Republic of the Philippines

Province of Cebu
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CARCAR CITY COLLEGE
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (Chem 111)

Mid Term Module No. 1

Name: Course: BSA 1Date: __________ Module No. 1

I. INTRODUCTION
Welcome to the world of Organic Chemistry. This module is an exploratory course which will lead you to the
basic understanding about organic chemistry, its history, contributions and scope. This will also lead to discover its
importance to agriculture.
To familiarize Organic Chemistry, there are topics to be explored by the students. For the purpose of this
module, the first 3 topics are discussed here namely:
1) Historical background of Organic Chemistry
2) The Chemical Bond
3) Electronegativity
This module has three lessons. Each lesson has the following parts.
 Learning outcomes or Objectives
 Materials and resources (if necessary)
 Definition of terms
 Pre-test/Diagnostic test
 Activities
 Discussion
 Abstraction
 Application
 Assessment
To get most from this module, you need to do the following:
1) Read and understand the learning outcomes or objectives.
2) Find out what you already know by taking the Pretest then check your answer against the answer
key. If you get 99 to 100 percent of the items correctly, you may proceed to the next lesson. If you
failed, go through the lesson again and review especially those items which you failed to get.
3) Do the required Learning Activities, you may begin with one or more information sheets. An
information sheet contains important notes or basic information that you need to know. After
reading the information sheet, test yourself on how much you learned by means of Self-check. Do
not hesitate to go back to the information sheet when you do not get all test items correctly. This
will ensure your mastery of basic information.
4) Demonstrate what you learned by doing what the activity/operation/job sheets directs you to do.
5) You must be able to apply what you have learned in another activity or in real life situation.

LESSON 1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

I. OBJECTIVE: At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:
A. trace the History, contributions and Scope of Organic Chemistry
B. explain the importance of organic chemistry to agriculture.

II. DEFINITION OF TERMS

CHEMISTRY a science that deals with the composition, structure and properties of substances, and the laws and
principles which governed the transformations they undergo.
HYDROCARBONS an organic compound (such as acetylene or butane) containing only carbon and hydrogen and
often occurring in petroleum, natural gas, coal and bitumens.
ORGANIC something that are derived from living organisms.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY a branch of chemistry concerned with the carbon compounds of living beings and most
other carbon compounds
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS are compounds containing carbon.
III. PRETEST
Direction: Multiple choices: choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer in a separate sheet.
1. The following are organic compounds EXCEPT:
a. CO2 (carbon dioxide) b. CH4 (methane) c. C6H12O6 (glucose) d. C2H5 (ethane)

