PTA by Laws
PTA by Laws
PREAMBLE
ARTICLE I
SECTION 1.
The name of the Association shall be known as Jabonga National High School
Parents-Teachers Association of herein referred to as JNHS-PTA.
SECTION 2.
The office of the JNHS-PTA shall be at Jabonga National High School campus,
Jabonga, Agusan del Norte.
ARTICLE II
THE OBJECTIVES
SECTION 1.
To work for the general concern and welfare of the students by:
ARTICLE III
SECTION 1.
SECTION 2.
All teachers of the Sta. Rita National High School shall automatically become
members of the Association.
The incumbent principal of the school shall serve as the adviser of the Association.
SECTION 3.
Membership fee which is the PTA fee shall be fixed by the Board which shall be
paid by every member during the enrolment period.
ARTICLE IV
SECTION 1.
SECTION 2.
The parent/guardian members of the Executive Board shall be elected from the
Year Level for a term of two (2) years and their election shall be managed by a non-
partisan Committee on Elections composed of three (3) members, as determined by
the Board provided that they themselves shall not be candidate for the Board.
SECTION 3.
The elected eight (8) parent/guardian members and seven (7) teachers shall elect
from among themselves the officers of the Executive Board.
SECTION 4.
The following appointive positions are: Assistant Secretary, Asst. Treasurer, Board
Members who shall compose of five (5) active parent/guardian members.
SECTION 5.
The seven (7) teachers shall be elected by the Year Level Council who shall serve
likewise for a period of two years. Each teacher should at least be a representative
of each year level.
SECTION 6.
The Assistant Secretary and Treasurer shall be appointed by the Board while the
President of the Board shall be under his discretionary power to appoint at least five
(5) past active and qualified members who have helped the Association in all its
undertakings.
SECTION 7.
SECTION 8.
ARTICLE V
THE OFFICERS
SECTION 1.
The Executive Board who shall be elected by the Year Level Council officers
through secret ballot shall elect from among themselves the set of officers as
referred hereto in Article IV, Section 3.
SECTION 2.
The election of the Board shall be held on the first General Assembly every a years.
On the other hand, lower organs: Homeroom and Year Level Councils shall serve
one (1) year term of office.
Prior to the election of the Board, lower organizations shall have been organized,
hence, Homeroom Council Officers must have been elected following the election of
the Year Level Council. All elected Homeroom PTA Chairman and Secretaries shall
convene to elect the Officers of the Year Level Council by show of hands.
The Year Level Council Officers shall elect the numbers of the Executive Board
through secret ballot.
SECTION 3.
All officers both in the Supreme Council and lower organs may be re-elected until
such disqualification occurs.
ARTICLE VI
SECTION 1.
The President
SECTION 2.
Act as the President in the absence of the Chief Executive of the Association.
Coordinate upon the request of the President, the operation of the working
committees.
Perform such other duties the Board my delegate.
SECTION 3.
The Secretary
The Treasurer
Be the overall custodian of all funds, real properties and other assets of the
Association.
Collect and receive all dues, contributions, donations and other grants or
similar nature and deposit the same in the official depositing bank of the
Association.
Prepare the present annual financial report of the Association or as the cases
may be.
Take care of the petty cash funds. He/She shall inform the Board of a
depleted petty cash for replenishment after a proper liquidation process shall
have been made.
Act as Treasurer in the absence of the latter.
Perform such other duties the Association may delegate.
SECTION 5.
Assist the President in the short and long range planning of the activities of
the Association.
Take charge of the initial preparation and ground work of any undertakings,
projects or activities of the association including negotiations, supervision and
operation.
Assist the Board in the preparation of the budgetary outlay pf all the projects.
Prepare such other duties the Board may delegate.
SECTION 6.
The Auditor
The Auditor shall have the following duties:
Examine personally and verify the books of accounts of the Association and
submit his findings to the Board annually or as the case may be.
Pre-audit disbursement from the funds of the Association.
Suspend or withhold payments of accounts incurred not in accordance with
the expressed policy of the Board.
Certify the correctness of any of the financial report of the treasurer.
Perform such other duties the Board my delegate.
SECTION 7.
Oversee all efforts for the promotion of goodwill between the association and
the public.
Be in charge of all matters requiring media attention, press release and
publication.
Act as the editor-in-chief of the official publication/newsletter of the
Association.
