CHAPTER I

Background of the study

Time is the single resources that can’t be changed, can’t be taken

back once it is used and is used completely at the appreciation of the

owner. Time is a precious resource, and for students, especially those

juggling work and studies, managing it effectively is crucial for success.

We all have the same 24 hours in a day, but how we use that time can

make a huge difference in our lives. Time management has also been

defined as a form of self-management with a clear emphasis on time in

understanding what activities to do; how to do them more efficiently; in

what time it should be done and when is the correct time to the particular

activity (Savino, 2016).

For students, good time management skills are essential for

reducing stress, improving productivity, and achieving their academic

goals. Knowing how to prioritize tasks, set realistic goals, and manage

their time wisely can help students stay on top of their studies and avoid

feeling overwhelmed. In addition Planning is also a part of time

management. Long range planning and short-range planning have a

significant positive influence on academic performance and that they are

statistically significant and have a direct effect(Dahie and Mohamed et. Al

2016).

Effective time management is crucial for learners who are engaged

in many organizational activities especially working students in order to

efficiently allocate their time. Amidst the demanding business activities,

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students must use their time wisely by balancing their daily tasks and

prioritizing their necessities. Prioritizing academic activities is a must,

student must know what to do and when to do it because it is a significant

predictor of a better academic performance to students (Sayari et. Al

2017).

The number of students working while studying has been increasing.

Many students choose to work to reduce debt, gain valuable work

experience, and contribute to their own financial independence. While

working can offer benefits like developing responsibility and confidence, it

can also create challenges for students trying to balance their studies,

work, and personal lives.

Thus, every learner specially the working students should be

familiar with the art of time management for the benefit of success.

Finding a balance between work and studies is crucial for success.

Working students need to be especially mindful of their time management

skills to ensure they can dedicate enough time to their studies and

maintain good academic performance.

This study focuses on the impact of time management to the

academic performance among senior high school working students. The

findings will provide valuable insights for educators, researchers, and

students themselves, helping them develop strategies to support the

academic success of working students.

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Statement of the Problem

The study aims to investigate the impact of time management to

the academic performance of working students at Bato National High

School. Specifically this seek to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1Academic Performance ;

1.2Academic Track;

1.3Number of hours worked?

2. Is there a significant difference between academic track and

academic performance of working students?

3. Is there a significant relationship between number of hours

worked and academic performance of working students?

4. What is the time management of working students?

5. Is there a significant relationship between the time management

and academic performance of working students ?

Significance of the Study

The study aims to provide knowledge and insight in regard to the

chosen topic that is expected to benefit and give importance to the

following:

Researchers. This study provides valuable insights into the relationship

between time management skills and academic performance. It helps

researchers understand the challenges faced by working students and the

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strategies that can enhance their performance, contributing to the field of

education and student support.

Working Student. The study is crucial for working students as it

highlights effective time management techniques that can help them

balance work responsibilities and academic requirements. It offers

practical tools for optimizing their schedules, reducing stress, and

improving academic outcomes.

Parents. The study helps parents understand the difficulties that students

face in managing time between work and school. With this knowledge,

they can better support their children, encouraging habits that promote a

healthier balance and academic success.

Schools. Schools can use the findings of this study to develop and

enhance support programs for working students, such as training in time

management or personalized academic counselling. It also aids schools in

understanding the unique needs of working students, helping create a

more inclusive and supportive learning environment.

Future Researchers. This study serves as a foundation for further

research on related topics, such as stress management, student well-

being, and academic support systems. Future researchers can build upon

its findings to explore new aspects and refine strategies for improving

student experiences.

Scope and Delimitations

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 The general objective of this study is to identify the impact between

time management and academic performance among senior high school

working students at Bato National High School. This research specifically

examines variables such as time management, number of hours worked

and academic track that may impact the academic achievements of

working students. The respondents of this research are the senior high

school working student at Bato National High School during the school

year 2024 to 2025.

Definition of Terms

The terminologies below are operationally defined for the readers

better understanding of this study.

Academic Performance. Refers to the practical research average grade

of working students during the 1st quarter.