2. Which of the following is the correct electronic configuration of Carbon atom?

 a. 1s2 2p4 b. 1s22s22p3 c. 1s22s22p2 d. 1s22s23p2
3. How ma electrons, protons and neutrons Carbon have?
a. 6,6,6 b. 6,6,0 c. 6,6,12 d. 12, 6, 6
4. Valence electrons are electrons responsible on the way how an atom bonds with other atom to
form compound. How many valence electrons an atom of carbon has?
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5
5. Which of the following is TRUE about Organic compounds?
a. organic compounds are combination of carbon and hydrogen
b. organic compounds formed by sharing of electrons
c. organic compounds are covalently bonded
d. all of the above
IV. ACTIVITIES
A. List 10 reasons why organic chemistry important to you as a future agriculturist.
V. Discussion:
Historical Background of Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is the area of chemistry that involves the study of carbon and its compounds.
Carbon is now known to form a seemingly unlimited number of compounds.
 The uses of organic compounds impact our lives daily in medicine, agriculture, and general life.
 In theory (Oparin, 1923) organic chemistry may have its beginnings with the big bang when the components of
ammonia, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and methane combined to form amino acids, an experiment that has been verified
in the laboratory (Miller, 1950).
 Organic chemicals were used in ancient times by Romans and Egyptians as dyes, medicines and poisons from
natural sources, but the chemical composition of the substances was unknown. In the 16th century organic
compounds were isolated from nature in the pure state (Scheele, 1769) and analytical methods were developed for
determination of elemental composition (Lavoisier, 1784).
 Scientists believed (Berzelius, 1807) that organic chemicals found in nature contained a special "vital force" that
directed their natural synthesis, and therefore, it would be impossible to accomplish a laboratory synthesis of the
chemicals.
 Fortunately, later in the century Frederich Wöhler (1828) discovered that urea, a natural component in urine, could be
synthesized in the laboratory by heating ammonium cyanate. His discovery meant that the natural "vital force" was
not required to synthesis organic compounds, and paved the way for many chemists to synthesize organic
compounds.
 By the middle of the nineteenth century many advances had been made into the discovery, analysis and synthesis of
many new organic compounds. Understanding about the structures of organic chemistry began with a theory of
bonding called valence theory (Kekule, Couper, 1858).
 Organic chemistry developed into a productive and exciting science in the nineteenth century. Many new synthetic
methods, reaction mechanisms, analytical techniques and structural theories have been developed.
 Toward the end of the century much of the knowledge of organic chemistry has been expanded to the study of
biological systems such as proteins and DNA.
 Volumes of information are published monthly in journals, books and electronic media about organic and biological
chemistry. The vast information available today means that for new students of organic chemistry a great deal of
study is required.
 Students must learn about organic reactions, mechanism, synthesis, analysis, and biological function.
 The study of organic chemistry, although complex, is very interesting, and begins here with an introduction of the
theory of chemical bonding.
III. ABSTRACTION:
About 200 years ago, organic chemistry was defined as the study of compounds produced by living things like plants and
animals. Organic compounds needed a “Life Force” to be produced. Compounds that were from non-living things like rocks
were referred to as inorganic. All these changed in 1828 with the experiment of Friedrich Wohler. In his laboratory, Wohler
synthesized urea (an organic compound) from ammonium cyanate (an inorganic compound). This marked a turning point in
organic chemistry. It dispelled the belief that organic compounds could only be formed by nature.

Heat
NH4NCO(aq) NH2CONH2
Ammonium cyanate urea

IV.APPLICATION:
1. Characteristics of organic compounds evolved through years. What do think are the properties of carbons
contributed to this changes?
V. ASSESSMENT
A. Explain how the following scientists contributed to the development of organic chemistry:
1) Oparin
2) Miller
3) Romans and Egyptians
4) Lavoiser
5) Wohler
6) Kekule

VI. References:
Francis A. Carey (5th ed.) 2003. Organic Chemistry (Chapters 11 & 12). Boston. Burr Ridge. IL Dubuque. 1A Madison. W1
New York. San Francisco. St. Louis. Bankok. Bogotà. Caracas. Kuala Lumpur Lisbon. London. Madrid. Mexico City.
Milan. Montreal. New Delhi. Santiago. Seoul. Singapore. Sydney. Taipei. Toronto. McGraw Hill, (Publishers).
Raymond Chang, Chemistry 8th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2005.
Robert Tornton Morrison and Robert Neilson Boyd Organic Chemistry Fifth Edition Copyright 1987,1983,1973,1966,1956
McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 12 Copyright 2002
T.W.Graham Solomans John Wiley & Sons Organic Chemistry second edition Copyright 1976,1978,1980

LESSON 2. CHEMICAL BOND

I. LEARNING TASK/OBJECTIVES
A. explain how carbon atoms combine to compounds.
B. understand the special nature of carbon.

II. DFINITION OF TERMS

AUFBAU PRINCIPLE from the German word (Aufbauprinzip), also called the aufbau rule, states that in the
ground state of an atom or ion, electrons fill atomic orbitals of the lowest available energy levels before
occupying higher levels.
ATOMIC THEORY is the scientific theory that matter is composed of particles called atoms. According to this
idea, if one were to take a lump of matter and cut into ever smaller pieces, one would reach a point where the
pieces could not be further cut into anything smaller.
ATOM are the basic units of matter and the defining structure of elements. The term "atom" comes from the
Greek word for indivisible, because it was once thought that atoms were the smallest things in the universe and
could not be divided. We now know that atoms are made up of three particles: protons, neutrons and electrons
which are composed of even smaller particles, such as quarks.
ATOMIC ORBITALS atomic orbitals are the quantum states of the individual electrons in the electron cloud
around a single atom.
ELECTRONS a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the
primary carrier of electricity in solids.
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION also called electronic structure, the arrangement of electrons in energy levels
around an atomic nucleus. In terms of a more refined, quantum-mechanical model, the K–Q shells are
subdivided into a set of orbitals (see orbital), each of which can be occupied by no more than a pair of electrons.
HALOGENS any of the elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine, occupying group VIIA (17) of
the periodic table. They are reactive nonmetallic elements that form strongly acidic compounds with hydrogen
from which simple salts can be made.
NUCLEUS a fundamental arrangement of atoms, as the benzene ring, that may occur in many compounds by
substitution of atoms without a change in structure.
OCTET RULE is a chemical rule of thumb that reflects the observation that main group elements tend to bond in
such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a
noble gas.
VALENCE ELECTRONS is an electron that is associated with an atom, and that can participate in the formation of
a chemical bond; in a single covalent bond, both atoms in the bond contribute one valence electron in order to
form a shared pair. These are located in the outermost energy level of an atom.

III. PRE TEST/DIAGNOSTIC TEST

A. The following elements has the following electronic configuration:
a. Mg - 1s22s22p63s2
b. Al - 1s22s22p63s23p1
c. C - 1s22s22p2
d. P - 1s22s22p63s2 3p2
e. Ne - 1s22s22p6
1. Which of the elements are metals? Which are non-metals?
2. Which elements high tendency to release electrons to become stable?
 3. Which of the elements accept electrons to become stable?
4. Which element is stable?
5. To become stable, how many valence electrons present in the outermost energy level of an atom.
6. What is the atomic number of carbon?
7. How many electrons are needed by carbon atom to become stable?
8. Mg+ has an electronic configuration of 1s22s22p6, which is stable Mg or Mg+? Why?
9. What makes Ne a stable atom?
10. How do carbon atoms become stable?

IV. ACTIVITIES
A. Examine the figure1 and table and table and 2. Answer the questions below.

Figure 1. Lewis or electron dot formula

Table 1. Important data of some representative elements:

ELEMENTS ATOMIC ELECTRON NUMBER OF NUMBER OF ELECTRONS Symbol of stable

NUMBER CONFIGURATION VALENCE RELEASED OR ACCEPT TO ions
ELCTRONS BECOME STABLE

ACCEPT RELEASE
2 1
Lithium (Li) 3 1s 2s 1 1 Li+
Sodium (Na) 11 1s22s22p63s1 1 1 Na+
Beryllium (Be) 4 1s22s2 2 2 Be+2
Magnesium (Mg) 12 1s22s22p63s2 2 2 Mg+2
Boron (B) 5 1s22s22p1 3 3 B+3
Aluminum (Al) 13 1s22s22p63s23p1 3 3 Al+3
Carbon (C) 6 1s22s22p2 4 4 4 C+4 or C-4
Silicon (Si) 14 1s22s22p63s23p2 4 4 4 Si+4or Si-4
Nitrogen (N) 7 1s22s22p3 5 3 N-3
Phosphorous (P) 15 1s22s22p63s23p3 5 3 P-3
Oxygen (O) 8 1s22s22p4 6 2 O-2
Fluorine (F) 9 1s22s22p5 7 1 F-1
Neon (Ne) 10 1s22s22p6 8 0 Ne

Answer the following:

1. What is being represented by the dots around the symbols of the atom in figure 1?
2. Which elements in figure 1 considered as stable?
3. What happen to elements after they accept or release electrons?
4. When do elements become stable?
V. DISCUSSION
 Atomic Theory
o The atomic theory of electrons began in the early 1900s and gained acceptance around 1926 after Heisenberg and
Schroedinger found mathematical solutions to the electronic energy levels found in atoms, the field is now called
quantum mechanics.
o Electrons exist in energy levels that surround the nucleus of the atom.
o The energy of these levels increases as they get farther from the nucleus.
o The energy levels are called shells, and within these shells are other energy levels, called subshells or orbitals.,
that contain up to two electrons.
o The calculations from atomic theory give the following results for electron energy and orbitals.
o The results for the first two energy levels (shells 1 and 2) are the most important for bonding in organic chemistry.
 energy level 1 contains up to two electrons in a spherical orbital called a 1s orbital.
energy level 2 contains up to eight electrons; two in an 2s-orbital and two in each of three orbitals
designated as 2p-orbitals.
The p-orbitals have a barbell type shape and are aligned along the x, y, and z axes.
They are thus called the px, py, and pz orbitals.

