Hydrometeorological

HAZARDS
Reported by Princess Mary Icon Mayola
SIGNS OF IMPENDING
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
Typhoon, Thunderstorm, Flood/Flashflood,
Coastal Storm Surges, El Nino and La Nina
Any idea what
Hydrometeorological Phenomenon
Philippines experienced
based on the previous slides?
 typhoons
Thunderstorm

The Philippines located in the

El Nino
Southeast Asia is considered very
vulnerable in natural hazards and
disasters, which inlcude typhoons, La Nina
earthquakes, floods, volcanic
eruptions, landslides, and fires that
affect the country and its inhabitats.

Flood/Flashflood
 What is
Hydrometeorological
 National Disaster Management Plan of 2016 stated that
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL is a process or phenomenon of
atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature that may
cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property
damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic
disruption, or environmental damage.

Hydrometeorological conditions could lead to other hazards such

as landslide, fires, plagues, epidemic and in transport and
dispersal of toxic substances and volcanic eruption material.
Hydrometeorological Hazards Include:

1. Typhoon
2. Thunderstorm
3. Flood
4. Flashflood
5. Storm Surge
6. El Nino
7. La Nina
SIGNS OF IMPENDING
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
A. Tropical Cyclone.

also called TYPHOON or

HURRICANE, an intense circular
storm that originates over warm
tropical oceans and is
characterized by low
atmospheric pressure, high
winds, and heavy rain.
Philippine Atmospheric
Geophysical and Astronomical
Services Administration
(PAGASA) stated that
WEATHER FORECAST is a
scientific estimate of the
atmosphere at a given time
expressed in terms of the most
significant variables.
In the Philippines, cloudliness,
rainfall and wind are the
weather parameters with
significant variation, and
therefore of interest to the
forecast users.
 How is a Weather Forecast Made?

Weather forecasting is done by a Meteorologist; he/she must know about the

existing weather condition over large area. The accuracy of forecast condition is
based on forecasting tool known as the Weather Map.
 How is a Weather Forecast Made?

Weather forecasting is done by a Meteorologist; he/she must know about the

existing weather condition over large area. The accuracy of forecast condition is
based on forecasting tool known as the Weather Map.

The weather map displays the weather pressure, wind, temperature, and humidity
distribution trends at various atmospheric rates. There are two forms, namely the
surface map and the upper-air maps, of the basic weather map. Weather forecasting
comprises of 5 steps as follow:
1st Step: Observation

2nd Step: Collection and

Transmission of Weather Data

3rd Step: Plotting of Weather Data

4th Step: Analysis of Weather Maps,

Satellite and Radar Imageries and
Other Data

5th Step: Formulation of Forecast

 1st step: observation

A meteorologist forecasts weather decision through surface observation at least

every 3 hours over land and sea, and upper air stations at least every 12 hours.
 1st step: observation

A meteorologist forecasts weather decision through surface observation at least

every 3 hours over land and sea, and upper air stations at least every 12 hours.
Meteorological satelites, geostationary and polar orbiting, take pictures of the cloud
imagery of the atmosphere. These satellites take pictures of the cloud formations of the
earth every hour, and continually, respectively.
 1st step: observation

A meteorologist forecasts weather decision through surface observation at least

every 3 hours over land and sea, and upper air stations at least every 12 hours.
Meteorological satelites, geostationary and polar orbiting, take pictures of the cloud
imagery of the atmosphere. These satellites take pictures of the cloud formations of the
earth every hour, and continually, respectively.
Weather radars are also used to track the position of the atmosphere within radar range.
A numerical weather prediction is fid to the computer which analyzes data as
programmed and makes a time integration of physical equation.
 2nd step: Collection and
Transmission of Weather Data

Collection and Transmission of Weather Data are condensed into coded figures,
symbols and numerals are transmitted via radiophone, teletype, facsimile
machine or telephone to designated collection centers for further transmission to
the central forecasting station. Weather satellite images are transmitted to
receiving stations to the ground while radar measurements are transmitted
through a local communication network to forecast centers.
 3rd Step: Plotting of
Weather Data

Observations on land and sea are plotted on charts of surface or mean sea level,
which are prepared four times a day. Once the coded message have been
received, they are decoded, and each set of observations is plotted over the
respective areas or regions in symbols or numbers on weather charts.
Observations of radiosonde, theodolite, aircraft and satellite wind are plotted on
top-level charts that are prepared twice daily.
 4th Step: Analysis of Weather
Maps, Satellite and Radar
Imageries and Other Data

Current weather maps are analyzed through different weather charts namely SURFACE
(MSL) CHART, where data plotted on this weather map are analyzed isobarically. This
means the same atmospheric pressure at different places are inter- connected with a line
taking into consideration the direction of the wind; UPPER AIR CHARTS, data plotted on
this weather map are analyzed using streamline analysis; NUMERICAL WEATHER
PREDICTION MODEL OUTPUT, the computer-plotted weather maps are analyzed
manually so that weather systems like cyclones and anticyclones are located; and
MONITOR WEATHER CHARTS, plotted cross-section data, rainfall charts and 24 hour
pressure change charts are analyzed to determine wind wave movement, rainfall
distribution and atmospheric pressure behavior.
 5th Step: Formulation of
Forecast

