Heat Dissipation Electrical Insulation Combustion Control Performance Emission Control

Download as docx, pdf, or txt
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 12

MODULE 2

Spark plug:
Spark plugs are what supply the spark that ignites the air/fuel mixture, creating the
explosion which makes your engine produce power. These small but simple plugs create an
arc of electricity across two leads which are not touching, but close enough together that
electricity can jump the gap between them. Your spark plugs, along with the electrical and
timing equipment which powers them, are part of what’s known as your ignition system.

Function:
A spark plug's primary function is to create a spark that ignites the air and fuel mixture in an
engine, which allows the engine to start, accelerate, and change gears. Spark plugs also have
several other functions, including:

Heat dissipation: Helps transfer heat away from the combustion chamber to the engine's
cooling system
Electrical insulation: Prevents unwanted electrical arcing
Combustion control: Affects combustion efficiency and timing
Performance: Contributes to engine performance and power output
Emission control: Affects the reduction of harmful emissions

What is a Supercharger?
A supercharger is an air compressor that increases the pressure of air supplied to an internal
combustion engine. This aids in higher power output as the engine gets more oxygen in
each of its intake cycles and helps it to burn more fuel. Superchargers can be powered
mechanically by means of a belt, shaft, or chain connected to the engine’s crankshaft.
There are two types of superchargers that are available – positive displacement and
dynamic compressors.

To define them in simple terms, the positive displacement superchargers deliver a constant
level of pressure increase at all engine speeds (RPM). On the other hand, Dynamic
Compressor superchargers do not deliver as much pressure at lower speeds but deliver
exponential speed pressure above its threshold.

The main objective of supercharging is to obtain more power by burning a larger amount of
fuel or to reduce the weight and size of the engine for a given power output. It is a method
of increasing the power output of the engine without increasing its weight and size

Clutch:

A clutch is a mechanical device that allows for the transfer of power between two rotating
components, such as an engine and a gearbox. It's used to connect and disconnect the
driving and driven parts in machinery.

When the clutch pedal is pressed, a cable or hydraulic piston pushes on the release
fork, which presses the throw-out bearing against the middle of the diaphragm spring. With
the spring pushed, the clutch disc is then disconnected from the rotating flywheel that is
attached to the engine. When the pedal is released, the disc will engage contact with the
flywheel and transmit the torque from the engine to the rest of the drivetrain.

Function of the Clutch


1. Function of transmitting the torque from the engine to the drivetrain.
2. Smoothly deliver the power from the engine to enable smooth vehicle movement.
3. Perform quietly and to reduce drive-related vibration.
4. Protect the drivetrain when given the inappropriate use. Given the situation, the
Exedy clutch will fail when given the in appropriate use inturn to protect the rest of
the drivetrain, similar to the function of an electric fuse.

What Is Gear?

Gears are one of the most used mechanical components and are widely used in mechanical
transmissions. From small gears for clocks to large gears for ship turbines, it can reliably
transmit power.

The Function of the Gear:

By selecting a combination of different numbers of teeth, an arbitrary and correct speed


ratio can be obtained. Using the increase or decrease of the number of gear combinations,
the position of the mutual relationship between the rotary axes can be freely changed. It
can be used for transmission between various axes such as parallel axes, intersecting axes,
and staggered axes.

What Is a Gearbox?

The gearbox is a kind of speed change device that realizes the speed change effect through
the meshing of large and small gears and has many applications in the speed change of
industrial machinery. The large gear is installed on the low-speed shaft in the gearbox, and a
small gear is installed on the high-speed shaft. Through the meshing and transmission
between the gears, the process of acceleration or deceleration can be completed.

The gearbox bears the force from the wind wheel and the reaction force generated by the
gear transmission and must have enough rigidity to withstand the force and torque, prevent
deformation, and ensure the transmission quality. The design of the gearbox casing should
be carried out by the requirements of the layout arrangement of the power transmission,
processing and assembly conditions, and easy inspection and maintenance. With the
continuous and rapid development of the gearbox industry, more and more industries and
different companies have used gearboxes, and more and more companies have developed
and grown in the gearbox industry.

The gearbox is an important mechanical component that is widely used in wind turbines. Its
main function is to transmit the power generated by the wind wheel under the action of
wind to the generator and make it obtain the corresponding speed. Usually, the rotational
speed of the wind rotor is very low, which is far from the rotational speed required by the
generator to generate electricity.

