BLOOD 09/12/18

SUNDAY
TESTS AHMEDABAD
BY: DR. KULSUM H. WAHEDKALAM
GUIDE. (B.P.T., I.A.F.T., D.N., SJ.T.)
 BLOOD TEST:-
A b lo o d t e st is a
lab o r at o r y an aly sis
p e r fo r m e d o n a b lo o d
sam p le t h at is u su ally
e xt r act e d fr o m a v e in
in t h e ar m u sin g a
h y p o d e r m ic n e e d le , o r
v ia fin ge r p r ick.
 TOPICS OF BLOOD TEST

1) COMPLETE BLOOD TEST (CBC). 15) LIVER FUNCTION TEST (LFT).

2) ESR (ERYTHROCYTE 16) KIDNEY PROFILE TEST.
SEDIMENTATION RATE). 17) ELECTROLYTE TEST.
3) URIC ACID TEST. 18) JAUNDICE TEST.
4) RHEUMATOID (R.A) FACTOR TEST. 19) MALARIA TEST.
5) ANTI-NUCLEAR ANTIBODY TEST 20) TYPOID TEST.
(ANA). 21) DANGUE TEST.
6) ANTI-CYCLIC CITRULLINATED
22) CHIKUNGUNYA TEST.
23) GOUT /URIC ACID TEST.
PEPTIDE (CCP) TEST. 24) LIVER CIRROSIS TEST.
7) C-REACTIVE PROTIEN (CRP) TEST. 25) MANOPAUSE.
8) DIABETES TEST. 26) ALLERGY .
9) VITAMIN B12 TEST. 27) LEUCODERMA (WHITE
10) VITAMIN- D3 TEST. PATCHES).
11) CALCIUM (Ca) TEST. 28) KIDNEY STONE.
12) LIPID PROFILE TEST/ LIPID
29) WEIGHT MANAGEMENT.
PANEL.
13) HORMONES TEST. 30) TYPE 2 DIABETES.
14) THYROID FUNCTION TEST (TFTs).
 (1) COMPLETE BLOOD TEST (CBC).
BLOOD COUNTS & INDICES
• Haemoglobin.
• Total RBC.
• PCV (packed cell volume).
• MCV (Mean corpuscular volume).
• MCH (Mean corpuscular Haemoglobin).
• MCHC (Mean corpuscular Haemoglobin concentration).
• Total WBC.
• Platelet Count.
DIFFERENTIAL LEUCOCYTES COUNT
• Band Cells.
• Neutrophils.
• Lymphocytes.
• Eosinophils.
• Monocytes.
• Basophils.
• Platelet in Smear.
 -:HAEMOGLOBIN (Hgb):-
It is a blood test that helps
Doctor check the level of Red
Blood Cells.
Normal Range:
13-18 g/dL (Male).
12-16 g/dL (Female).
(Low level indicate ANEMIA)
 -:TOTAL RBC (RED BLOOD CELLS):-
 Blood or Red cell loss that occurs suddenly
or over time and diseases and conditions
that decrease RED BLOOD CELL production
in the bone marrow will result in LOW RBC
COUNT.
 Hemoglobin is a main part of RED BLOOD
CELLS and bind oxygen.
 If you have low RBC the cell in ur body will
not get enough O2.
NORMAL RANGE:
4.2 – 5.9 million cmm.
 If you have low RBC count SYMPTOMS INCLUDE:
• FATIGUE.
• SHORTNESS OF BREATH.
• DIZZINESS, WEAKNESS, OR LIGHTHEADACH
(particularly when you change positions quickly).
• INCREASED HEART RATE.
• PALE SKIN.
 If you have high RBC count SYMPTOM INCLUDE:
• JOINT PAIN
• FATIGUE.
• TENDERNESS IN PALMS OF THE HANDS OR SOLES OF
THE FEET.
• ITCHING SKIN (Particularly after shower or bath).
• SLEEP DISTURBANCE.
-:PCV ( PACKED CELL VOLUME):-
It is a measurement of the
PROPORTION of blood that is made
up of cells.
The value is expressed as a
percentage or fraction of cells in the
BLOOD.
NORMAL RANGE:
45 – 52 % ( MALE).
37 – 48 % (FEMALE).
A decreased PCV generally means red
blood cell loss from variety of reasons
like:
• CELL DESTRUCTION.
• BLOOD LOSS.
• FAILURE OF BONE MARROW
PRODUCTION.
 A increased PCV generally means :
• DEHYDRATION
• AN ABNORMAL INCREASE IN RBCs
PRODUCTION.
-:MCV ( MEAN CORPUSCULAR VOLUME)
:-
Test to measure the average
amount of RBCs , or the average
amount of space each RBC fills.
Irregularities could indicate
ANEMIA and / or CHRONIC
FATIGUE SYNDROME.
NORMAL RANGE:
80 – 100 fL/red cells in adult.
Increased MCV symptom:
• VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY.
• LIVER DISEASE.
• HYPOTHYROIDISM.
• FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY.
• OTHER TYPE OF B VITAMINS.
Decreased MCV symptoms:
• IRON DEFICIENCY.
• ANEMIA.
• THALASSEMIA.
-:MCH (MEAN CORPUSCULAR HEMOGLOBIN):-
This test to measures the average
amount of Hemoglobin in the typical
RBCs.
Results that are too HIGH could
signal ANEMIA, while those too LOW
may indicate a NEUTRITIONAL
DEFICIENCY.
NORMAL RANGE:
27 – 32 picograms.
