain numbers
 Correctly represent uncertainty in quantities using
significant figures
 Apply proper rounding rules to computed quantities
2.3 Precision and Accuracy

Accuracy: the extent to which a measured value


coincides with the true value
Precision: the reproducibility of the measurement
(consistency)
Types of Errors
Random errors (or measurement uncertainties):
generally result from limitations of the experimenter’s
skills or abilities to read an instrument and give results
either too high or too low
Systematic errors: inherent errors in instruments or
designs of the experiments that cause consistent errors

21
Uncertainty in Measurement and
Significant Figures

All measurements except counting include some


degree of uncertainty (random error)
Significant figures are used to express the
uncertainty in the measurement
All the certain digits plus the first uncertain digit are
important (or significant), therefore are called the
significant figures
Always record ALL the certain digits plus only ONE
uncertain digit
23

Significant Figure

Length of the pencil:


24

More Detailed Graduation

Length of the pencil:


25

Even More Detailed Graduation

Length of the pencil:


Determining the # of Significant Figures
 All non-zero digits count as sig. figs.
 Zeros are classified into one of three categories:
 Leading zeros: DON’T count towards sig. figs.
 Ex: 0.0025
 Captive zeros: DO count.
 Ex: 101 2.0304
 Trailing zeros: only count if the decimal point is explicitly written
 Ex: 1.00 10 000. 20
 Exceptions: Numbers obtained through counting or in definitions are
treated as exact numbers. Exact numbers have unlimited number of
significant figures.
Rounding Rules
If the digit to be removed is
Greater than or equal to (≥) 5: the preceding digit is
increased by 1 or “rounded up”
Less than (<) 5: the preceding digit remains the
same or “rounded down”
Ex. 1.313 to 3 sf
Ex. 3.15 to 2 sf
Ex. 1.36 to 2 sf
28

Scientific Notation and Sig Figs

# of Significant Figures

8.200  103

8.20  103

8.2  103
29

Practice

Example # of SF Scientific Notation

0.00672

3.046

600

600.

600.0
Significant Figure Rules in Calculations

Multiplication/Division
The # of sig. figs. in the answer should be the same as the
measurement with the least number of sig. figs.

Addition/Subtraction
The number of sig. figs. in the answer is limited by the least
number of decimal places

In calculations involving multi-steps, do not round off


numbers during the calculation, only at the VERY end.
31
Practice
a. 11.7 x 22.345 =

b. (2.03 x 103) + (3 x 102) =


32
Practice
c. 1.0236 – 0.97268 =

d. 45.2/6.3578 = 7.1093775 =

e. Round to 2 significant figures: 2.35 x 102


Practice
Practice
Practice
Exercises

Perform the following calculations and round off the


results to the proper number of significant figures.
Ex. 15.5687 − 8.453
5.46
Ex. 4.18 – 58.16 x (3.38 – 3.01)

Ex. (2.45 x 102) + (1.68 x 103)


2.4 mathematical treatment of
measurement results-unit
conversions learning outcome
 Explain the dimensional analysis (factor label)
approach to mathematical calculations involving
quantities
 Use dimensional analysis to carry out unit conversions
for a given property and involving two or more
properties
 Learn about the various temperature scales that are
commonly used in chemistry and how to convert from
one scale to another.
2.4 Unit Conversions
— Dimensional Analysis
General formula for a conversion
Unit 1  conversion factor = Unit 2
Conversion factor comes from an equivalence statement

1 in 2.54 cm
1 in = 2.54 cm  or
2.54 cm 1 in

The correct conversion factor leads to the cancellation


of unwanted units
 How many inches is in 3.5 cm?

 How many cm is in 2.4 inches?


 If eggs are sold $6.99/dozen, to buy 3 dozen eggs, how
much is it?

 How many eggs can $10.00 buy?


Prefixes

deci d 0.1 10-1


 Convert 5.4 nm into km?

 Convert 650 miles into cm? ( 1 mile = 1760-yard, 1 yard = 3 feet,


1 foot = 12 inch, I inch = 2.54 cm)
Unit Conversion Exercises

Ex1. Gold sells for about $65 per gram. Your uncle has
left you 2 metric tons of gold in his will. How much
money is this worth? (1 metric ton = 1000 kg)
Unit Conversion Exercises

Ex2. The speed limit in US is 45


miles/hour. What’s that speed limit in
m/s? (1 km = 0.62137 mile)
Unit Conversion Exercises

Ex3. The area of a loonie is about 5.0


cm2. How many km2 is this?
2.5 Density– Just another
conversion factor learning
outcomes
 Define density and use it as a conversion factor
Density

Density (d) – the mass per unit volume of a substance


m
d= m = mass, V = volume
V
Each pure substance has its specific density
Density is an intensive property.
Practice

 Ex. Suppose a student finds that 23.50 mL of a certain liquid


weighs 35.062 g. What is the density of the liquid?
Density Example
 Ex. A chemistry student finds a medallion in a pawn shop. To
figure out what it’s made of, she weighs the medallion and
finds its mass to be 55.64 g. She then places some water in a
graduated cylinder and reads the volume as 75.2 mL. Next she
drops the medallion into the cylinder and reads the new
volume as 77.8 mL. Is the medallion platinum (d = 21.4 g/cm3)
or silver (d = 10.5 g/cm3)?
Density Exercises
Ex1. A 5.00 g sample has a density of 2.50 g/mL, what volume
does it occupy?

Ex2. Gold may be hammered to a thickness of 2.5 x 10-5 cm.


Starting with 0.50 ounces of gold, what area (in cm2) of gold foil
2.5 x 10-5 cm thick could be obtained? (1 ounce = 28 g, the
density of gold = 19 g/cm3)

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy