Receiver functionalities

and Noise effect

What is Demodulation?
• Demodulation
:
• The extraction or
detection of an
information signal
from received
corrupted or
distorted signals. Demodulat
Received Info. signal
signal or

Receiver

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Coherent Detection
 The recovery of the message signal m(t) can be
accomplished by first multiplying s(t) with a
locally generated sinusoidal wave and then low-
pass filtering the product. It is assumed that the
local oscillator signal is exactly coherent or
synchronized, in both frequency and phase, with
the carrier wave C(t) used in the product
modulator to generate s(t). This method of
demodulation is known as coherent detection or
synchronous demodulation.

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Example

• If the message signal is m(t), the

carrier signal is c(t) = Ac Cos(wct), and
the locally generated wave form is
Cos(wct + ɸ). What will be the output
of signal at the end of low pass filter,
if
a). ɸ =0, b). ɸ = 45 deg. C). ɸ=90
deg.

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Envelop detector
 An envelope detector of the series type is which
consists of a diode and resistor-capacitor (RC)
filter. The operation of this envelope detector is as
follows. On a positive half-cycle of the input signal,
the diode is forward-biased and the capacitor C
charges up rapidly to the peak value of the input
signal. When the input signal falls below this value,
the diode becomes reverse-biased and the
capacitor C discharges slowly through the load
resistor The discharging process continues until
the next positive half-cycle. When the input signal
becomes greater than the voltage across the
capacitor, the diode conducts again and the
process is repeated.

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6
 Effect of noise
• Noise:
• It is undesired or unwanted signal
• The imperfection transmission media
causes signal impairment.
• e.g loss of energy. When a signal travels
through a medium, it loses some of its
energy in overcoming the resistance of
the medium.

Sem. II, 2017 Introduction to Communic 7

ations- Chapter 3
• Noise process exist in all frequency
components
• appear with equal power; i.e., the power-
spectral density is a constant for all
frequencies.

If the frequency range of the noise is from -W Hz to W Hz, the noise power will be

W N0
Pn0  df N 0W
W 2
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 Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)

• To measure the quality of a system

the SNR is often used. It indicates the
strength of the signal wrt the noise
power in the system.
• It is the ratio between two powers.
• It is usually given in dB and referred
to as SNRdB.
 Example

The power of a signal is 10 mW and the

power of the noise is 1 μW; what are the
values of SNR and SNR ?
dB

Solution
The values of SNR and SNRdB can be
calculated as follows:
 EFFECT OF NOISE ON AMPLITUDE-
MODULATION SYSTEMS

• Effect of Noise on Base band

• Effect of Noise on DSB-SC AM
• Effect of Noise on SSB-AM
• Effect of Noise on Conventional AM

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 Effect of Noise on a Baseband
System
• Since baseband systems serve as a basis for
comparison of various modulation systems, we begin
with a noise analysis of a baseband system.
• In this case, there is no carrier demodulation to be
performed.
• The receiver consists only of an ideal lowpass filter
with the bandwidth W.
• The noise power at theW N output of the receiver, for a
Pn  0 df N 0W
white noise input, is  W 2
0

• If we denote the received power by PR, the baseband

S PR
SNR is given by   
 N b N 0W
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 Effect of Noise on DSB-SC AM
u (t ): Ac m(t ) cos2 f ct 
• Transmitted signal
• The received signal at the output of the receiver
noise-limiting filter : Sum of this signal and filtered
noise
• The filtered noise process can be expressed in
nterms
(t )  A(t )of
cos[its
2f cin-phase
t   (t )]  A(tand
) cos quadrature
(t ) cos(2f c t )  A(components
t ) sin  (t ) sin(2f c t )
as nc (t ) cos(2f ct )  ns (t ) sin(2f ct )

(where nc(t) is in-phase component and ns(t) is

Product
u(t) + BPF demodu LPF
quadrature componentlator
)

w(t
)
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 Effect of Noise on DSB-
SC AM
• Received signal (Adding the filtered noise to
the modulated signal)
r (t ) u (t )  n(t )
 Ac m(t ) cos2 f c t  nc (t ) cos2 f c t  ns (t ) sin 2 f c t 

• Demodulate the received signal by first

multiplying r(t) by a locally generated
sinusoid cos(2fct + ), where  is the phase
of the sinusoid.
• Then passing the product signal through an
ideal lowpass filter having a bandwidth W.
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 Effect of Noise on DSB-
SC AM
• The multiplication of r(t) with cos(2fct ) yields

• The lowpass filter rejects the double frequency

components and passes only the lowpass
components.

