Assignment3 - Solutions Soil

McMaster University
Department of Civil Engineering

Civil Engineering Materials and Design (CIV ENG 3P04)
Fall 2022
______________________________________________________________________________
Assignment 3 - Solutions
Due: Friday Nov. 4, 2022, at 12:00 PM
Problem 1:
a) Explain the main stages of steel manufacturing.
b) List the two types of steel finishing and explain the differences between them.
c) List three factors that make steel an ideal material for reinforcement
Solution 1:
a) 1. Raw materials and Preparation: obtaining iron ore from queries and crush it
2. Iron Making: Blast furnace stage: iron ore crushed and mixed with Coke and
Limestone – Output is Pig iron
3. Steel Making: Refining process: Pig iron is refined to reduce impurities level. Three
types of furnaces used: Open Hearth Furnace, Basic Oxygen Furnace, and Electric Arc
Furnace.
4. Continuous Casting/Ingot Pouring
5. Rolling: Hot finished products or Cold finished products. Rolling results in squashing
the crystal grains in the material.
b) Hot finished process: products are heated before rolling process which allows the grains
to grow back again quickly. This produces softer material
Cold-finished process: products are not heated before rolling, thus, grains do not grow
back again and leaves residual stresses and harder material
c) • High elasticity
• Elongation under load
• Isotropic (uniform properties in 3D)
• Withstands fatigue
• Thermal properties
• Strength retention under heat
• Joining (strong weld connections)
• Compatibility with concrete
• Recyclability
• Easily available
Page 1 of 5
Problem 2:
Given the choice between:
i) A wide flange section
ii) An H-pile
iii) An angle (L-section)
iv) A round hollow structural section (HSS)
v) A C-channel
Which steel section would you recommend for each of the following scenarios?
a) A column in a mid-rise building with little risk of torsion
b) A deep pile driven to bedrock, filled with concrete
c) As a rafter on a light-duty roof
d) A second storey girder requiring a large flexural capacity
e) As a diagonal brace with bolted connections
Solution 2:
a) ii
b) iv
c) v
d) i
e) iii
Page 2 of 5
Problem 3:
A 125 mm long cylindrical rod with a diameter of 14 mm is to be deformed using a tensile load
of 45 kN. It must not experience either plastic deformation or a diameter reduction of more than
9x10-3 mm. Of the materials listed below, which are possible candidates? Justify your choice(s).
Material Modulus of Elasticity Yield Strength (MPa) Poisson’s Ratio, ν
(GPa)
Aluminum Alloy 70 250 0.33

Titanium Alloy 105 850 0.36
Steel Alloy 205 550 0.27
Magnesium Alloy 45 170 0.35
Solution 3:
𝐹 45,000
𝜎= = = 227.36 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴 𝜋(0.07)2
Therefore, can’t use Magnesium because yield strength < 227 MPa.
𝜀 (𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒) 𝛥𝑑/𝑑0
ν=− =−
𝜀 (𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙) 𝜎/𝐸
ν𝜎𝑑0
𝛥𝑑 = −
𝐸
For Aluminum:
(0.33)(227.36)(14)
𝛥𝑑 = − = −15x10−3 mm
70,000
For Titanium:
(0.36)(227.36)(14)
𝛥𝑑 = − = −10x10−3 mm
105,000
For Steel:
(0.27)(227.36)(14)
𝛥𝑑 = − = −4x10−3 mm
205,000
Therefore, must use steel because diameter reduction > 9x10-3 mm.
Page 3 of 5
Problem 4:
A uniaxial tensile test was performed on a steel rod with a radius of 12 mm. An extensimeter
with length of 100 mm was used. Given the tensile test data provided in Table 1, plot a stress vs
strain diagram and identify the following:
a) Yield strength
b) Ultimate strength
c) Elastic modulus
d) Point of rupture
Table 1: Tensile Test Data
Load (kN) Length (mm)
0.0 100
56.1 100.09
117.0 100.19
122.6 100.9
148.3 102.8
164.9 105.1
171.0 107.6
Fracture
Solution 4:
Load Length delta L Strain Stress
(N) (mm) (mm) (%) (Mpa)
0 100 0 0.00% 0.00
56100 100.09 0.09 0.09% 154.52
117000 100.19 0.19 0.19% 322.27
122600 100.9 0.9 0.89% 337.69
148300 102.8 2.8 2.72% 408.48
164900 105.1 5.1 4.85% 454.21
171000 107.6 7.6 7.06% 471.01
157300 110.1 10.1 9.17% 433.27
129500 112.5 12.5 11.11% 356.70
Page 4 of 5
Stress-Strain Curve
500.00
450.00
400.00
350.00
Stress (MPa)
300.00
250.00
200.00
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.00
0.00% 2.00% 4.00% 6.00% 8.00% 10.00% 12.00%
Strain (%)
a) Yield strength = 322 MPa

b) Ultimate strength = 471 MPa
c) Elastic Modulus, E = 322/0.0019 = 170 GPa
d) Point of rupture = 357 MPa
Page 5 of 5

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McMaster University

Department of Civil Engineering

Aluminum Alloy 70 250 0.33

a) Yield strength = 322 MPa

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