CELL: The Basic Unit of Life

CELL: The Basic Unit
of Life
Microscopy and the Discovery of the
Cell (Cell Theory)
Cell Structures and Functions

explain the postulates of the cell theory
describe the structure and function of

major and subcellular organelles.
• Hans Janssen and Zacharias Janssen
discovered the combination of two lenses in
a particular arrangement.
• One lens was positioned at the eyepiece of
the microscope, and the second lens was put
near the sample to be studied.
• It became the prototype for the compound
microscope.
• Robert Hooke modified the microscope.
• Recognized as the English Father of
Microscopy.
• One of his great discoveries was the CELL
which looked like compartments.
• What he actually saw were dead plant
cells (cork).
The first person to see
live cells using a
microscope that he made
himself.
The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small
room") is the basic structural, functional,
and biological unit of all known organisms. A
cell is the smallest unit of life. Cells are often
called the "building blocks of life".
Some organisms only consist
of a single cell yet carry out all
life functions
But these do usually have the
components of cells (nucleus,
membrane, etc.)
Organisms that are consist of
more than one cell.
The cell theory states that:
• All living things are made of one or more cells.
(Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden)
• Cells are the basic unit of structure and function
in living things. (Robert Hooke)
• All cells come from pre-existing cells (Rudolf
Virchow)
• Energy flow occurs within cells.
• Heredity information (DNA) is passed on from
cell to cell.
• All cells have the same basic chemical
composition.
The discovery and development of microscopes helped
established the idea that all living organisms are made up of
cells. However, cells are not alike in many aspects. Cells show
enormous diversity in terms of size, shape, and internal
organization.
Prokaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic
Cell
Prokaryotic cells lack nuclear
envelope and membrane bound
organelles. Usually exist in
unicellular forms and have limited
capabilities compared with
eukaryotic cells.
Cells that do not have
membrane-bound
organelles and membrane-
bound nucleus
• UNICELLULAR
organisms such as
BACTERIA are examples
of prokaryotes.
• Prokaryotes are
unicellular organisms
• Cells that do not have a
that lack organelles or
true nucleus or
other internal
membrane-bound
membrane-bound
organelles.
structures.
CAPSULE
• A sticky outer layer that
provides protection.
CELL WALL
• A structure that confers rigidity and
shape to the cell
• Bacterial cell walls are made of
peptidoglycan which is made from
polysaccharide chains cross-linked
by unusual peptides containing D-
amino acids.
PLASMID
• A genetic material
PLASMA MEMBRANE
• A structure that serves as
a permeability barrier
NUCLEOID REGION
• A DNA-containing region within the
cytoplasm
• The irregularly-shaped section of a
prokaryotic cell where DNA is housed. It lacks
the membrane that is found around the
nucleus of eukaryotic cells. In addition to
DNA, the nucleoid may also contain RNA,
proteins, and enzymes that can be used for
cellular processes.
CYTOPLASM
• The region where chromosomes
(DNA), ribosomes, and various
inclusions are found
RIBOSOME
• The site where protein is
synthesized
PILUS
• A hair-like appendage
that functions in
adhesion
FLAGELLUM
(Plural: flagella)
• Facilitates movement of
bacteria
• Its main function is for
locomotion.
Cells that contain organelles
which are held together by
membranes
• Plant cell
• Animal cell
1.Cell Membrane
2.Cytoplasm
3.Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Both found in prokaryotes
and eukaryotes
• the flexible boundary
of a cell
• separates a cell from
its surroundings
Cell Membrane
• keeping a healthy
balance of nutrients
and water within
the cell is called
homeostasis
• allows nutrients to enter the cell and waste to be

removed
• This is referred to as selective permeability.
(Selective=Chooses, Permeability=filter through)
Cytoplasm
• clear gel like fluid
inside the cell, which
suspends all
organelles.
Nucleus
• Largest organelle (animal cell
only) in the cell and it is the
most inner compartment of the
cell
• contains chromatin (DNA);
genetic information on strands
called chromosomes
• “control center” for cell
metabolism and reproduction
Nucleus
• Chromatin- Directions
on how to make
proteins
• Nucleolus- Found
inside nucleus;
ribosomes are made
here
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Extensive network of membranes
• A passageway of genetic materials
from nucleus to part of the cell
1.Rough ER: with ribosomes. Also,
site of protein synthesis
2.Smooth ER: with no visible
ribosomes. Also, site of lipid
synthesis
Mitochondria
• often referred to as the
“powerhouse” of the cell
• release energy for the cell
• It converts the energy
stored in glucose into ATP
for the cell
Lysosomes
• Organelles that are filled with digestive enzymes
to remove waste and invading bacteria
Ribosomes
• Make proteins (made up
of RNA and protein);
thought of as “factories”
• Found in both
prokaryotes and
eukaryotes
Vacuole
• Fluid filled organelles
enclosed by a membrane
• Store materials such as
food, sugar, water, and
waste products
Microtubules
Major components of the
cytoskeleton. They are found
in all eukaryotic cells, and
they are involved in mitosis,
cell motility, intracellular
transport, etc
Centrosome
• Organelles which serve as the main microtubule organizing centers
for animal cells. They serve to direct the movements of microtubules
and other cytoskeletal structures and proteins, ultimately allowing
large changes to the shapes of animal cell membranes
Cell Wall
• rigid wall outside the
plasma membrane. It
provides the cell with
extra support.
• Found in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes (plant)
• cellulose
Note: Structure only found
in plant and bacterial cellA
Plastids
• organelles that store
things such as food
(starch) in the plant
cell.
Note: Structure only

found in plant
PLASTIDS
• Chloroplasts- captures light and energy; and
converts it into chemical energy.
• Chromoplast- are plastids, heterogeneous
organelles responsible for pigment synthesis and
storage in specific photosynthetic eukaryotes
• Leucoplast- group of plastids that include many
differentiated colorless organelles with very
different functions
CHLOROPLAST
• Chloroplast is an organelle that
contains the photosynthetic
pigment chlorophyll that captures
sunlight and converts it into useful
energy, thereby, releasing oxygen
from water.
Chlorophyll
• Green pigment found
inside the chloroplast.
1.Chlorophyll- green
2.Xanthophyll- yellow
3.Carotenoids- orange

found in plant
Water Vacuoles
• Organelles (Largest organelle in Plants)
occupying between 30% and 90% of a cell
by volume.
• Vacuoles appear to have three main
functions, they:
1.contribute to the rigidity of the plant using
water to develop hydrostatic pressure
2.store nutrient and non-nutrient chemicals
3.break down complex molecules.

found in plant
CENTRIOLES
• Centrioles are found only in animal cells and are
located near the nucleus.
• Centrioles are organelles involved in cell division.

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CELL: The Basic Unit

Cell Structures and Functions

describe the structure and function of

• allows nutrients to enter the cell and waste to be

Note: Structure only

Note: Structure only

Note: Structure only

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