According to the modular design principle of the unit structure, the gearbox greatly reduces
the types of parts and is suitable for mass production and flexible selection. The spiral bevel
gear and helical gear of the reducer are all made of high-quality alloy steel carburizing and
quenching, the tooth surface hardness is as high as 60±2hrc, and the tooth surface grinding
accuracy is as high as 5-6 grades.

What Does the Gearbox Do?

 Acceleration and deceleration are often referred to as speed change gearboxes.


 Change the transmission direction, such as using two sector gears to transmit the
force vertically to the other rotating shaft.
 Change the torque: Under the same power conditions, the faster the gear rotates,
the smaller the torque on the shaft, and vice versa.
 Clutch function: The purpose of separating the engine from the load can be achieved
by separating the two originally meshed gears. such as brakes, etc.
 Distribute power: For example, one engine can be used to drive multiple slave shafts
through the main shaft of the gearbox, to realize the function of one engine driving
multiple loads.

Road irregularities:

 The daily use of the road infrastructure, continuous changes of weather conditions, and
vehicle’s overweight will produce different road surface wearing pattern.

 In addition, deficient road construction process will eventually lead to road surface
irregularities.

 Nearly 20% accidents are triggered by infrastructure’s condition.

 Potholes, road cracks, unevenness and different friction levels can promote accidents due
to emergency maneuvers.
Need of Suspension:

1. For absorbing shocks and vibration caused due to road irregularities.

2. For transmitting vehicle load to the wheels (Supporting the weight)

3. For maintaining the stability of vehicle (contact of the wheels to ground)

4. For providing cushioning and ride comfort to the passengers

5. For preventing body squat and body dive.

Components of Suspension System:

 Springs, which neutralize the shocks from the road surface (Energy storage)

 Dampers, which act to improve comfort by limiting the free oscillation of the springs.
(Energy Dissipation)

 Stabilizer (sway bar or anti-roll bar), which prevents lateral swaying of the car.

 A linkage system, which acts to hold the above components in place and the control the
longitudinal and lateral movements of the wheels.

Ignition System: The ignition system is a system used to generate a very high voltage from
the car battery and to send it to each sparkplug in turn thereby igniting the fuel-air mixture
in the combustion chamber of the engine.

Types of Ignition System:

1. Magneto ignition system

2. Battery coil ignition system

3. Electronic ignition system

Battery coil ignition system

It is used in passenger cars and light trucks. A Battery Ignition system for four cylinder
engine where the battery supplies the electrical energy. An ignition switch is used to control
the battery current for starting or stopping the engine. The ignition coil transforms the
battery low tension current to high tension current required to produce a spark by jumping
in a spark plug. The distributor delivers the spark to the proper cylinder and incorporates
the mechanical breaker, which opens and closes the primary circuit at exact times. The
various units are connected by electrical wiring. The spark plugs provide the spark in engine
cylinder. The figure shows battery ignition system for a 4-cylinder petrol engine. It mainly
consists of a 6 or 12 volt battery, ammeter, ignition switch, auto-transformer (step up
transformer), contact breaker, capacitor, distributor rotor, distributor contact points, spark
plugs, etc. The ignition system is divided into 2-circuits namely the Primary Circuit and
Secondary Circuit.

Primary Circuit : It consists of 6 or 12 V battery, ammeter, ignition switch, primary


winding it has 200-300 turns of 20 SWG (Sharps Wire Gauge) gauge wire, contact breaker,
capacitor. 53 (ii) Secondary Circuit: It consists of secondary winding. Secondary Ignition
Systems winding consists of about 21000 turns of 40 (S WG) gauge wire. Bottom end of
which is connected to bottom end of primary and top end of secondary winding is
connected to centre of distributor rotor. Distributor rotors rotate and make contacts with
contact points and are connected to spark plugs which are fitted in cylinder heads. Working:
When the ignition switch is closed and engine in cranked, as soon as the contact breaker
closes, a low voltage current will flow through the primary winding. When the contact
breaker opens the contact, the magnetic field begins to collapse. Because of this collapsing
magnetic field, current will be induced in the secondary winding. And because of more turns
of secondary, the voltage goes upto 20000-35000 volts.