Perform such other duties the Board my assign.
SECTION 8.
Keep and maintain peace and order during the meetings and in other
activities of the Association.
Be responsible for the security and welfare of the members of the
Association.
Perform such other duties the Board may delegate.
SECTION 9.
Carry out task with utmost integrity, honesty and diligently on the committees
where he is designated.
Support in the implementation of the policies, rules, and regulations and
undertakings of the Association.
Perform such other duties the Board may assign.
ARTICLE VII
SECTION 1.
The association have shall funds which shall be derived from annual membership
fees, collected from each student once every year and their earned interest from the
bank, solicited money and other contributions or donations from other sources
including proceeds from fund raising activities.
All funds collected shall be deposited in a reputable bank appointed by the Board.
SECTION 2.
All funds, real properties and other assets of the Association shall be held and
maintained in the name of the same.
SECTION 3.
The funds of the Association shall be appropriated and allocated only for the
following purposes: administration, programs, and projects, equipment’s and
overhead.
SECTION 4.
SECTION 5.
All disbursements from the bank account of the Association or certificate of deposits
shall require the signature of the President, the Treasurer and the Auditor.
ARTICLE VIII
THE MEETINGS AND QUORUM
SECTION 1.
The Supreme Council shall hold its regular meeting every last Sunday of the month.
SECTION 2.
The Homeroom Council and Year Level shall hold regular meeting at least once a
month.
SECTION 3.
The General Assembly, which by definition comprises all elected officers both in the
Supreme Council and lower organs may be called by the President of the Board at
any time deemed necessary.
Special meeting of the Executive Board may be convened anytime by the President
as the need arises. Otherwise, at least five members of the Board may request in
writing for a meeting, expressing thereof the purpose of which request shall be
coursed through the Secretary of the Association.
SECTION 4.
At any meeting of the Board, at least majority of all the members present shall
constitute a quorum. However, the presence of five (5) Board Members and seven
(7) members of the Executive Board is deemed a majority.
ARTICLE IX
SECTION 1.
ARTICLE X
THE COMMITTEES
SECTION 1.
The Association shall have its own standing committees to be headed by the
members of the Board duly appointed by the President. Other committees may be
created from time to time for purposes of expediency and to facilitate the attainment
of the objectives of the Association.
SECTION 2.
The committee on Internal and External Affairs. This committee shall attend to the
matters related to school policies and problems interfering in classroom instructions
and spoiling the tranquil rapport among students, teachers, and parents. Likewise, it
attempts to promote and maintain a healthy community relation with other sectors.
This shall be chaired by the President of the Board.
The committee on Ways and Means. This committee shall be the “Think Tank” of
the Association. It shall design scheme for generation revenues and completion of
undertakings and projects. Likewise, its shall coordinate activities with other
committees. The Business Manager shall spearhead the committee.
The committee of Finance. This committee shall be the guardian of the coffers of
the Association. Budgeting plans and expenditures shall pass upon it for security
and analysis for any venture the Association may enter into. It shall check the cash
flow from within and without and determine the constant financial viability of the
Association in its general operation. This shall be headed by the Auditor of the
Board.
ARTICLE XI
SECTION 1.
Any member of the Board or the general assembly who commits any act of
dishonesty, decent or any infraction of the Constitution and By Laws shall be dealt
with disciplinary action as determined by the Board.
SECTION 2.
Any member of the Board who without valid or justifiable reason absents
himself/herself in any three (3) consecutive meetings of the Board shall be
disqualified from the Board.
BY LAWS
ARTICLE I
THE OFFICE
SECTION 1.
The office of the Association shall be located at the Holy Angel University, Angeles
City, Philippines.
ARTICLE II
THE LOGO
SECTION 1.
ARTICLE III
SECTION 1.
That it should be responsive and concerned to the welfare of its members and
students in promoting and protecting their rights to attain better quality education.
That democratic process pursues the interest of members. Hence, dialogues and
consultations are encouraged.
That better quality of education can only be acquired through the joint efforts of the
school and home.
ARTICLE IV
Every member of the Association shall have the following rights and privileges:
Participate fully and freely in all meetings of the respective homeroom PTA’s
and other activities of the Association.
Be kept informed of the program and projects and other undertakings of the
association.
SECTION 2.