 -:MCHC (MEAN CORPUSCULAR HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION):-

This test reports the average

concentration of Hemoglobin in a
specific amount of RBCs.
Here again, we are looking for
indication of ANEMIA if count is LOW.
If HIGH ‘POSSIBLE NUTRITIONAL
DEFICIENCY’.
NORMAL RANGE:
28 – 36 %
 -:WBC ( WHITE BLOOD CELLS):-
A WBC count is a blood test to
measure the number of WHITE
BLOOD CELLS (WBCs) in the
blood.
WBCs are also called
LEUKOCYTES.
They help fight infections.
NORMAL RANGE:
4,000 – 10,000 / cmm.
Irregularities in this test could signal :
• INFECTION.
• INFLAMMATION.
• AUTO IMMUNE DISORDERS.
• ANEMIA.
• OTHER HEALTH CONCERNS.
TYPES OF WBC (Leucocyte).
NEUTROPHILS : 40 – 60%.
LYMPHOCYTES: 20 – 40 %.
MONOCYTES : 2 - 8 %.
EOSINOPHILS : 1 – 4 %.
 BASOPHILS : 0.5 – 1 %.
 -:PLATELETS COUNT:-
Platelets small portions of cells involved
in blood clotting.
Too many or Too few platelets can
affects clotting in different ways.
The number of platelets may also
indicates a health problem.
Platelets reduce in DANGUE.
NORMAL RANGE:
150,000 – 400,000 ml.
 -:MEAN PLATELETS VOLUME (MPV):-
This test measures and calculates the
average size of platelets
Higher MPVs mean the platelets are
larger , which could put an individual at
risk for a heart attack or stroke.
Lower MPVs indicates smaller platelets,
meaning the person is at risk for a
bleeding disorder.
NORMAL RANGE:
7.5 – 11.5 fL
 (2)ESR (ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION
RATE):
An erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a type of
blood test that measures how quickly erythrocytes (red
blood cells) settle at the bottom of a test tube that contains
a blood sample.
Normally, red blood cells settle relatively slowly.
A faster-than-normal rate may indicate inflammation in the
body.
Inflamatory disease we can confirm:
• Arthritis .
• Vasculitis .
• Inflammatory bowel disease.
• Headaches.
• Fever.
• Weight loss.
• Joint stiffness.
• Neck or shoulder pain.
• Loss of appetite.
 HIGH ESR may be related to an inflammatory
condition, such as:
• Infection.
• Rheumatoid arthritis.
• Rheumatic fever.
• Vascular disease.
• Inflammatory bowel disease.
• Heart disease.
• Kidney disease.
• Certain cancers.
 A LOW ESR may indicate a blood disorder, such as:
• Polycythemia.
• Sickle cell anemia.
• Leukocytosis. (An abnormal increase in white
blood cells).
NORMAL RANGE:
0-22 mm/hr for men
0-29 mm/hr for women.
The traditional names for signs of
inflammation come from Latin:
• Dolor (pain)[WIND].
• Calor (heat)[HEAT].
• Rubor (redness)[HOTNESS].
• Tumor (swelling)[HUMIDITY].
• Functio laesa (loss of function)[DRYNESS].
 (3) URIC ACID TEST:
 The uric acid blood test is used to detect high
levels of this compound in the blood in order
to help diagnose gout.
 The test is also used to monitor uric
acid levels in people undergoing
chemotherapy or radiation treatment for
cancer.
NORMAL RANGE:
2.4 - 6.0 mg/dL (female).
3.4 - 7.0 mg/dL (male).
HIGH URIC ACID SYMPTOM:
• Intense joint pain that is
most severe in the first 12 to 24
hours.
• Joint pain that lasts a few days to a
few weeks and spreads to
more joints over time.
• Redness.
• Tenderness.
• Swelling of the joints.
 (4) RHEUMATOID (R.A) FACTOR TEST:
A rheumatoid factor test is one of a
group of blood tests primarily used to
help pinpoint a diagnosis
of rheumatoid arthritis.
These other tests may include:
• Anti-Nuclear Antibody (ANA).
• Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide (anti-
CCP) Antibodies.
• C-Reactive Protein (CRP).
 (5) ANTI-NUCLEAR ANTIBODY TEST:
The antinuclear antibody (ANA) test is
used as a primary test to help evaluate a
person for auto-immune disorders that
affect many tissues and organs
throughout the body (systemic).
It is most often used as one of the tests
to help diagnose systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE).
A positive ANA test means Auto-
antibodies are present.
Symptoms of an Auto-Immune Disease:
• Joint and/or muscle pain.
• Tiredness.
• Mild fever.
• Rash.
• Weakness.
• Light sensitivity.
• Numbness and tingling in your hands or
feet.
• Hair loss.
 (6)ANTI-CYCLIC CITRULLINATED
PEPTIDE(CCP):
Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-
CCP) antibody testing is particularly
useful in the diagnosis of rheumatoid
arthritis.
With high specificity, presence early in
the disease process, and ability to
identify patients who are likely to have
severe disease and irreversible damage.
NORMAL RANGE :
less than 20 u/ml.
 (7) C-REACTIVE PROTIEN
TEST(CRP):
 C-reactive protein (CRP) is a blood test marker
for inflammation in the body.
 CRP is produced in the liver and its level is
measured by testing the blood.
 CRP is classified as an acute phase reactant,
which means that its levels will rise in response
to inflammation.
NORMAL RANGE:
below 3.0 mg/L.
 High CRP levels can also indicate that there's
inflammation in the arteries of the heart, which
can mean a higher risk of heart attack.
 (8) DIABETES TEST:
1. FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE TEST:
 This is common test because it is easy to
perform.
 After fasting overnight , you have your blood
drawn at an early morning.
NORMAL RANGE:
70 – 99 mg/dL.
2. POST PRANDIAL TEST (PBBS) :
 This test is done after two hour of meal eaten.
NORMAL RANGE:
70 – 145 mg/dL.
3. RANDOM BLOOD SUGAR :
 NORMAL RANGE:
70 – 125 mg/dL.
4. AVERAGE BLOOD GLUCOSE (A1C):
The A1C test can be used to diagnose type 2
diabetes and pre-diabetes.
The A1C test is also the primary test used
for diabetes management.
NORMAL VALUE:
• 90 – 120 mg/dl.------- EXCELLENT CONTROL.
• 121 – 150 mg/dl ------ GOOD CONTROL.
• 150 – 180 mg/dl -------AVERAGE CONTROL.
• 181 – 210 mg/dl ------- ACTION SUGGESTED.
• >211 mg/dl---------------PANIC VALUE.
5. HEMOGLOBIN A1C TEST (HbA1C):
 This test is to measure how much sugar is
stuck in your RBCs, which generally have a life
span of 3 months.
 Therefore, this test gauges how high your blood
sugar has been in recent month.
NORMAL RANGE:
• BELOW 6.0% - NORMAL VALUE.
• 6.0 – 7.0% -----GOOD CONTROL.
• 7.0 – 8.0% -----FAIR CONTROLE.
• 8.0 – 10% ----- UNSATISFACTORY CONTROL.
• ABOVE 10%----POOR CONTROL.
 (9) VITAMIN B12 TEST:
 Cobalamin AND Folate is another name
for vitamin B-12.
 It is important for brain function the synthesis
of red blood cells.
 Vitamin B12 is a nutrient that helps keep the
body's nerve and blood cells healthy and helps
make DNA, the genetic material in all cells.
 Vitamin B12 also helps prevent a type
of anemia called megaloblastic anemia that
makes people tired and weak.
 Fasting require 8 – 12 hrs prior to blood
collection.
NORMAL RANGE:
200 – 900 ng/dL.
HIGH VITAMIN B12 SYMPTOM:
• Liver or kidney problems.
• Diabetes.
• Certain forms of leukemia.
LOW VITAMIN B12 SYMPTOM:
• Confusion.
• Dementia.
• Depression.
• Difficulty maintaining balance.
• Fast heartbeat.
• Numbness and tingling in the hands and feet.
• Poor memory.
• A sore mouth or tongue.
 (10) VITAMIN D3 TEST:
 It is also known as 25- hydroxy vitamin D.
 Vitamin D (ergocalciferol-D2, cholecalciferol-D3,
alfacalcidol) is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids
responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of
calcium, magnesium, and phosphate.
 Vitamin D is used to treat and prevent bone
disorders (such as rickets, osteo-malacia).
 Vitamin D is made by the body when skin is
exposed to sunlight.
 NORMAL RANGE:
• Deficiency: <10
• Insufficiency: 10-30
• Sufficiency: 30 – 100
• Toxicity : >100
 NORMAL RANGE:
• Deficiency: <10.
• Insufficiency: 10-30.
• Sufficiency: 30 – 100.
• Toxicity : >100.
 LOW VITAMIN D3 SYMPTOM:
• Getting Sick or Infected Often.
• Fatigue and Tiredness.
• Bone and Back Pain.
• Depression.
• Impaired Wound Healing.
• Bone Loss.
• Hair Loss.
• Muscle Pain.
 *(11) CALCIUM (Ca) TEST:
 A blood calcium test is ordered to screen for,
diagnose, and monitor a range of conditions
relating to the bones, heart, nerves, kidneys, and
teeth.
 The test may also be ordered if a person has
symptoms of a parathyroid disorder,
Malabsorption, or an overactive thyroid.
 Hypo-calcemia (Low Level of Calcium in the
Blood) In hypo-calcemia, the calciumlevel in
blood is too low.
 A low calcium level may result from a problem
with the parathyroid glands, as well as from diet,
kidney disorders, or certain drugs.
NORMAL RANGE:
8.5-10.2 mg/dL
 Severe symptoms of hypocalcemia (LOW)
include:
• Confusion or memory loss.
• Muscle spasms.
• Numbness and tingling in the hands, feet, and
face.
• Depression.
• Hallucinations.
• Muscle cramps.
• Weak and brittle nails.
• Easy fracturing of the bones.
Hyper-calcemia (HIGH)
SYMPTOM:
• Excessive thirst and frequent urination.
• Stomach pain and digestive problems.
• Bone pain and muscle weakness.
• Confusion, lethargy, and fatigue.
• Anxiety and depression.
• High blood pressure and abnormal heart
rhythms.
(12) LIPID PROFILE TEST/ LIPID PANEL:
Blood tests that serves as an initial
screening tool for abnormalities in
lipids, such as cholesterol and
triglycerides.
The results of this test can identify
certain genetic disease and can
determine approximate risks of
cardiovascular disease, certain forms
of pancreatitis and other disease.
It is done in fasting blood atleast 9
hrs.
 -:TYPES OF LIPID PROFILE TEST:
(1)TOTAL CHOLESTROL.
(2)TRIGLYCERIDES.
(3)HDL (GOOD)
CHOLESTROL.
(4)LDL (BAD) CHOLESTROL.
(5)TOTAL CHOLESTROL /
HDL RATIO.
 (1) TOTAL CHOLESTROL:
 This test to measure combined levels of both
LDL (bad) and HDL (good) Cholesterol.