This high voltage current is brought to centre of the distributor rotor. Distributor
rotor rotates and supplies this high voltage current to proper stark plug depending upon the
engine firing order. When the high voltage current jumps the spark plug gap, it produces the
spark and the charge is ignited-combustion starts-products of combustion expand and
produce power. When compared to the magneto ignition system, the battery ignition
system is more expensive but at the same time it is very highly reliable as it aids in reliable
sparking..
Bendix Drive Mechanism

Bendix Drive Mechanism is one of the engagement mechanism used in starter motor of IC
engines . It is a type of drive which is used to transfer rotation of starter motor to flywheel.
It is generally an assembly of pinion drive gear on a splined shaft and mounted on the
shaftof the starter motor. There are two types of design inboard and outboard . Generally in
outboard type of Bendix drive the pinion moves away from the starting motor to engage
flywheels and in case of inboard type Bendix drive pinion move towards the starting motor.
Inboard Bendix drive are commonly used whereas outboard are used less as it experiences
bending stress as the shaft is longer compared to inboard and length make it less rigid due
to high bending stress it experiences.

Bendix drive function : Firstly, to start an I. C. Engine there is need of starter motor .The
required forces are generated by starter motor but the motor cannot achieve it requires a
helping mechanisms. This helping mechanism is Bendix drive mechanism . This mechanism
help to transfer motor’s rotation to the flywheel though it cranking up the engine. The
engine get started the Bendix drive disengages the pinion gear with from its mesh with the
flywheel .It ensures the engine rotation does not end up driving the starter motor and
damages it. For electric transfer system Bendix drive performs function as , It transfers the
turning force of starter motor to engine to help the produce the compression cycles.

Bendix drive principle: Inertial pinion Bendix drive : This process can be subdivided into two
phases engagement and disengagement.

Engagement : Firstly, we have turn the ignition switch powers up the starter motor .The
armature winding of an electric machine which carries alterning current. which causes
Bendix drive shaft also to rotate . The weighted pinion gear does not along with does not
rotate immediately. It is loosely attached to the shaft . When the pinion move on the
threaded shaft spring heavy duty which is connected to motor shaft also winds up when the
pinion is reached to the end of it’s travel it gets encountered with a restraining collar . This
collar functioning in preventing in the gear from moving further which locks the shaft which
ultimately results in starter motor rotating the pinion gear. Now, pinion gets mesh in with
the flywheel’s ring gear. Which causes the flywheel to rotate and start the engine. On the
drive head there is heavy spring which helps to absorb the shock of engagement.

Disengagement : As the engine starts, the pinion gear and flywheel cannot stay in mesh. As
it may damage the starter motor. The pinion gear is thrown out of the engagement. The
springs of Bendix drive large and main helps to cushion the pinion in motion mesh to return
to its original position.. It is also very important that pinon gear to disengage from flywheel
when the engine get started.

Transmission system

The transmission system in automobile is a vital component of any vehicle, serving as the
bridge between the engine's power and the wheels that drive the vehicle forward. This
system enables seamless control over the speed and direction of the automobile, allowing it
to navigate various road conditions and terrains. This technology has evolved significantly
over the years, enhancing driving comfort, fuel efficiency, and overall performance from
manual to automatic transmissions.

Components of Transmission System in Automobiles

The transmission system in automobiles consists of essential components that enable the
vehicle to shift gears smoothly. These include the gearbox, clutch, torque converter,
driveshaft, differential, and various sensors, working together to transmit power from the
engine to the wheels, ensuring optimal performance and control.components-of-
transmission-system

Fig 1: Components of transmission system


The transmission system consists of the following components:

Clutch.

Gearbox.

Propeller shaft.

Differential.

Live Axle.

These are discussed in detail below:

Clutch

The clutch is vital in allowing the engine to remain disconnected from the road wheels. It
enables the transfer of rotational motion from the crankshaft to the road wheels only when
prompted by the driver. Operating on the principle of friction, the clutch ensures a gradual
engagement, facilitating a smooth start for the vehicle.

Gearbox

Comprising pairs of gear wheels, the gearbox efficiently transmits motion from the
crankshaft through the clutch at varying speeds. This variation in speed provides the
necessary leverage between the engine and the road wheels, making it adaptable to
different driving conditions and requirements.

Propeller Shaft

The propeller shaft, the third component in the automobile transmission system, bridges
the gap between the gearbox and the differential. It accommodates the substantial distance
between these two components by being slender and lengthy, facilitating the connection.

Differential

One of the key functions of the transmission system is to redirect motion by 90 degrees,
aligning the axis of the propeller shaft with that of the live axle. The differential achieves this
through a wheel arrangement. Additionally, it regulates the speed difference between the
inner and outer wheels during turns.

Live Axle

The live axle, the axle where motion is transferred from the engine's crankshaft, is
responsible for driving the vehicle. In contrast, the other axle, known as the dead axle,
primarily bears the vehicle's weight. While motion is typically directed to the rear axle, it can
be distributed to the front axle or even both, resulting in a four-wheel drive configuration.
Ultimately, the live axle transmits motion to the road wheels, allowing them to rotate and
generate the necessary friction with the road surface for vehicle movement.