energy level 3 contains up to eighteen electrons, two electrons in a 3s orbital, six electrons in the
three 3p orbitals, and ten electrons in the five 3d orbitals.
energy level 4 contains up to thirty-two electrons, two electrons in a 4s-orbital, six electrons in the
three 4p-orbitals, ten electrons in the five 4d-orbitals, and fourteen electrons in the seven 4f-orbitals.
o Electrons fill the lower energy levels first until all of the electrons are used (Aufbau Principle).
o An element contains the number of electrons equal to its atomic number.
o For the first and second row elements the electron configurations are relatively simple
o Electrons fill the lower energy levels first ntil all of the electrons are used (Aufbau Principle).
o An element contains the number of electrons equal to its atomic number.
o For the first and second row elements the electron configurations are relatively simple.

SELF CHECK
The electron configuration of carbon is 1s22s22p2. Carbon complete its octet by sharing electrons and not by forming ions. It shares its
electrons with other carbon atoms forming single, double, and triple bonds. It also shares its electrons and readily forms bonds with
atoms 1. Give the number of electron to be released or gained by the given elements to become stable:
a. Li b. Be c. B d. B e. C f. N g. O h. F
2. What happen to the charge of lithium after the releasing 1 electron? How about fluorine after gaining 1 electron?
3. What is the charge of carbon when it accepts electron?
4. When does carbon atom become positively charge?
5. Carbon is amphoteric substances. Explain.
of other elements like O, H, N and the halogens.
VI. ABSTRACTION
The small radius of carbon allows it to approach another carbon atom closely, giving rise to short and strong covalent bonds
and stable compounds. Because the sp or sp2 hybridized orbitals can approach each other closely, the unhybridized
p orbitals containing unpaired electrons can form pi bond resulting in stronger bonds.
 Carbon can form four covalent bonds. This allows it to form chains (straight, branched or cyclic) in endless arrays.
Carbon can form millions of different compounds. To date, over 20 million organic compounds, both synthetic and natural,
are known compared with only about 100,000 inorganic compounds. Carbon can form more compounds than any other
element in the periodic table.
VII APPLICATION
1. What makes carbon forms millions of different compounds?

VIII. ASSESSMENT
1. Write the electron configuration of Carbon.
2. How are carbon atoms become compound?
3. How many covalent bonds can be formed by carbon?
4. Illustrate how carbon atom formed a single bond, double bond or a triple bond.
IX REFERENCES
Francis A. Carey (5th ed.) 2003. Organic Chemistry (Chapters 11 & 12). Boston. Burr Ridge. IL Dubuque. 1A Madison. W1
New York. San Francisco. St. Louis. Bankok. Bogotà. Caracas. Kuala Lumpur Lisbon. London. Madrid. Mexico City.
Milan. Montreal. New Delhi. Santiago. Seoul. Singapore. Sydney. Taipei. Toronto. McGraw Hill, (Publishers).
Raymond Chang, Chemistry 8th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2005.
Robert Tornton Morrison and Robert Neilson Boyd Organic Chemistry Fifth Edition Copyright 1987,1983,1973,1966,1956
McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 12 Copyright 2002
T.W.Graham Solomans John Wiley & Sons Organic Chemistry second edition Copyright 1976,1978,1980

Key to Pretest
1) Metals (Mg, Al), Nonmetals (C, P, Ne) 2) Mg, Al 3) C, P 4) Ne 5) 8 valence electrons
6) 6 7) 4 8) Mg+2 Mg released 2 electrons to have 8 Valence electrons in the outermost energy level
9) Have already 8 electrons in the last level 10) share four electrons by singly, double or triple

LESSON 3. ELECTRONEGATIVITY
I. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
A. Identify the electronegativity of elements and explain its importance in bond forming.
B. Compare electronegativity of elements.