All members shall have the right to vote in the election of the officers of homeroom
PTA’s and in the ratification of the Constitution and By-Laws and amendments
thereto and in an other electoral proceedings requiring their direct participation.
ARTICLE V
SECTION 1.
Uphold and obey the provisions of the Constitution and By Laws of the
Association.
Attend and actively participate in all activities, programs and undertakings of
the Association requiring their presence, and
Pay all dues and assessment of fees promptly.
SECTION 2.
All members shall perform such other duties and responsibilities which may be
promulgated from time to time by the Board.
ARTICLE VI
SECTION 1.
SECTION 2.
The Association shall be held responsible to establish and maintain the relationship
between and among teachers and parents and students as well.
SECTION 3.
For the purpose of their Constitution and By Laws, the following general terms are
hereby referred to:
SECTION 4.
The name of the guardian shall reflect in the registration card and other document
reiterative to the records of the student concern.
ARTICLE VII
SECTION 1.
ARTICLE VIII
The association shall adopt the school year for its fiscal year.
ARTICLE IX
THE AMENDMENTS
SECTION 1.
ARTICLE X
SECTION 1.
Upon the ratification of this Constitution and By Laws, the Board shall be
automatically the first officer of the Association.
ARTICLE XI
THE EFFECTIVITY
SECTION 1.
This Constitution and By Laws shall take effect upon the ratification of the officer-
representatives of the Supreme Council and lower organs.
Membership is open to anyone who believes in the mission and purposes of the
Parent Teacher Association. Individual members may belong to any number of
PTAs and pay dues in each. Every person who joins a local PTA automatically
becomes a member of both the state and national PTAs.
Together we are a powerful voice for children. With your help, we can continue to
work toward PTA's goal of a quality education and nurturing environment for every
child.
PTA Vision: What the future will look like if PTA accomplishes its mission.
Making every child's potential a reality.
Respect: We value our colleagues and ourselves. We expect the same high quality
of effort and thought from ourselves as we do from others.
Inclusivity: We invite the stranger and welcome the newcomer. We value and seek
input from as wide a spectrum of viewpoints and experiences as possible.
Integrity: We act consistently with our beliefs. When we err, we acknowledge the
mistake and seek to make amend
PTA Vision
PTA’s Mission
PTA is
Speaking on behalf of children and youth in the schools, in the community, and
before governmental bodies and other organizations that make decisions affecting
children;
Supporting parents* in developing skills to raise, protect and advocate for their
children; and
*Parent may include adults who play an important role in a child’s family life since
other adults (grandparents, aunts, uncles, or guardians) may carry the primary
responsibility for a child’s health, welfare, education and safety.
The Washington State PTA Strategic Plan identifies the following Strategic
Objectives as steps toward achieving the Association’s mission and vision.
Strategic Objectives
We will tell the “PTA Story” to our members and the public
For a long time, black women felt that the PTA did not reflect their concerns
about education. They often formed parallel organizations that they felt better
reflected their positions regarding their children's educations. Black parents had a
real struggle because most schools in those days were segregated, and the black
educational experience was markedly inferior to the white educational experience.
Black mothers really needed to work to elevate the qualities of the schools their
children were attending, and it wasn't until sometime in the 1920's when the PTA
became truly national that they found the movement worth their while to support.
School administrators initially were very receptive to the PTA and the involvement
of mothers in their children's educations. Gradually, however, a tension developed
between the predominantly male administrators and school board members, and the
predominantly female membership of the PTA as the PTA wanted to get involved in
not only the social welfare of the students, but in the educational content of
programs. Beyond considering such issues as whether hot lunches should be
available to their children, women began to want to influence issues such as when
reading should begin and what textbooks should be used. The male administrators
resisted this extension of the PTA's work, viewing it as women meddling in
something they didn't have the right or natural ability to think about. School
administrators tried to limit the focus of the mothers during this era of the PTA.
Butterworth, J.E. (1929). The parent-teacher association and its work. The
Macmillan Company: New York.
Holbeck, E.S. (1934). An analysis of the activities and potentialities for achievement
of the parent-teacher association with recommendations. Teachers College,
Columbia University: New York.
Senese, D.J. (2003). The politics of the PTA. The Journal of Social, Political, and
Economic Studies, 28, 115-117.
Woyshner, C. (2003). Race, gender, and the early PTA: Civic engagement and
public education, 1897-1924. Teachers College Record, 105, 520-544.