Working of Transmission Systems in Automobile

The working of an Automobile transmission System can be understood as:

 The internal combustion engine generates power transmitted to the road wheels
through the rotation of the crankshaft.
 This rotary motion relies on friction between the road and the wheel surface to
move the automobile, a function performed by the transmission system.
 The automobile transmission system comprises various components working
together to smoothly and efficiently transmit crankshaft motion to the road wheels.
 Sudden changes from rest to motion or vice versa are undesirable, necessitating
gradual transmission of crankshaft motion and the ability to engage it only when
desired.
 Crankshaft rotary motion generates torque, which, when transmitted to the road
wheels, produces tractive effort, propelling the vehicle.
 Starting from rest requires a substantial tractive effort, often exceeding the engine's
torque output, thus requiring leverage between the engine and road wheels.
 Varying this leverage is essential, as using the same leverage for climbing and level
roads would limit maximum speed.
 On well-maintained roads, a comfortable cruising speed for a car is typically around
50 kilometers per hour, necessitating a significant reduction in engine speed by the
transmission system.

Power transmission in HEV

Parallel hybrid systems have both an internal combustion engine and an electric
motor that can both individually drive the car or both coupled up jointly giving drive. This is
the most common hybrid system as of 2016.

If they are joined at an axis (in parallel), the speeds at this axis must be identical and
the supplied torques will add together (most electric bicycles are of this type). When only
one of the two sources is in use, the other must be connected via a one-way clutch or
freewheel so it can rotate freely.

With cars the two sources may be applied to the same shaft (for example with the
electric motor connected between the engine and transmission), turning at equal speed and
the torques adding up with the electric motor adding or subtracting torque to the system as
necessary. (The first two generations of Honda Insight use this system.)
Parallel hybrids can be further categorized by the balance between the different
motors are at providing motive power: the ICE may be dominant (engaging the electric
motor only in specific circumstances) or vice versa; while in others can run on the electric
system alone but because current parallel hybrids are unable to provide electric-only or
internal combustion-only modes they are often categorized as mild hybrids (see below).

Parallel hybrids rely more on regenerative braking and the ICE can also act as a
generator for supplemental recharging. This makes them more efficient in urban 'stop-and-
go' conditions. They use a smaller battery pack than other hybrids. Honda's early Insight,
Civic, and Accord hybrids using IMA are examples of production parallel hybrids.[2] General
Motors Parallel Hybrid Truck (PHT) and BAS Hybrids such as the Saturn Vue and Aura
Greenline and Chevrolet Malibu hybrids also employ a parallel hybrid architecture.

A Supplemental Restraint System (SRS)

A Supplemental Restraint System (SRS) is a car's safety system that helps protect the driver
and front passenger's head and chest in a collision. SRS systems include airbags and other
features that monitor and control the functioning of seat belts and airbags.

Here are some things to know about SRS systems:

How they work


When a collision occurs, the SRS triggers a gas-generator module that inflates the
airbags. The airbags act as a cushion to prevent passengers from getting injured or going
through the windshield.
How they compare to seat belts
SRS systems are designed to work in addition to seat belts, which restrain the passenger's
torso.
How they are tested
Airbags are tested every time the car is turned on.
What to do if the SRS light is on
If the SRS light is on, the Airbag Control Unit has disabled the system and the airbags will
not deploy in an accident. A mechanic can adjust the airbag sensor to determine the
problem.
History
The original airbag design was developed in 1952, and vehicle airbag systems became
common in the early 1970s

SRS Airbags (or Supplemental Restraint System Airbags) are used to offer an
individual protection beyond the seatbelt in the event of a collision. Read ahead to learn
more about them and how they work.

In the event of a crash, the supplemental restraint system will tell the airbag to go off and
open. Airbags will help to prevent the driver and/or passenger from going through the
windshield.

The airbag itself gets tested every time you turn on your car. A light should go on and then
switch back off if the airbag is working properly. If not, the light will remain on. While you
can still drive your vehicle if the light remains on, your airbag won’t work and you run the
risk of getting seriously injured in the event of an accident. Ensure that you go get it fixed as
soon as possible.

Even though SRS airbags are more expensive than regular airbags, nothing is more
important than the safety of yourself and others when you’re driving. Therefore, it’s worth
investing in a better quality airbag and if makes everyone around you safe and alive.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy