Science Stages of the Big Bang (5): Atomic Models (4)

Module 1: Formation of the Universe Singularity- point in space/moment in Plum Pudding (JJ Thomson)
Cosmology- origin and eventual fate of the universe time where the universe was hot and electrons surrounded by a volume of positive
Big Bang Theory- universe was formed from an dense charge, like negatively-charged “plums” embedded
infinitely dense and hot core of material Inflation- theory of exponential expansion in a positively-charged “pudding”
Postulates- universe began in a packed state, of space Conceptualized following cathode ray experiments
Nucleosynthesis- process of creating new First model to use idea of subatomic particles
universe is constantly expanding and cooling
atomic nuclei from pre-existing nucleons, Sphere with a uniformly distributed positive charge
Evidences (3):
primarily protons and neutrons and enough embedded electrons to neutralize the
Hubble/Cosmic Expansion
Recombination- epoch at which charged positive charge
discovered by Edwin Hubble and assistant Milton
electrons and protons first becamse Bohr’s Model (Niels Bohr)
Humason in the 1930s
bound to form electrically neutral describing an atom as a small, positively charged
Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)
hydrogen atoms nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in
discovered by George Gamow, Robert Herman, and
Annihilation- reaction in which a particle circular orbits around the positively charged nucleus
Ralph Alpher
and its antiparticle collide and disappear, like planets around the sun in our solar system
Primordial or Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN)
releasing energy explains why electrons don’t fall into the nucleus
Gamow, Herman, and Alpher believed that the high
Cosmic Stages (3): has energy levels or quanta
temperature of the universe is appropriate for
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis electrons travel in defined circular orbits around the
nuclear processes to occur
Formed the light elements (H, He, Li) nucleus
process of producing “light elements” after the Big
Stellar Formation and Evolution has a nucleus
Bang
Formed the elements from Be to Fe has idea of orbitals
Einstein proposed a model of the universe in 1917
Stellar Explosion/Supernova Rutherford’s Model (Ernest Rutherford)
Universe is spatially bound (finite) with unchanging
Formed the elements heavier than Fe proposed that the negatively charged electrons
volume (static isotropic)
Key Processes of Stellar Nucleosynthesis surround the nucleus of an atom
Types of Nuclear Reactions (2):
(2) conceptualized following a-particle experiments
1. Nuclear fission- splitting of a heavy
Nuclear fusion- fuels and powers the stars has a nucleus
nucleus to a lighter nucleus, sustains
Nuclear capture
nuclear weapons and powerplants
Fusion- combining of nuclei to form a Quantum Model (Erwin Schrodinger)
2. Nuclear fusion- reaction through which
bigger and heavier nucleus, its reaction electrons orbit the atom in random ways and
light nuclei combine to form heavier
powers the sun and stars pictures the atom as being surrounded by an
nucleus
Stellar evolution- process by which a star electron cloud containing all the possible places
2 phases reaction to stars
change over the course of time that the electron might be
Atom- smallest unit of matter, composed of
Stellar nucleosynthesis- process by which has idea of orbitals
protons, neutrons, and electrons
the natural abundances of the chemical has a nucleus
Atomic Number- number of protons
elements within stars vary due to nuclear it is difficult to determine the exact location of an
Atomic Mass- sum of the number of protons and
reactions in the cores and overlying electron in an atom
neutrons
mantles of stars
Isotope- atoms with the same atomic
number but different atomic mass
Phase 1: Exothermic Reactions (2) Module 3: Atomos, Aristotle, and Scientific Contributions
Proton-proton chain reaction Alchemy Refined how to crystallize, condense, distill,
Stars convert hydrogen to helium Atomism evaporate, and dissolve metals and materials
Dominates in stars the size of the sun or smaller Leucippus and Democritus Took lots of notes and information about what they
CNO Cycle Most important theorists about the did
(for carbon-nitrogen-oxygen) is one of the sets of natural and physical world Developed step-by-step procedures and specialized
fusion reaction by which convert hydrogen to Idea of atomism set-ups/equipment
heolium Atomism- things are made up of smaller Discovered and investigated the properties of many
Is a catalytic cycle thing that can’t be divided and are now-useful substances such as phosphorus, sulfur,
Phase 2: Burning Phases Involving Heavier Nuclei homogeneous and potash
Helium burning: triple alpha process Non-atomistic views of the Greeks Unscientific Contributions
nucleosynthesis Anaxagoras- infinite number of Used incantations, magic spells, and symbols
Three helium 4-nuclei (alpha particles) are elementary substances Used esoteric symbols connected to astrology and
transformed into carbon Empedocles- everything is made up of religion
Carbon and oxygen burning four unchanging matter: fire, air (all Concerned with riches, purity, immortality, and
Pairs of C and O nuclei fuse to produce Mg, Na, Si, gases), water (all liquids and metals), and spirits
and S earth (all solids) Promoted the Aristotelian concept of the elements
Silicon burning Plato- the four kinds of matter is Scientists and their Contributions
Process whereby Si with Mg and S burn producing composed of geometrical solids (platonic Robert Boyle- verified that atoms exist through his
iron peak elements (Mn, Fe, Ni) solids) divisible into triangles experiment where he used a J-shaped tube made of
Alpha Ladder/Process Growth of alchemy glass
Class of nuclear fusion by which stars convert Science used in the middle ages to change Antoine Lavoisier- law of conservation of mass
helium into heavier elements ordinary metals into gold Joseph Proust- law of definite proportions, which
Binding Energy Arabi/Greek alkimiya “art of transmuting” states that the mass ratio of elements in a chemical
Smallest amount of energy Mesopotamians- techniques to utilize compound is always constant
Main sequence star- star fusing hydrogen in its core, metals like gold and copper; assigned John Dalton- introduced the first “table of
stable balance of outward pressure certain symbols to match metals; made elements” and published the first atomic theory
Red giant star- dying star in the last stages of stellar use of other materials such as dyes, glass, Democritus- first to give an idea of the atomic
evolution paints, and perfumes theory
Supernova- explosion of a star, largest explosion Egyptians- adapted Mesopotamians’ Erwin Schrodinger- proposed the idea of quanta
Types of neutron capture (2) techniques and perfected the use which became the basis for the quantum mechanics
R-Process/Rapid neutron capture Chinese- own processes for metalwork Ernest Rutherford- devised his own model with a
S-Process/Slow neutron capture and ceramic materials; minerals, plants positive nucleus at the center and electrons
Protoscience- “emerging science” or “near science” and substances that could prolong life revolving like planets at a distance around it
Pseudoscience- statements, beliefs, or practices Indians- alchemy (rasayana); perfected Robert Brown- known for his idea of the random
that are claimed to be scientific with no evidence the use of iron and steel; well-known movement of microscopic particles
Western Alchemy manufacturers of dyes, glass, cement,
Became popular in the Western world because of solutions for textiles, and soap
Aristotle’s ideas on the elements Arabs and Muslims- enriched in practice
Alchemists tried to play with the balance of the four and literature of chemistry
elements (fire, water, air, earth) and three principles Jabir Ibn-Hayyan “Geber” translated the
(salt, sulfur, mercury) to transform/transmute practices and came up with the
substances preparation of acids such as nitric,
hydrochloric,