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Carbon and Its Compounds

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17 views

Carbon and Its Compounds

Uploaded by

shalinibd22
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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me/AtomArmy
CARBON & ITS COMPOUNDS

The earth’s crust has only 0.02% carbon in the form of minerals (like carbonates, hydrogencarbonates,
coal and petroleum) and the atmosphere has 0.03% of carbon dioxide. In spite of this small amount of
carbon available in nature, the importance of carbon seems to be immense.
BONDING IN CARBON – THE COVALENT BOND
HOW CARBON CAN ATTAIN A NOBLE GAS CONFIGURATION?
COVALENT BONDING: ( H2, O2,N2, CO2,HCN)
STRUCTURE OF AMMONIA, METHANE:
**Covalently bonded molecules are seen to have strong bonds within the molecule, but
intermolecular forces are weak. This gives rise to the low melting and boiling points of
these compounds.**
ALLOTROPES OF CARBON:
The element carbon occurs in different forms in nature with widely varying physical properties.

Diamond:
Diamond:
GRAPHITE:
BUCKMINSTERFULLERENE:
ANSWERS:
VERSATILE NATURE OF CARBON

(i) Carbon has the unique ability to form bonds with other atoms of carbon,
giving rise to large molecules. This property is called catenation.
VERSATILE NATURE OF CARBON

Since carbon has a valency of four, it is capable of bonding with four other
atoms of carbon or atoms of some other mono-valent element. Compounds
of carbon are formed with oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine and
many other elements giving rise to compounds with specific properties which
depend on the elements other than carbon present in the molecule.
Saturated and Unsaturated Carbon Compounds

2 Steps to Follow:
Structure of propane step by step:
Electron dot structure of ethene & ethyne:
Chains, Branches and Rings:

a.) Chains
b.) branched chains-

let us take another look at butane. If we make the carbon ‘skeleton’ with
four carbon atoms, we see that two different possible ‘skeletons’ are –

Such compounds with identical molecular formula but different structures are
called structural isomers.
pentane-
Hexane-
c.) Cyclic Chain-
In addition to straight and branched carbon chains, some compounds have
carbon atoms arranged in the form of a ring. For example, cyclohexane has the
formula C6H12 and the following structure –
Cyclic Unsaturated Compounds:
Will you be my Friend?

In a hydrocarbon chain, one


or more hydrogens can be
replaced by these elements,
such that the valency of
carbon remains satisfied. In
such compounds, the
element replacing hydrogen
is referred to as a
heteroatom. These
heteroatoms are also
present in some groups as
given in Table 4.3.
Haloalkanes:
Alkanol(alcohol):
Alkanal(Aldehyde):
Alkanone(ketone):
Alkanoic acid(carboxylic acid):
Homologous Series such a series of compounds in which the same functional
group substitutes for hydrogen in a carbon chain is called
a homologous series.

●
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON COMPOUNDS
Combustion:
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON COMPOUNDS

Oxidation:
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON COMPOUNDS

Addition Reaction:
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON COMPOUNDS

Substitution Reaction: Saturated hydrocarbons are fairly unreactive and are


inert in the presence of most reagents. However, in the presence of sunlight,
chlorine is added to hydrocarbons in a very fast reaction.
SOME IMPORTANT CARBON COMPOUNDS – ETHANOL AND ETHANOIC ACID

Properties of Ethanol:

Reactions of Ethanol:

(i) Reaction with sodium –


(ii) Reaction to give unsaturated hydrocarbon:
Properties of Ethanoic Acid:

Ethanoic acid is commonly called acetic acid and belongs to a group of acids called
carboxylic acids. 5-8% solution of acetic acid in water is called vinegar and is used
widely as a preservative in pickles. The melting point of pure ethanoic acid is 290 K and
hence it often freezes during winter in cold climates. This gave rise to its name glacial
acetic acid.
Reactions of ethanoic acid:
(i) Esterification reaction:
On treating with sodium hydroxide, which is an alkali, the ester is converted
back to alcohol and sodium salt of carboxylic acid. This reaction is known as
saponification because it is used in the preparation of soap.
(ii) Reaction with a base:

(iii)How does ethanoic acid react with carbonates and hydrogencarbonates?


SOAPS AND DETERGENTS:

SOAPS:
DETERGENT:

● Detergents are generally sodium salts of sulphonic acids or ammonium salts with
chlorides or bromides ions.
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