Parents-Teachers Association
PREAMBLE
ARTICLE I
SECTION 1.
The name of the Association shall be known as Jabonga National High School
Parents-Teachers Association of herein referred to as JNHS-PTA.
SECTION 2.
The office of the JNHS-PTA shall be at Jabonga National High School campus,
Jabonga, Agusan del Norte.
ARTICLE II
THE OBJECTIVES
SECTION 1.
The Objectives of the Association shall be:
To work for the general concern and welfare of the students by:
ARTICLE III
SECTION 1.
SECTION 2.
All teachers of the Jabonga National High School shall automatically become
members of the Association.
The incumbent principal of the school shall serve as the adviser of the Association.
SECTION 3.
Membership fee which is the PTA fee shall be fixed by the Board which shall be
paid by every member during the enrolment period.
ARTICLE IV
SECTION 1.
The parent/guardian members of the Executive Board shall be elected from the
Year Level for a term of two (2) years and their election shall be managed by a non-
partisan Committee on Elections composed of three (3) members, as determined by
the Board provided that they themselves shall not be candidate for the Board.
SECTION 3.
The elected eight (8) parent/guardian members and seven (7) teachers shall elect
from among themselves the officers of the Executive Board.
SECTION 4.
The following appointive positions are: Assistant Secretary, Asst. Treasurer, Board
Members who shall compose of five (5) active parent/guardian members.
SECTION 5.
The seven (7) teachers shall be elected by the Year Level Council who shall serve
likewise for a period of two years. Each teacher should at least be a representative
of each year level.
SECTION 6.
The Assistant Secretary and Treasurer shall be appointed by the Board while the
President of the Board shall be under his discretionary power to appoint at least five
(5) past active and qualified members who have helped the Association in all its
undertakings.
SECTION 7.
SECTION 8.
ARTICLE V
THE OFFICERS
SECTION 1.
The Executive Board who shall be elected by the Year Level Council officers
through secret ballot shall elect from among themselves the set of officers as
referred hereto in Article IV, Section 3.
SECTION 2.
The election of the Board shall be held on the first Sunday of July, 8:00 o’clock in
the morning at Holy Angel University every after two years. On the other hand,
lower organs: Homeroom and Year Level Councils shall serve one (1) year term of
office.
Prior to the election of the Board, lower organizations shall have been organized,
hence, Homeroom Council Officers must have been elected following the election of
the Year Level Council. All elected Homeroom PTA Chairman and Secretaries shall
convene to elect the Officers of the Year Level Council by show of hands.
The Year Level Council Officers shall elect the numbers of the Executive Board
through secret ballot.
SECTION 3.
All officers both in the Supreme Council and lower organs may be re-elected until
such disqualification occurs.
ARTICLE VI
SECTION 1.
The President
SECTION 2.
Act as the President in the absence of the Chief Executive of the Association.
Coordinate upon the request of the President, the operation of the working
committees.
Perform such other duties the Board my delegate.
SECTION 3.
The Secretary
SECTION 4.
The Treasurer
Be the overall custodian of all funds, real properties and other assets of the
Association.
Collect and receive all dues, contributions, donations and other grants or
similar nature and deposit the same in the official depositing bank of the
Association.
Prepare the present annual financial report of the Association or as the cases
may be.
Take care of the petty cash funds. He/She shall inform the Board of a
depleted petty cash for replenishment after a proper liquidation process shall
have been made.
Act as Treasurer in the absence of the latter.
Perform such other duties the Association may delegate.
SECTION 5.
Assist the President in the short and long range planning of the activities of
the Association.
Take charge of the initial preparation and ground work of any undertakings,
projects or activities of the association including negotiations, supervision and
operation.
Assist the Board in the preparation of the budgetary outlay pf all the projects.
Prepare such other duties the Board may delegate.
SECTION 6.
The Auditor
Examine personally and verify the books of accounts of the Association and
submit his findings to the Board annually or as the case may be.
Pre-audit disbursement from the funds of the Association.
Suspend or withhold payments of accounts incurred not in accordance with
the expressed policy of the Board.
Certify the correctness of any of the financial report of the treasurer.
Perform such other duties the Board my delegate.
SECTION 7.
Oversee all efforts for the promotion of goodwill between the association and
the public.
Be in charge of all matters requiring media attention, press release and
publication.