Upon completion of review of all available meteorological information / data, the

preparation of forecasts follows. The first and one of the preliminary steps is to
determine the position of the various weather systems and the actual weather over a
given area as accurately as the data permits.
B. THUNDERSTORM

This is a powerful, short-

lived weather disturbance,
almost always associated
with lightning, thunder,
dense clouds, heavy rain
or hail, and fast, roaring
winds. Thunderstorms
occur when layers of dry,
moist air rise to cooler
regions of the atmosphere
in a broad, rapid updraft.
Thunderstorm forms
through 3 stages known as
CUMULUS STAGE,
MATURE STAGE and
DISSIPATING STAGE.
Cumulus Stage: During the
day, the sun heats up the
earth’s surface, which is
then transferred back into
the atmosphere
(convection). The water
vapor from the heat rises,
cools, and releases the
heat, which then condenses
and forms a cloud. This is
considered the first stage
of a thunderstorm, called
The Development of
Culumus Stage.
Mature Stage: The updraft will
continue to grow to the point
where the cloud can no longer hold
the moisture. At this time,
precipitation begins to fall out of
the cloud. This could be rain, hail,
or grapuel, and a downdraft has
formed. A downdraft is when a
column of downward-pushing air.
The mature stage of the
thunderstorm is when we could see
the storm turn severe. Heavy
rainfall, gusty winds, gust fronts,
frequent lightning, and tornadoes
are seen during this stage of the
thunderstorm.
Dissipating Stage: Eventually, the
storm is overwhelmed by the
amount of precipitation that is
falling out, and the updraft begins
to dissipate, weakening the storm.
The gust front cuts off the warm,
moist air that is feeding the storm.
Tornadoes also tend to dissipate
during this stage due to the cut-off
of energy. Rainfall begins to
decrease. However, the lightning
threat will still be possible.
3 TAGES OF THUNDERSTORM
C. FLOOD & FLASHFLOOD

Flood is a high-water
stage in which water
overflows its natural and
artificial banks onto
normally dry land, such as
river inundating its
floodplain. The effects of
floods on human well-
being range from
unqualified blessings to
catastrophies.
Here are the main types
of flood to look out for:
1. Inland Flooding
2. Flash Flooding
3. River Flooding
4. Coastal Flooding
5. Urban Flooding
1.Inland Flooding

is the technical name

for ordinary flooding
that occurs in inland
areas, hundreds of
miles from the coast.
2. Flash Floods

are caused by the heavy rain or

the sudden release of water
over a short period of time. The
name “flash” refers to their
fast occurrence and also to the
raging torrents of water that
move with great speed.
Flash Floods are also caused
by heavy precipitation in a
short period of time, usually
less than 6 hours.
3. River flooding

occurs when water levels in

rivers, lakes, and streams rise
and overflow onto the
surrounding banks, shores, and
neighboring land.
4. Coastal Flooding

is the inundation of land areas

along the coast by seawater.
5. Urban Flooding

occurs when there is a lack of

drainage in the urban (city)
area.
D. Storm Surge

Storm surge or “Daluyong ng

Bagyo” in the Philippine
system where the irregular
sea-level rise during tropical
cyclone or “bagyo” occurs.
When tropical cyclone
reaches the coast, powerful
winds force the ocean water
over the coastal low-lying
areas, which can lead to
flooding.
STORM SURGE COLOR-CODED WARNING SYSTEM

STORM SURGE EXPECTED HEIGHT ACTION TO BE TAKEN

WARNING LEVEL

Storm surge is
TAKE ACTION 3 meters above CATASTROPHIC.

Storm Surge is
ALARM 1.1 to 3 meters
EXPECTED.

Storm Surge is
ALERT 0.5 to 1 meter
POSSIBLE.

NO ALERT No action
required.
E. El Nino and La Nina
 El Nino

EL NINO means The Little Boy or

Christ Child in Spanish. El Nino
was originally recognized by
fishermen off the coast of South
America in 1600s, with the
appearance of unusually warm
water in the Pacific Ocean. The
name was chosen based on the
time of year (around December)
during which these warm water
events tend to occur.
 La Nina

The term El Nino refers to the

large-scale ocean-atmosphere
climate interaction linked to a
periodic warming in sea
surface temperatures across
the central and east-central
Equatorial Pacific.
 La Nina

LA NINA means The Little

Girl in Spanish. La Nina is
also sometimes called El
Viejo, anti-El Nino, or
simply “a cold event.”

Global climate La Nina

impacts tend to be opposite
those of El Nino impacts. In
the Tropics, ocean
temperature variations in
La Nina also tend to be
opposite those of El Nino.
 El Nino and La Nina Affect Health Conditions

According to the Philippines Department of Health, El Nino effects

health such as diseases related to water scarcity or shortage like
diarrhea and skin diseases; Red Tide Blooms also known as Paralytic
shellfish poisoning and disorders associated with high temperatures:
heat cramps, heat exhaustion, exertional heat injury and heat stroke.
 El Nino and La Nina Affect Health Conditions

According to the Philippines Department of Health, La Nina effects

health through typhoid fever, cholera and hepatitis A; Disease related to
wading in floodwaters contaminated by urine of infected animals, such
as leptospirosis; Disease brought by mosquitoes, such as dengue and
malaria; Accidents and injuries such as contusions, lacerations,
fractures, electrocution.
thank you for
listening!