Academic Track. Refers to the chosen track of working students such

as ; ABM , HUMSS, SMAW, and TVL.

Number of Hours Worked. Refers to the amount of time a working

student spends performing job-related activities.

Time Management. Refers to the process of organizing and planning

how to divide your time between working and studying.

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Working Students. Refers to a person who are studying and at the same

time working.

Statement of Hypothesis

Ho: There is no significant relationship between time management and

academic performance of working students.

Ho: There is no significant relationship between number of hours worked

and academic performance of working students.

Ho: There is no significant relationship between academic track and

academic performance of working students.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED A LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Review of related literature

This part presents an extensive review of related literature and

studies about working students time management, number of hours

worked that correlates to their academic performance.

Working Students to Academic Performance

The ACT Foundation (2014) defines working students learners as

individuals who are both working for pay and in formal learning programs

that lead to a recognized credential. Darolia (2014) found that working

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students in higher education is a common phenomenon everywhere.

Around 216,000 understudies in the Philippines are right now juggling

school and work, the most recent information from the Commission on

Higher Education (CHED). About 8% out of the total number of college

students in the Philippines is a working student (ABS-CBN News, 2010).

However, even though the number of working students is growing to a

greater extent, this is not a new phenomenon. Over 30 years ago, working

while studying was considered as a good preparation in one’s later career

(Steinberg et al., 1981).According to Watts and Pickering (2000), working

while studying has many positive outcomes to persist in the modern

higher education realm. The experiences of working part-time can

enhance students’ motivation in academic studies and employment

prospects (Curtis et al.2002).Hence, students need a combination of

academic knowledge and financial needs to enhance their future career

opportunities (James & Grigg et al. 2008).In recent years, working while

studying is considered necessary to develop the skills of teamwork,

communication, and costumer care ( Lucas et al., 2001).

On the other hand the negative impacts of working students are

mainly related to anxiety, depression, and poor academic achievement

(Mounsey et al.2013). Better academic achievement only can be achieved

by students who spend more time on academic related activities outside

of class (e.g., reading the text, completing assignment, studying, and

preparing reports) (Sarah & Hudson, 2005).The more time a student

spends on working, the less time he or she engages in academic studies

(Greene & Maggs 2017).In the study of Curtis and Shani (2002), they

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believed that students who are working part-time would most likely miss

lecturers with a lot of lessons to catch and feel that they could achieve

higher grades if they had not been working. For that reason, researchers

suggested that higher education institutions should be more flexible and

identify opportunities for work and career experiences (Yorke et al. 2004).

Time management to Academic Performance

Time management defined as a form of self-management with a

clear emphasis on time in understanding what activities to do; how to do

them more efficiently; in what time it should be done and when is the

correct time to the particular activity Savino (2016). Some studies

suggests that poor time management behaviors, such as not allocating

time properly or cramming for exams, can lead poor academic

performance. On the other hand good time management behaviors,

including setting goals and priorities and monitoring time usage, can

increase productivity and minimize stress , leading to improved work

effectiveness and academic success Misra & McKean (2000).

A study in Nigeria conducted by Abedayo 2015 found that how well

students manage their time, especially when it comes to prioritization,

avoiding procrastination, and socialization , has a big impact on their

grades. The study suggests that students need to be careful about

putting off work, setting clear goals, and making sure they balance their

social life with their studies

Knowing time management skill, building and behavior

modification can be beneficial for balancing work and school

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Chansaengsee (2017). Studies show that students who spend more time

on work activities have less time to dedicate to academic work, leading to

lower grades than their non-working peers Svanum & Bigatti, (2014).There

is evidence that working students have less time for socializing outside of

work, leading to fewer social connections at school and less participation

in campus activities Furr & Elling et al. (2000). Students should balance

and maintain a well-developed time frame to perform better in and out of

school to have positive personal and student perspective. Students can

improve their time management by setting goals, identifying their needs,

and adapting their behavior to better manage their time Twehues (2013).