 The test may be done simply to record and
individuals Cholesterol levels or for comparison
purposes.
 NORMAL RANGE:
• HEALTHY------------------ Below 200mg/dL.
(Below 5.18mmol/L).
• BORDER LINE HIGH ---- 200 – 239 mg/dL.
(5.2-6.2mmol/L).
• HIGH ---------------------- Above 240 mg/dL.
(Above 6.2mmol/L).
 (2) TRIGLYCERIDES:
This fats are found in the
blood stream and many
contribute to heart disease
and other HEALTH
problems.
HEALTHY RANGE:
40 – 160 mg/dL.
 (3) HDL (GOOD) CHOLESTEROL:
 It is also known as GOOD cholesterol.
 HDL ( High Density Lipoprotein) protects
against heart disease.
 Low scores are risk factors for heart disease.
NORMAL RANGE:
• BEST ---------- Above 60mg/dL.
• GOOD -------- 50 – 60 mg/dL.
• POOR -------- Below 40mg/dL (MEN).
Below 50mg/dL (WOMEN).
 (4) LDL (BAD) CHOLESTEROL:
 It is best to worst
 Also known as BAD cholesterol.
 LDL ( Low Density Lipoprotein).
 It is a substance that block arteries an in linked
to HEART disease.
NORMAL RANGE:
• OPTIMAL-------------------- Below 100mg/dL.
• NEAR OPTIMAL------------ 100 – 129 mg/dL.
• BORDER LINE HIGH ------ 130 -159 mg/dL.
• HIGH ------------------------ 160 – 189 mg/dL.
• VERY HIGH ----------------- Above 189 mg/dL.
(5) TOTAL CHOLESTEROL/HDL RATIO:
This ratio is another way of checking
your risk of HEART disease.
It is determined by dividing your HDL
Cholesterol level into Total
Cholesterol.
NORMAL RANGE:
• OPTIMAL -------- Ratio of 3.5 – 1.
• HEALTHY -------- Ratio of 5 – 1 or
lower.
 (13) HORMONES TEST:
 A hormone is any member of a class of signaling
molecules produced by GLAND in multicellular
organisms that are transported by the circulatory
system to target distant organs to regulate
physiology and behaviour.
 Hormones are used to communicate between
ORGANS and TISSUES for physiological regulation
and behavioural activities, such as:
• DIGESTION. • LACTATION.
• METABOLISM. • STRESS.
• RESPIRATION. • GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT.
• TISSUE FUNCTION. • MOVEMENT.
• SENSORY PERCEPTION. • REPRODUCTION.
• SLEEP. • MOOD.
• EXCRETION. Etc…..
 -:IMPOTANT HORMONE:-
I. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
II. Luteinising hormone (LH).
III. Prolactin hormone (PRL).
IV. Estrogen hormone (E2).
V. Testosterone hormone .
VI. Progesterone hormone.
VII. Prostrate Specific Antigen Test
(PSA).
 (1) FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE(FSH)
TEST:
 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a gonadotropin,
a glycoprotein polypeptide hormone. FSH is synthesized and secreted by
the gonadotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland,[1] and regulates the
development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of
the body.
 This test is done to help diagnose or evaluate:
• MENOPAUSE.
• PCO Syndrome.
• OVARIAN CYSTS.
• INFIRTILITY.
• MENTRUAL BLEEDING /VAGINAL BLEEDING.
• MEN who have underdeveloped TESTICLES.
• In children : DELAYED PUBERTY.

NORMAL RANGE:
4 – 25 U/L(MALE).
4 – 30 U/L(FEMALE).
Conditions with very low FSH levels:
• Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome.
• Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome + Obesity + Hirsutism +
Infertility.
• Hypothalamic suppression. (
• Hypopituitarism.( decrease hormone produce by pituitary
gland)
• Hyper prolactinemia.
• Gonadotropin deficiency.

Conditions with high FSH levels include:

• Premature menopause also known as Premature Ovarian
Failure
• Poor ovarian reserve also known as Premature Ovarian Aging.
• Testicular failure.
• High FSH levels are an indication of subfertility and/or
(2) LUTEINISING HORMONE (LH) TEST:
This test measures how
much luteinizing hormone (LH) is in
your blood. LH is a hormone that
helps your reproductive system:
specifically, a woman's ovaries and a
man's testes.
NORMAL RANGE:
• 1.68 to 15 IU/L (Women).
• 1.24 to 7.8 IU/L (MEN).
HIGH LEVEL OF LH INDICATE:
• During non-ovulatory times in your menstrual
cycle may mean you are in menopause.
• It may also mean that you have a pituitary
disorder or polycystic ovary syndrome.

LOW LEVEL OF LH INDICATE:

• Pituitary disorder.
• Anorexia.[ lack or loss of appetite]
• Malnutrition.
• Under stress.
 (3) PROLECTIN HORMONE(PRL) TEST:
 Prolactin (PRL), also known as luteotropic
hormone or luteotropin,
 It is a protein that is best known for its role in
enabling mammals, usually females to
produce milk.
 Prolactin is secreted from the pituitary gland.
 Prolactin plays an essential role:
• In metabolism.
• Regulation of the immune system.
• Pancreatic development.
 HIGH PROLECTIN HORMONE (PRL) SYMPTOM:
In females, prolactinoma can cause:
• Irregular menstrual periods (oligomenorrhea )
• ( infrequent menstruation) or no menstrual
periods (amenorrhea)
• Milky discharge from the breasts (galactorrhoea)
when not pregnant or breast-feeding
• Painful intercourse due to vaginal dryness
• Acne and excessive body and facial hair growth
(hirsutism)
In males, prolactinoma can cause:
• Erectile dysfunction
• Decreased body and facial hair
• Uncommonly, enlarged breasts (gynecomastia).