II. DEFINITION OF TERMS

ALKALI METALS any of the elements lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium, occupying Group
IA (1) of the periodic table. They are very reactive, electropositive, monovalent metals forming strongly alkaline
hydroxides.
ELECTRONEGATIVE (of an element) tending to acquire electrons and form negative ions in chemical reactions.
ELECTROPOSITIVE (of an element) tending to lose electrons and form positive ions in chemical reaction
ELECTRON AFFINITY The electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as the amount of energy released when
an electron is attached to a neutral atom or molecule in the gaseous state to form a negative ion.
HALOGENS any of the elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine, occupying group VIIA (17) of the
periodic table. They are reactive nonmetallic elements that form strongly acidic compounds with hydrogen from
which simple salts can be made.
IONIZATION ENERGY is the minimum amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron of an
isolated neutral gaseous atom or molecule.

III. PRE-TEST/ DIAGNOSTIC

1. Give the number of electron to be released or gained by the given elements to become stable:
a. Li b. Be c. B d. B e. C f. N g. O h. F
2. What happen to the charge of lithium after the releasing 1 electron? How about fluorine after gaining 1 electron?
3. What is the charge of carbon when it accepts electron?
4. When does carbon atom become positively charge?
5. Carbon is amphoteric substances. Explain.

IV. ACTIVITIES
A. Study the figure below:
 Table 1. Electronegativity table of elements
B. Answer the following:
1. Which element has the least electronegativity?
2. Which element is the most electronegative?
3. Describe the trend of electronegativity of elements in the periodic table across the family or group from left to
right.
4. What happen to the trend of electronegativity of elements in the periodic table from top to bottom of the
Of the period.
5. Which has higher electronegativity? Metal or nonmetal?
V. ABSTRACTION
Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself, and generally increases as one moves
from left to the right across the periodic table.

least electronegative most electronegative

Li < Be < B < C < N < O < F

Electronegativity also increases as we go from the bottom to the top of a column in the periodic table.
least electronegative most electronegative
I < Br < Cl < F

 Elements that easily lose electrons and attain a positive charge are called electropositive elements.
 Alkali metals are electropositive elements.
VI. ASSESSMENT (5 points each)
A. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the importance of electronegativity of elements during the bonding of atoms to form a compound?
2. How does the electronegativity of elements related to the strength of the intermolecular force of attraction
which hold atoms together in a compound?
3. How will you explain the increasing trend of electronegativity of elements across the family or groups of
elements in the periodic table?
4. Explain why electronegativity decreases from top to bottom of the period in the periodic table.
5. What will happen to the strength of the bond when a compound is formed by both elements of high
electronegativity?

VII. APPLICATION:
A. Explain why acetone easily evaporates in air even stored in a clear or transparent bottle or container?
VIII. REFERENCES
Francis A. Carey (5th ed.) 2003. Organic Chemistry (Chapters 11 & 12). Boston. Burr Ridge. IL Dubuque. 1A Madison. W1
New York. San Francisco. St. Louis. Bankok. Bogotà. Caracas. Kuala Lumpur Lisbon. London. Madrid. Mexico City.
Milan. Montreal. New Delhi. Santiago. Seoul. Singapore. Sydney. Taipei. Toronto. McGraw Hill, (Publishers).
Raymond Chang, Chemistry 8th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2005.
Robert Tornton Morrison and Robert Neilson Boyd Organic Chemistry Fifth Edition Copyright 1987,1983,1973,1966,1956
McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 12 Copyright 2002
T.W.Graham Solomans John Wiley & Sons Organic Chemistry second edition Copyright 1976,1978,1980
 Key to Pretest

1. a. Li releases 1 e b. Be releases 2 e c. B releases 3 e d. B releases 3 e e. C releases 4 e or gains 4 e

f. N gains 3 e g. O gains 2 e h. F gains 1 e
2. Li becomes Li+ (positive 1 or +1), F becomes F- (negative 1 or -1)
3. Negative 4 or -4 (C-4)
4. releases 4 electrons from its outermost energy level
5. Carbon either release or gain electrons, therefore can act as metal or nonmetal or as an acid or a basic substance,

Prepared by:

GUILBERT R. ALISER
Instructor

Checked by:

NOE B. MEJASCO MSc.

Program Head, BSA

DOLLY ANN D. CARACA, EdD (CAR)

Director, Quality Assurance and General Education

Approved:

LEONARDO E. LACOSTALES, PhD

Dean for Academic Affairs