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Exp6-Flow Meter Demo

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10 views

Exp6-Flow Meter Demo

Uploaded by

reelomohabdalgadir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Experiment (6): Flow Meter Demonstration

Safety Regulations:

1- Clean up any water or substance spills immediately.


2- If you spill water on the equipment, disconnect the electrical supply and dry the
equipment.
3- Never touch any electrical parts if you have wet hands.

Objectives:
To obtain the flow rate measurement by utilizing three basic types of flow Measuring
techniques; rotameter, venturi meter and orifice meter.

Apparatuses:

Figure 1. Flow Meter Apparatus

1
Experimental Set-Up:

1. Place apparatus on bench, connect inlet pipe to bench supply and outlet pipe into
volumetric tank.
2. With the bench valve fully closed and the discharge valve fully opened, start up the pump
supply from hydraulic bench.
3. Slowly open the bench valve until it is fully opened.
4. When the flow in the pipe is steady and there is no trapped bubble, start to close the
bench valve to reduce the flow to the maximum measurable flow rate.
5. By using the air bleed screw, adjust water level in the manometer board. Retain
maximum readings on manometers with the maximum measurable flow rate.
6. Note readings on manometers (A - J), rotameter and measured flow rate.
7. Step 6 is repeated for different flow rates. The flow rates can be adjusted by utilizing
both bench valve and discharge valve.
8. To demonstrate similar flow rates at different system static pressures, adjust bench and
flow control valve together. Adjusting manometer levels as required.

Taking set of results:

1- Record all manometer heights and the variables area meter reading at a fixed flow
rate.
2- Find the volumetric flow rate- using the stopwatch.
3- Collect fluid for at least one minute to minimize timing error.
4- Repeat this measurement twice to check for consistency.
5- Average the readings.

Theory:

Rotameter

The rotameter is a flow meter in which a rotating free float is the indicating element. Basically, a
rotameter consists of a transparent tapered vertical tube through which fluid flow upward. Within
the tube is placed a freely suspended “float” of pump-bob shape. When there is no flow, the float
rests on a stop at the bottom end. As flow commences, the float rises until upward and buoyancy
forces on it are balanced by its weight. The float rises only a short distance if the rate of flow is
small, and vice versa. The points of equilibrium can be noted as a function of flow rate. With a
well-calibrated marked glass tube, the level of the float becomes a direct measure of flow rate.

2
Figure 2. Rotameter

Venturi Meter

The venturi meter consists of a venturi tube and a suitable differential pressure gauge. The venturi
tube has a converging portion, a throat and a diverging portion as shown in the figure below. The
function of the converging portion is to increase the velocity of the fluid and lower its static
pressure. A pressure difference between inlet and throat is thus developed, which pressure
difference is correlated with the rate of discharge. The diverging cone serves to change the area of
the stream back to the entrance area and convert velocity head into pressure head.

Figure 3. Venturi Meter

3
4
Orifice Meter

The orifice for use as a metering device in a pipeline consists of a concentric square-edged
circular hole in a thin plate, which is clamped between the flanges of the pipe as shown in the
figure below.

A1
Figure 4. Orifice Meter

5
Data Sheet

Data analysis and Deliverable:

1- Comment on the differences in accuracy of the meters.


2- Show that the variable area meter show less variation in head loss with
flow meter rate than the other two meters, why?

Questions to be answered in the Discussion or the Conclusion:

1- Comment on the significance of any experimental errors.

6
Appendix

7
Error Analysis:

TYPES OF ERRORS AND HOW TO REDUCE THE ERRORS

There are three types of errors: personal, systematic, and random.


1- Personal Errors or mistakes arise from personal bias or carelessness in
reading an instrument, in recording observations, or in calculations. Reading a
value from a scale involves lining up an object with the marks on the scale. The
value of the reading depends on the position of the eye. The reading of the object
in motion depends also on the human response time. All observations taken
under the same experimental condition are equally valid and should be retained
for analysis. Do not erase readings. If you must change a reading, draw a single
line through it and then record the new measurement...
2- Systematic Errors are associated with particular instruments or techniques.
Improperly calibrated instruments are one of the sources of this error. Reducing
systematic errors depends on the skill of the experimenter to detect and to
prevent or correct them.
3- Random Errors result from unknown and unpredictable variations in the
experimental situation. Unpredictable fluctuations in temperature or in-line
voltage are the examples of random errors. These can also be referred as
accidental errors. Reduce random errors by repeating the measurement a
sufficient number of times or by improving the experimental technique.

Measurement uncertainties must be estimated and included either in the


text or in the graphs in the form of error bars. It is not sufficient to merely state
that a variable was measured to X ± x (units) without stating how this tolerance
band was determined.

For the purpose of these experiments, the uncertainties can be estimated by


taking several readings of a representative data point. A statistical method can be

8
used to define the tolerances by calculating the mean, 𝑥̅ (sum of
observations/number of observations), and standard deviation, as follows:

(1)

(2)

If several independent variables are analytically related to the dependent


variable, for example x =V. t, then the experimental uncertainty is the standard
deviation of the dependent variable:

(3)

(4)

Assuming a normal distribution of the data about the mean, the interval
containing the true value of the quantity being measured is, with 95% confidence,
𝑥̅± 2σx.

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