Moreover, studies show that the time organization and time

management behaviors are significantly related to academic performance

Frazier et al. (2007). If the ability to effectively manage one’s time was

indeed positively related to academic performance, then, presumably,

interventions that improve time management would be of value to

students Burrus, et al. (2013). Time management trains students to lead

more productive lives, habitually prioritizing the tasks may lead to success

and makes students less prone to tardiness. In contradiction, the study of

Swart et al. (2010) concluded that there was no direct relationship

between time management skills and the academic achievement in

engineering students.

Number of Hours Worked to Academic Performance

As reported by Steinberg et al. (2019), engaging students in part-

time and some full-time employment is progressively a common

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phenomenon everywhere. Some studies suggest that moderate work

hours can provide students with valuable skills and experiences, others

point to potential challenges associated with excessive work hours, which

can negatively impact academic performance. Aside from these reasons,

there were also consequences of working while studying and that is

according to the findings of the study of Darolia (2014), where

understudies take fewer attributes in school because of work duties.

According to the research conducted by Watts and Pickering (2000),

while working part-time and studying full-time has a variety of positive

outcomes, respondents generally viewed part-time employment as a

necessity to survive in the contemporary higher education sphere.

Students who worked more than 20 hours per week tended to experience

a decline in their academic performance, potentially due to factors such

as time constraints, fatigue, and increased stress. Most researches

indicate that there is a detrimental effect on academic achievement if

secondary students work for over 15 hours a week (Stern, 2017).

Students who worked long hours often struggled to prioritize their

academic responsibilities, attend classes regularly, and complete

assignments on time. Singh (2017), in his study which factored in socio-

economic status and previous achievement, states that the more hours

worked the greater negative effects on student However according to the

study of (Curtis et al. 2002) students can have the prospect to directly

relate the experiences of working part-time to enhance and refine their

academic knowledge , motivation and employment prospects . In recent

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years further studies found that students who are working part-time can

easily develop team cooperation, customer care, communication, and

practical skills (Lucas et al.2001).

Academic Track to Academic Performance

The four major tracks in the SHS Program are Academic, Technical-

Vocational Livelihood, Sports, and Arts and Design. Academic has five

strands: General Academic: Pre- Baccalaureate Maritime: Accountancy,

Business and Management or ABM; Humanities and Social Sciences or

HUMSS; and Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics or STEM

(Govph, 2017). According to Lorenzo et al. (2020) students choose their

high school tracks based on a mix of factors, including their grades, what

their friends and parents think, and what they want to do for a career.

They’re also more likely to choose a track if they’re interested in it, see it

as beneficial, and have access to the right resources and opportunities.

Based on study conducted by Santos (2019) students in the ABM

track at Laboratory High School of Bulacan State University had the

highest grades and received the most awards, even though their NCAE

scores weren’t as high as the STEM and HUMSS students. This suggests

that students in the ABM track might be more motivated or interested in

their chosen field, even if their test scores don’t reflect it.

In addition based on the result of the study of Encajonado (2017)

about time management and academic performance of senior high school

students when the respondents were classified according to Senior High

School Track, ABM, HUMSS and GAS strand Learners had higher time

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management skills and outstanding academic performance compared to

the Technical Vocational Livelihood (TVL) Learners. Thus time

management and academic performance varies on the academic track of

a students.

Conceptual Framework and Theoretical Framework

This study is connected on the pickle jar theory which is the latest

theory of time management. In which this theory was developed by

Jeremy Wright after his series of study (Olubor & Osunde, 2007). The

theory states that activities and responsibilities of an individual should be

balance using effective time management system. This theory is predicted

on the fact that every person has many priorities in life such us studies,

workload, family responsibilities, leisure, sleep and rest. According to the

theory, none of this activity is bad; the important thing is that you can

manage your time efficiently in order to enhance your academic

performance.

Pickle Theory as it relates to time management and academic

performance of the senior high school learners of Bato National High

School emphasizes the needs to identify one's priorities during school

days.The Pickle Jar Theory, serves as a model for effective time

management by emphasizing the importance of prioritization.