In both sexes, prolactinoma can
cause:
• Low bone density.
• Reduction of other hormone
production by the pituitary gland
(hypopituitarism) as a result of tumour
pressure
• Loss of interest in sexual activity.
• Headaches.
• Visual disturbances.
• Infertility.
 NORMAL RANGE OF PRL:
• Males: 2 to 18 ng/mL.
• Non-pregnant females: 2 to 29
ng/mL.
• Pregnant females: 10 to 209
ng/mL.
 (4) ESTROGEN HORMONE TEST:
Estrogen are hormones that are
important for sexual and
reproductive development, mainly in
women.
They are also referred to as female
sex hormones.
NORMAL RANGE:
• Mid-follicular phase: 27-123 pg/mL.
• Pre-ovulatory: 96-436 pg/Ml.
HIGH ESTROGEN SYMPTOM:
• Bloating
• Swelling and tenderness in your breasts
• Fibrocystic lumps in your breasts
• Decreased sex drive
• Irregular menstrual periods
• Increased symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
• Mood swings
• Headaches
• Anxiety and panic attacks
• Weight gain
• Hair loss
• Cold hands or feet
• Trouble sleeping
• Sleepiness or fatigue
• Memory problems
 Symptoms of High Estrogen in MEN:
• Infertility. Estrogen is partly responsible for
creating healthy sperm. When estrogen levels
are high, sperm levels may fall and lead to
fertility issues.
• Gynecomastia. Estrogen may stimulate
breast tissue growth. Men with too much
estrogen may develop gynecomastia, a
condition which leads to larger breasts.
• Erectile dysfunction (ED). Men with high
levels of estrogen may have difficulty getting
or maintaining an erection.
(5) TESTOSTERONE HORMONE TEST:
 A testosterone level test measures the amount
of Testosterone in the blood.
 It's also known as a serum testosterone test.
 Testosterone is an androgen, or a sex hormone,
produced by both males and females. It plays a
role in puberty and fertility.
 Testosterone is produced by the adrenal cortex,
the testes in men, and the ovaries in women.
NORMAL RANGE:
• 270 – 950 ng/dL (male).
• 8 – 60 ng/dL (female).
 A LOW LEVEL of testosterone in a male is also known
as Hypogonadism.
The symptoms in a male include:
• Decreased body hair.
• Decreased muscle mass.
• A low sex drive.
• Erectile dysfunction.
• The growth of breast tissue, or Gynecomastia.
HIGH LEVEL OF TESTOSTERONE SYMPTOM IN MALE:
• Early, or precocious, puberty.
• Hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid.
• Anabolic steroids.
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
• Androgen insensitivity syndrome.
• Testicular tumour.
• Adrenal tumour.
 HIGH TESTOSTERONE IN FEMALE SYMPTOM:
• Absent menstrual periods.
• Infertility.
• Acne
• Deep voice
• Excess hair on the face and body
• Increased muscle mass
• irregular periods
• larger-than-normal clitoris
• loss of libido
• Mood changes
• Reduction in breast size
• Thinning hair
• Severely high levels of testosterone in women
can cause obesity and infertility.
(6) PROGESTERONE HORMONE TEST:
 A progesterone test measures the level of
progesterone in the blood.
 Progesterone is a hormone made by a
woman's ovaries.
 Progesterone plays an important role
in pregnancy.
 It helps make your uterus ready to support a
fertilized egg.
 Progesterone also helps prepare your breasts
for making milk.
 NORMAL RANGE:
• Men, post menstrual women, and women at the
beginning of their menstrual cycle:
1 ng/dL or under.
• Women in the middle of their menstrual cycle:
5 – 20 ng/dL.
• Pregnant women in their first trimester:
11.2 – 90 ng/dL.
• Pregnant woman in their second trimester:
25.6 – 89.4 ng/dL.
• Pregnant women in their third trimester:
48.4 – 42.5 ng/dL.
A progesterone test is used to:
• Find the cause of a woman's infertility (the
inability to make a baby).
• Find out if and when you are ovulating.
• Find out your risk of a miscarriage.
• Monitor a high-risk pregnancy.
• Diagnose an ectopic pregnancy, a pregnancy
that grows in the wrong place (outside the
uterus). A developing baby can't survive an
ectopic pregnancy. This condition is
dangerous, and sometimes life-threatening,
for a woman.
 HIGH LEVEL OF PROGESTERONE :
• Are pregnant.
• Have a cyst on your ovaries.
• Have a molar pregnancy, a growth in the
abdomen that causes symptoms of pregnancy.
• Have a disorder of the adrenal glands.
• Have ovarian cancer.
• Have 2 babies.
 LOW LEVEL OF PROGESTERONE:
• Have an ectopic pregnancy.
• Had a miscarriage.
• Are not ovulating normally, which can cause
fertility problems.
(7)PSA (PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN):
The PSA test is a blood test used primarily to screen for
prostate cancer.
The testmeasures the amount of prostate-specific
antigen (PSA) in your blood.
 PSA is a protein produced by both cancerous and
noncancerous tissue in the prostate, a small gland that
sits below a man's bladder.
NORMAL RANGE:
4.0 ng/mL and lower as normal.
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a substance
produced by the prostate gland.
Those with a PSA between four and 10 have a 25%
chance of having prostate cancer.
If the PSA is higher than 10, the risk increases and is
greater than 50%.