Act as the editor-in-chief of the official publication/newsletter of the
Association.
Perform such other duties the Board my assign.
SECTION 8.
Keep and maintain peace and order during the meetings and in other
activities of the Association.
Be responsible for the security and welfare of the members of the
Association.
Perform such other duties the Board may delegate.
SECTION 9.
Carry out task with utmost integrity, honesty and diligently on the committees
where he is designated.
Support in the implementation of the policies, rules, and regulations and
undertakings of the Association.
Perform such other duties the Board may assign.
ARTICLE VII
SECTION 1.
The association have shall funds which shall be derived from annual membership
fees, collected from each student once every year and their earned interest from the
bank, solicited money and other contributions or donations from other sources
including proceeds from fund raising activities.
All funds collected shall be deposited in a reputable bank appointed by the Board.
SECTION 2.
All funds, real properties and other assets of the Association shall be held and
maintained in the name of the same.
SECTION 3.
The funds of the Association shall be appropriated and allocated only for the
following purposes: administration, programs, and projects, equipment’s and
overhead.
SECTION 4.
SECTION 5.
All disbursements from the bank account of the Association or certificate of deposits
shall require the signature of the President, the Treasurer and the Auditor.
ARTICLE VIII
SECTION 1.
The Supreme Council shall hold its regular meeting every last Sunday of the month.
SECTION 2.
The Homeroom Council and Year Level shall hold regular meeting at least once a
month.
SECTION 3.
The General Assembly, which by definition comprises all elected officers both in the
Supreme Council and lower organs may be called by the President of the Board at
any time deemed necessary.
Special meeting of the Executive Board may be convened anytime by the President
as the need arises. Otherwise, at least five members of the Board may request in
writing for a meeting, expressing thereof the purpose of which request shall be
coursed through the Secretary of the Association.
SECTION 4.
At any meeting of the Board, at least majority of all the members present shall
constitute a quorum. However, the presence of five (5) Board Members and seven
(7) members of the Executive Board is deemed a majority.
ARTICLE IX
SECTION 1.
ARTICLE X
THE COMMITTEES
SECTION 1.
The Association shall have its own standing committees to be headed by the
members of the Board duly appointed by the President. Other committees may be
created from time to time for purposes of expediency and to facilitate the attainment
of the objectives of the Association.
SECTION 2.
The committee on Internal and External Affairs. This committee shall attend to the
matters related to school policies and problems interfering in classroom instructions
and spoiling the tranquil rapport among students, teachers, and parents. Likewise, it
attempts to promote and maintain a healthy community relation with other sectors.
This shall be chaired by the President of the Board.
The committee on Ways and Means. This committee shall be the “Think Tank” of
the Association. It shall design scheme for generation revenues and completion of
undertakings and projects. Likewise, its shall coordinate activities with other
committees. The Business Manager shall spearhead the committee.
The committee of Finance. This committee shall be the guardian of the coffers of
the Association. Budgeting plans and expenditures shall pass upon it for security
and analysis for any venture the Association may enter into. It shall check the cash
flow from within and without and determine the constant financial viability of the
Association in its general operation. This shall be headed by the Auditor of the
Board.
ARTICLE XI
SECTION 1.
Any member of the Board or the general assembly who commits any act of
dishonesty, decent or any infraction of the Constitution and By Laws shall be dealt
with disciplinary action as determined by the Board.
SECTION 2.
Any member of the Board who without valid or justifiable reason absents
himself/herself in any three (3) consecutive meetings of the Board shall be
disqualified from the Board.
BY LAWS
ARTICLE I
THE OFFICE
SECTION 1.
The office of the Association shall be located at the Holy Angel University, Angeles
City, Philippines.
ARTICLE II
THE LOGO
SECTION 1.
ARTICLE III
SECTION 1.
That it should be responsive and concerned to the welfare of its members and
students in promoting and protecting their rights to attain better quality education.
That democratic process pursues the interest of members. Hence, dialogues and
consultations are encouraged.
That better quality of education can only be acquired through the joint efforts of the
school and home.
ARTICLE IV
SECTION 1.
Every member of the Association shall have the following rights and privileges:
Participate fully and freely in all meetings of the respective homeroom PTA’s
and other activities of the Association.
Be kept informed of the program and projects and other undertakings of the
association.
SECTION 2.