For working students, who must juggle both academic and job

responsibilities, this approach is particularly relevant. The theory

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encourages them to focus on academic priorities and critical deadlines,

reducing the risk of procrastination and last-minute stress. By managing

their time well, students are more likely to meet deadlines, stay

productive, and maintain high academic performance despite their busy

schedules.

The theory also underscores the importance of balancing work,

study, and personal activities, allowing students to engage in recreational

or relaxing activities without feeling guilty or overwhelmed. This balance

is essential for preventing burnout, which can otherwise harm academic

and work performance. In essence, the Pickle Jar Theory offers a

structured approach that supports working students in maximizing

productivity and improving their academic outcomes.

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 Academic Track

Time Management
Academic Improve time
Performance management
skills of students

Number of hours
worked

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 Figure 1.Schematic Diagram of the Conceptual Framework of the

Study

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter outlines the methodological framework and approach

to be used to conduct the research. It describes the research design,

environment, participants, instruments, data gathering procedure, data

analysis and ethical considerations.

Research Designs

Descriptive comparative design and descriptive correlational is the

research design of the study. The time management skill, academic track,

number of hours worked and Student’s academic performance was

compared to see if there is a significant difference and significant

relationship.

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 The research design for this study is the descriptive and

correlational research design. Descriptive Research describes what exists

and may help to uncover new facts. And meaning. The purpose of

descriptive research is to observe, describe and document aspects of a

situation as it naturally occurs. This involves the collection of data that will

provide an account or description of individuals, group or situations.

Correlational research is the systematic investigation of the nature

of relationships, or associations between and among variables without

necessary Investigating into causal reasons underlying them. It is also

concerned with the extent of relationships that exist between or among

variables (Barrot, 2017).

This study employed descriptive-correlational and descriptive-

comparative research method to find out the relationship and differences

of time management and academic performance of the selected senior

high school working students during the S.Y. 2024-2025. Since this study

is concerned of the relationship and differences of time management and

academic performance of the said respondents, the descriptive-

correlational and descriptive comparative method was the appropriate

method to use. The Academic performance will range from high, average

and Low. Performance. Purposive sampling technique was employed for

this study.

Environment

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 The study was conducted in Bato National High School. The study

focused on Senior high school working students at Bato National High

School. It is located at Apolinario Mabini Street in Barangay Bagongbayan,

Bato, Leyte.

The majority (80%) of students come from families whose main

source of income is agriculture. Other students come from families

involved in small businesses, bamboo and antique manufacturing,

carpentry, house cleaning, and janitorial services. The study highlights the

time management of working students. Many families struggle to afford

sending their children to school due to decreased agricultural yield. Some

students work to support their education, while others choose not to

attend school to help their families. The study notes that the dropout rate

and academic failures are higher among working students.

The study highlights the time management of senior high school

working students in Bato National High School . It emphasizes the

importance of time management for working students to balance their

work and academic responsibilities. The study suggests that schools

should provide support and resources to help working students succeed.

Participation

This study involved purposive sampling, focusing on all senior high

school working students. The population of the study includes all senior

high school working students regardless of their academic track . The

selection of senior high schools was purposive. The total number of

respondents is

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 This information is relevant to senior high school working students.

Understanding these methods is crucial for analysing data and drawing

conclusions from research findings.

Instruments

The research conducted an adopted research questionnaires

composing of three parts. Part 1 is the demographic profile of the

respondents including academic track, number of hours worked, and

there 1st quarter grade for Practical Research 2 subject.

Part 2 used Time Management Questionnaire (TMQ) adopted from

the study of Shaira V. Encajonado a research entitled Time Management

and Academic Performance of Senior High School Learners in gathering

and collecting data. These instruments obtain statements that describe on

how students manage their time. It is a 25-item rating scale used to

measure the time management skills of working students.

The last part shows the questions pertaining to the time

management factors: prioritization, procrastination, and socialization

using the 5-point Likert Scale. Adopted from the study of Sayari, Jalagat &

Dalluay 2017.The instruments used in this study was examined and

assessed for its face and content validity. The face validity is endeavoured

through examining thoroughly the layout and structure of the instrument

while validity is achieved through. Testing and re-testing the instruments

used to ensure reliability of the instruments used.

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