 (14)THYROID FUNCTION TEST:
 Thyroid function tests (TFTs) is a collective
term for blood tests used to check the function
of the thyroid.
 TFTs may be requested if a patient is thought
to suffer from hyperthyroidism (overactive
thyroid) or hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid)
, or to monitor the effectiveness of either
thyroid-suppression or hormone replacement
therapy.
 It is also requested routinely in conditions
linked to thyroid disease, such as atrial
fibrillation and anxiety disorder.
 A TFT panel typically includes thyroid
hormones
• Thyroid - stimulating hormone (TSH)
Thyrotropin
• Triiodothyronine (T3).
• Thyroxine (T4).
 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin):
• Increased in Hypothyroidism.
• Decreased in Hyperthyroidism.
NORMAL RANGE:
• TSH : 0.1 – 6 IU/L.
• T3: 80 – 200 IU/L.
• T4 : 57 – 148 IU/L.
HYPERTHYROIDISM SYMPTOM:
• Weight loss, even if you eat the same or more food (most
but not all people lose weight)
• Eating more than usual
• Rapid or irregular heartbeat or pounding of your heart
• Feeling nervous or anxious
• Feeling irritable
• Trouble sleeping
• Trembling in your hands and fingers
• Increased sweating
• Feeling hot when other people do not
• Muscle weakness
• Diarrhea or more bowel movements than normal
• Fewer and lighter menstrual periods than normal
• Changes in your eyes that can include bulging of the eyes,
redness, or irritation
HYPOTHYROIDISM SYMPTOM:
• Feeling cold when other people do not
• Constipation
• Muscle weakness
• Weight gain, even though you are not eating more food
• Joint or muscle pain
• Feeling sad or depressed
• Feeling very tired
• Pale, dry skin
• Dry, thinning hair
• Slow heart rate
• Less sweating than usual
• A puffy face
• A hoarse voice
• More than usual menstrual bleeding
 (15)LIVER FUNCTION TEST:
 The ALT ( Alanine aminotransferase) and
AST (Aspartate aminotransferase)
tests measure enzymes that your liver release
in response to damage or disease.
 The albumin test measures how well
the liver creates albumin.
 While the bilirubin test measures how well it
disposes of bilirubin.
 ALP (Alkaline phosphatase) can be used to
evaluate the bile duct system of the liver.
(1) ALT (ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE) SGPT
TEST:
 The Alanine AminoTransferase (ALT) test is a
blood test that checks for liver damage. ...
(ALT used to be called serum glutamic-
pyruvic transaminase, or SGPT).
 HIGH ALT/SGPT SYMPTOM:
• Jaundice.
• Dark urine.
• Nausea.
• Vomiting.
• pain in the right upper quadrant of your
abdomen.
An ALT test may also be performed to:
• monitor the progression of liver
diseases, such as hepatitis or liver
failure.
• assess whether treatment for liver
disease should be started.
• evaluate how well treatment is working.
 NORMAL RANGE:
29 to 33 IU/L (males).
19 to 25 IU/L (females).
 (2) AST (ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE)
SGOT:
 The AST test measures the amount of AST in
your blood that has been released from injured
tissue. An older name for the test is serum
glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT).
 AST is found in the highest concentrations in
your liver, muscles, heart, kidney, brain and red
blood cells.
 AST levels can rise as soon as six hours after
damage to tissue occurs.
 NORMAL RANGE:
7 to 56 units per liter.
 (3) ALBUMIN TEST:
 This test measures the amount of the protein
albumin in your blood.
 Your liver makes albumin. Albumin carries
substances such as hormones, medicines, and
enzymes throughout your body.
 This test can help diagnose, evaluate, and watch
kidney and liver conditions. When your kidneys
begin to fail, albumin starts to leak into your
urine. This causes a low albumin level in your
blood.
 NORMAL RANGE:
3.4 to 5.4 g/dL.
 (4) BILIRUBIN TEST:
 A Bilirubin test measures the amount
of bilirubin in your blood.
 It's used to help find the cause of health
conditions like jaundice, hemolytic anemia,
blockage of the bile ducts and liver disease.
 Bilirubin is an orange-yellow pigment that occurs
normally when part of your red blood cells break
down.
NORMAL RANGE:
• Direct (also called conjugated) bilirubin: less than
0.3 mg/dL (less than 5.1 µmol/L)
• Total bilirubin: 0.1 to 1.2 mg/dL (1.71 to 20.5
µmol/L)
 (5) ALP(ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE):
 The alkaline phosphatase test (ALP) is used to help
detect liver disease or bone disorders.
 In conditions affecting the liver, damaged liver cells
release increased amounts of ALP into the blood.
 If one or more of them are obstructed, for example
by a tumor, then blood levels of ALP will often be
high.
 It plays a particularly important role in liver function
and bone development.
 NORMAL RANGE:
44 to 147 (IU/L)
or
0.73 to 2.45 microkatal(µkat/L).
 (16) KIDNEY PROFILE TEST :
1.GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate):is a measure
of kidney function and is performed through a blood test. ... Know
your stage.
 NORMAL RANGE:
90 to 120 mL/min.
 Below shows the five stages of CKD and GFR for each stage:
• Stage 1 with normal or high GFR (GFR > 90 mL/min).
• Stage 2 Mild CKD (GFR = 60-89 mL/min).
• Stage 3A Moderate CKD (GFR = 45-59 mL/min).
• Stage 3B Moderate CKD (GFR = 30-44 mL/min).
• Stage 4 Severe CKD (GFR = 15-29 mL/min).