All members shall have the right to vote in the election of the officers of homeroom
PTA’s and in the ratification of the Constitution and By-Laws and amendments
thereto and in an other electoral proceedings requiring their direct participation.
ARTICLE V
SECTION 1.
Uphold and obey the provisions of the Constitution and By Laws of the
Association.
Attend and actively participate in all activities, programs and undertakings of
the Association requiring their presence, and
Pay all dues and assessment of fees promptly.
SECTION 2.
All members shall perform such other duties and responsibilities which may be
promulgated from time to time by the Board.
ARTICLE VI
SECTION 2.
The Association shall be held responsible to establish and maintain the relationship
between and among teachers and parents and students as well.
SECTION 3.
For the purpose of their Constitution and By Laws, the following general terms are
hereby referred to:
SECTION 4.
The name of the guardian shall reflect in the registration card and other document
reiterative to the records of the student concern.
ARTICLE VII
SECTION 1.
SECTION 1.
The association shall adopt the school year for its fiscal year.
ARTICLE IX
THE AMENDMENTS
SECTION 1.
ARTICLE X
SECTION 1.
Upon the ratification of this Constitution and By Laws, the Board shall be
automatically the first officer of the Association.
ARTICLE XI
THE EFFECTIVITY
SECTION 1.
This Constitution and By Laws shall take effect upon the ratification of the officer-
representatives of the Supreme Council and lower organs.
Membership is open to anyone who believes in the mission and purposes of the
Parent Teacher Association. Individual members may belong to any number of
PTAs and pay dues in each. Every person who joins a local PTA automatically
becomes a member of both the state and national PTAs.
Together we are a powerful voice for children. With your help, we can continue to
work toward PTA's goal of a quality education and nurturing environment for every
child.
PTA Vision: What the future will look like if PTA accomplishes its mission.
Making every child's potential a reality.
Respect: We value our colleagues and ourselves. We expect the same high quality
of effort and thought from ourselves as we do from others.
Inclusivity: We invite the stranger and welcome the newcomer. We value and seek
input from as wide a spectrum of viewpoints and experiences as possible.
Integrity: We act consistently with our beliefs. When we err, we acknowledge the
mistake and seek to make amend
PTA Vision
PTA’s Mission
PTA is
Speaking on behalf of children and youth in the schools, in the community, and
before governmental bodies and other organizations that make decisions affecting
children;
Supporting parents* in developing skills to raise, protect and advocate for their
children; and
*Parent may include adults who play an important role in a child’s family life since
other adults (grandparents, aunts, uncles, or guardians) may carry the primary
responsibility for a child’s health, welfare, education and safety.
The Washington State PTA Strategic Plan identifies the following Strategic
Objectives as steps toward achieving the Association’s mission and vision.
Strategic Objectives
We will tell the “PTA Story” to our members and the public
For a long time, black women felt that the PTA did not reflect their concerns
about education. They often formed parallel organizations that they felt better
reflected their positions regarding their children's educations. Black parents had a
real struggle because most schools in those days were segregated, and the black
educational experience was markedly inferior to the white educational experience.
Black mothers really needed to work to elevate the qualities of the schools their
children were attending, and it wasn't until sometime in the 1920's when the PTA
became truly national that they found the movement worth their while to support.
School administrators initially were very receptive to the PTA and the involvement
of mothers in their children's educations. Gradually, however, a tension developed
between the predominantly male administrators and school board members, and the
predominantly female membership of the PTA as the PTA wanted to get involved in
not only the social welfare of the students, but in the educational content of
programs. Beyond considering such issues as whether hot lunches should be
available to their children, women began to want to influence issues such as when
reading should begin and what textbooks should be used. The male administrators
resisted this extension of the PTA's work, viewing it as women meddling in
something they didn't have the right or natural ability to think about. School
administrators tried to limit the focus of the mothers during this era of the PTA.
Butterworth, J.E. (1929). The parent-teacher association and its work. The
Macmillan Company: New York.
Holbeck, E.S. (1934). An analysis of the activities and potentialities for achievement
of the parent-teacher association with recommendations. Teachers College,
Columbia University: New York.
Senese, D.J. (2003). The politics of the PTA. The Journal of Social, Political, and
Economic Studies, 28, 115-117.
Woyshner, C. (2003). Race, gender, and the early PTA: Civic engagement and
public education, 1897-1924. Teachers College Record, 105, 520-544.