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 Effect of Noise on DSB-
SC AM
• The effect of a phase difference between the
received carrier and a locally generated carrier at
the receiver is a drop equal to cos2() in the
received signal power.
• If we assume that  = 0
y (t )  12  Ac m(t )  nc (t )

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 Effect of Noise on DSB-
SC AM
• Therefore, at the receiver output, the message signal and
the noise components are additive and we are able to
define a meaningful SNR. The message signal power is
given by Ac2
Po  PM
4

– power PM is the content of the message signal

• The noise power is given by
1 1
Pn0  Pnc  Pn
4 4
• The power content of n(t) can be found by noting that it is
the result of passing nw(t) through a filter with bandwidth Bc.

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 Effect of Noise on DSB-
•
SC AM
Therefore, the power spectral density of n(t) is
given by  N20 | f  f c | W
S n ( f ) 
0 otherwise

• The noise power is N

Pn  S n( f )df  0 4W 2WN0
 2

• Now we can find the output

A SNR
2 as
2
S P
P0 M Ac PM
c

    4

 N  0 Pn0 14 2WN 0 2WN 0

• The received signal power, given by

PR = Ac2PM /2. 18
 Effect of Noise on DSB-
•
SC AM
The output SNR for DSB-SC AM may be expressed as
S PR
  
 N  0 DSB N 0W
– which is identical to baseband SNR
• In DSB-SC AM, the output SNR is the same as the
SNR for a baseband system
 DSB-SC AM does not provide any SNR
improvement over
a simple baseband communication system

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 Effect of Noise on SSB
AM
• SSB modulated signal :
u (t )  Ac m(t ) cos(2 f ct ) Ac mˆ (t ) sin(2 f ct )
• Input to the demodulator
r (t )  Ac m(t ) cos(2 f c t ) Ac mˆ (t ) sin(2 f c t )  n(t )
 Ac m(t ) cos(2 f c t ) Ac mˆ (t ) sin(2 f c t )  nc (t ) cos2 f c t  ns (t ) sin2 f ct 
 Ac m(t )  nc (t ) cos(2 f c t )  Ac mˆ (t )  ns (t )sin2 f c t 
• Assumption : Demodulation with an ideal phase
reference.
• Hence, the output of the lowpass filter is the in-
y (t )  12 (with
phase component nc (t )
Ac m(t )acoefficient of ½) of the
preceding signal.
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 Effect of Noise on SSB
AM
• Parallel to our discussion of2 DSB, we have
Ac
Po  PM
4
1 1 S P0 Ac2 PM
Pn0  Pnc  Pn    
4 4  N  0 Pn0 WN0
 N
Pn  S n( f )df  0 2W WN0
 2

PR PU  Ac2 PM

S PR S
    
N
  0 SSB N 0W  N b

• The signal-to-noise ratio in an SSB system is equivalent to that of a

DSB system.

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 Effect of Noise on
Conventional AM
u (t )  Ac [1  amn (t )] cos(2 f ct )
• DSB AM signal :
• Received signal at the input to the demodulator
r (t )  Ac [1  amn (t )] cos(2 f c t )  n(t )
 Ac [1  amn (t )] cos(2 f c t )  nc (t ) cos2 f c t  ns (t ) sin 2 f c t 
 Ac [1  amn (t )]  nc (t ) cos(2 f c t )  ns (t ) sin 2 f c t 
– a is the modulation index
– mn(t) is normalized
– If a synchronous demodulator is employed, the situation
is basically similar to the DSB case, except that we have
1 + amn(t) instead of m(t).

2  Ac amn (t )  nc (t )
• After mixing yand
(t ) lowpass
1 filtering
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 Effect of Noise on
•
Conventional
Received signal power
AM
Ac2

PR  1  a 2 PM n
2

• Now we can derive the output SNR as

S
1
4 A a PM
2 2
A a PM
2 2
a PM2 Ac2
2 1  a P 
2

    
c n c n n Mn

 N 0
AM
1
4 Pn
c
2 N 0W 1  a 2 PM n
N 0W
a 2 PM
PR S S a 2 PM
  n
     n

1  a PM N 0W 1  a PM  N  b
2 2
n
 N b n

–  denotes the modulation efficiency

– Since a 2 PM  1 a 2 PM , the SNR in conventional AM is
n n
always smaller than the SNR in a baseband system.
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Sem. II, 2017 24
Introduction to Communicat
Sem. II, 2017 25
Introduction to Communicat
Exercise

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