• Stage 5 End Stage CKD (GFR <15 mL/min).
2. ACR (Albumin to Creatinine Ratio): is a
urine test
To see how much albumin(a type of protein) is in your urine.
 NORMAL RANGE:
30-300 mg/g.
3. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) test: also
checks for waste products in your blood.
 BUN tests measure the amount of N2 in the blood.
 It is synthesised in liver, carried in the blood by
kidney.
 NORMAL RANGE:
7 to 20 mg/dL (2.5 to 7.1 mmol/L).
4. SERUM creatinine : is an important indicator
of Renal health because it is an easily measured by
product of muscle metabolism that is excreted
unchanged by the kidneys.
 NORMAL RANGE:
0.6 to 1.2 mg/dL (adult males).
0.5 to 1.1 mg/dL (adult females).
 (17) ELECTROLYTE TEST:
An electrolyte test can help determine whether there's
an electrolyte imbalance in the body.
Electrolytes are salts and minerals, such as sodium,
potassium, chloride and bicarbonate, which are found
in the blood.
They can conduct electrical impulses in the body.
To measures the levels of electrolytes and carbon
dioxide in your blood.
The electrolytes in human bodies include:
1. Sodium.
2. Potassium.
3. Calcium.
4. Bicarbonate.
5. Magnesium.
6. Chloride.
7. Phosphate.
 (1) SODIUM TEST:
 A sodium blood test is used to detect abnormal
concentrations of sodium.
• Low sodium (hyponatremia)[excess water in body].
• High sodium (hypernatremia)[dehydration].
 NORMAL RANGE:
135 to 145 mEq/L.
HYPERNATREMIA SYMPTOM:
• Dizziness.
• Severe sweating.
• Fever.
• Vomiting.
• Diarrhoea due to a loss of body fluids.
Hyponatremia (low)symptoms may
include:
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Headache.
• Confusion.
• Loss of energy, drowsiness and fatigue.
• Restlessness and irritability.
• Muscle weakness, spasms or cramps.
• Seizures.
• Coma.
 (2) POTASSIUM TEST:
A potassium test is used to
measure the amount of
potassium in your blood.
 Potassium is an electrolyte that's
essential for proper muscle and
nerve function.
NORMAL RANGE:
3.5-5.0(mEq/L).
HIGH POTASSIUM SYMPTOM
(HYPERKALEMIA):
• Tiredness or weakness.
• A feeling of numbness or tingling.
• Nausea or vomiting.
• Trouble breathing.
• Chest pain.
• Palpitations or irregular heartbeats.
LOW Potassium SYMPTOM
(Hypokalemia):
• Weakness and Fatigue. Weakness and
fatigue are often the first signs of potassium
deficiency. ...
• Muscle Cramps and Spasms. Muscle
cramps are sudden, uncontrolled
contractions of the muscles. ...
• Digestive Problems. ...
• Heart Palpitations. ...
• Muscle Aches and Stiffness. ...
• Tingling and Numbness. ...
• Breathing Difficulties. ...
• Mood Changes.
 (3)CALCIUM (Ca) TEST:
 A blood calcium test is ordered to screen for,
diagnose, and monitor a range of conditions
relating to the bones, heart, nerves, kidneys, and
teeth.
 Test may also be ordered if a person has
symptoms of a parathyroid disorder,
Malabsorption, or an overactive thyroid.
 Hypo-calcemia (Low Level of Calcium in the
Blood).
 A low calcium level may result from a problem
with the parathyroid glands, as well as from diet,
kidney disorders, or certain drugs.
NORMAL RANGE:
8.5-10.2 mg/dL
Severe symptoms of hypocalcemia
(LOW) include:
• Confusion or memory loss.
• Muscle spasms.
• Numbness and tingling in the hands, feet,
and face.
• Depression.
• Hallucinations.
• Muscle cramps.
• Weak and brittle nails.
• Easy fracturing of the bones.
Hyper-calcemia (HIGH) SYMPTOM:
• Excessive thirst and frequent urination.
• Stomach pain and digestive problems.
• Bone pain and muscle weakness.
• Confusion, lethargy, and fatigue.
• Anxiety and depression.
• High blood pressure and abnormal
heart rhythms.
 (4) BICARBONATE TEST:
 The bicarbonate (or total CO ) test is usually ordered
2

along with sodium, potassium, and chloride as part

of an electrolyte panel.
 The electrolyte panel is used to help detect, evaluate,
and monitor electrolyte imbalances and/or acid-
base (pH) imbalances (acidosis or alkalosis).
 Bicarbonate is a major element in our body.
Secreted by the stomach, it is necessary for
digestion.
 Too much carbon dioxide in your blood can harm
your body's organs. Both of these
problems—a low oxygen level and a high carbon
dioxide level in the blood—can occur at the same
time. Diseases and conditions that affect your
breathing can cause respiratory failure.
 NORMAL RANGE:
• Partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2):
75 to 100mmHg .
(10.5 to 13.5 kPa).
• Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2):
38 to 42 mm Hg.
(5.1 to 5.6 kPa).
• Arterial blood PH:
7.38 to 7.42.
• Oxygen saturation (SaO2):
94% to 100%.
• Bicarbonate - (HCO3):
22 to 28 mEq/L.
LOW BICARBONATE Symptoms
(Metabolic Acidosis):
• Rapid and Shallow breathing.
• Confusion.
• Fatigue.
• Headache.
• Sleepiness.
• Lack of appetite.
• Jaundice.
• Increased heart rate.
HIGH BICARBONATE Symptoms (Alkalosis):
• Confusion (can progress to stupor or coma)
• Hand tremor.
• Light headedness.
• Muscle twitching.
• Nausea, vomiting.
• Numbness or tingling in the face, hands, or
feet.
• Prolonged muscle spasms (tetany)
 (5) MAGNISIUM TEST:
 A magnesium test is used to measure the level
of magnesium in the blood (or sometimes urine).
 The test for magnesium may be ordered, along
with calcium and phosphorus testing, to monitor
calcium supplementation.
 Magnesium testing may be ordered as a follow
up to chronically low blood levels of calcium
and potassium.
 NORMAL RANGE:
1.7 to 2.2 mg/dL
(0.85 to 1.10 mmol/L).
Magnesium deficiency SYMPTOM (HYPO-
MANGNESEMIA):
• Muscle Twitches and Cramps.
• Mental Disorders.
• Osteoporosis.
• Fatigue
• Muscle Weakness.
• High Blood Pressure.
• Asthma.
• Irregular Heartbeat.
HIGH MAGNESIUM SYMPTOM (HYPER-
MAGNESEMIA):
•Diarrhea, Nausea and vomiting.
•Lethargy, Muscle weakness.
•Irregular heartbeat.
•Low blood pressure.
•Urine retention.
 (6) CHLORIDE TEST:
The chloride blood test measu
res the levels of chloridein the
blood.
Chloride is an electrolyte that
helps balance the amount of
fluid inside and outside of cells.
 NORMAL RANGE:
97-107 mEq/L.
HYPERCHLOREMIA SYMPTOM (HIGH):
• Gastrointestinal problems, such as vomiting or diarrhea.
• A high fever that causes sweating and dehydration.
• Dehydration due to medications, intense exercise, heat
exposure, or not drinking enough fluids.
• High sodium levels in the blood. ...
• Too much salt intake.
HYPOCHLOREMIA SYMPTOM (LOW):
• excessive fatigue.
• muscle weakness.
• breathing problems.
• frequent vomiting.
• prolonged diarrhea.
• excessive thirst.
• high blood pressure.
 (7)PHOSPHATE TEST:
 A phosphate test is used to measure the level
of phosphate in the blood.
 Phosphate is a chemical that contains the
mineral phosphorus.
 Phosphates are essential for the production of
energy, muscle and nerve function, and bone
growth.
 The body needs phosphorus to build and repair
bones and teeth, help nerves function, and
make muscles contract.
NORMAL RANGE:
2.5 to 4.5 mg/dL.
HIGH PHOSPHATE SYMPTOM:
• joint pain.
• muscle pain.
• muscle weakness.
• Itching.
• Red eyes.
• severe constipation.
LOW PHOSPHATE SYMPTOM:
• Changes in your mental state (for example, anxiety,
irritability, or confusion)
• Bone issues, such as pain, fragility, and poor development
in children.
• Irregular breathing.
• Fatigue.
• Loss of appetite.
• Muscle weakness.
• Weight gain or loss.
(18) JAUNDICE TEST:
SGPT.
SGOT.
BILIRUBIN TEST.
(19) MALARIA TEST:
MALARIA PARASITE TEST (MP).
MALARIA ANTIGEN TEST.
(20) TYPOID TEST:
TYPHIDOT TEST: Done after 5 days.
Typhidot test to detect IgG & IgM antibodies in
typhoid fever.
WIDAL TEST: Widal agglutination was
introduced as a serologic technique to aid in
diagnosis of typhoid fever. The test was based
on demonstrating the presence of agglutinin
(antibody) in the serum of an infected patient,
against the H(flagellar) and O (somatic)
antigens ofSalmonella typhi.
(21) DANGUE TEST:
 Positive IgM and
IgG tests for dengue antibodies detected in an
initial blood sample mean that it is likely that the
person became infected with dengue virus within
recent weeks.
 CBC TEST.
 IgG (Antibody) after 2-4 days.
 IgM.
 NS1 test: The presence of dengue non structural
protein 1 (NS1) antigen is consistent with acute-
phase infection with dengue virus.
 The NS1 antigen is typically detectable within 1 to
2 days following infection and up to 9 days
following symptom onset.
(22) CHIKUNGUNYA TEST:
IgM (ACUTE).
Detection of chikungunya virus
(CHIKV) or viral RNA is the
primary laboratory test used to
diagnose infection in serum collected
<6 days after onset of illness.
 IgM antibody levels are highest 3 to 5
weeks after the onset of illness and
persist for about 2 months.
(23) GOUT OR URIC ACID:
BLOOD URIC ACID TEST.
ANTI – CCP.
(24) LIVER CIRROSIS:
AMYLASE LIPASE.
LIVER FUNCTION TEST.
(25) MANOPAUSE:
PROLECTIN TEST.
( 3- SAMPLE EVERY 10 MINT BREAK).
(26) ALLERGY :
CBC.
AEC (Absolute Eosinophil Count).
IgE (ImmunoGlobulin E).
(27) LEUCODERMA (WHITE PATCHES):
 ANA (Antinuclear Antibody) TEST.
(28) KIDNEY STONE:
S. CREATINE.
URINE ROUTINE.
(29)WEIGHT MANAGEMENT:
THYROID TEST.
HbA1C TEST.
LIPID PROFILE.
URIC ACID TEST.
VITAMIN B12.
VITAMIN D3.
FASTING INSULIN.
PBBS INSULIN.
HORMONE TEST.
(30) TYPE 2 DIABETES:
SUGAR WITH ACETONE.
BLOOD KETONE.
URINE KETONE.
INSULIN TEST.
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