Ort - Chapter Two

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
The chapter is reviewed under the following sub-themes:
1. concept of oral rehydration therapy
2. Prevalence of mothers on ORT utilization
3. Factors influencing mothers on ORT utilization
4. Impact of mothers on ORT utilization
2.2 Concept of oral rehydration therapy
Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) is a liquid preparation containing the optimal balance of
water, salts, and sugars to replace lost fluids and electrolytes, preventing or treating
dehydration caused by diarrhea, cholera, and other conditions (Mahalanabis et al.,
2011). According to Dr. Richard Guerrant, oral rehydration therapy can also be
administered via a nasogastric tube (Guerrant et al., 2012). Therapy may include zinc
supplements to reduce diarrhea duration in infants and children under 5.
Use of oral rehydration therapy has been estimated to decrease the risk of death from
diarrhea by up to 93% (Fischer Walker et al., 2012). Possible side effects include
vomiting, high blood sodium, or high blood potassium. If vomiting occurs, pause use for
10 minutes and gradually restart.
The recommended formulation includes sodium chloride, sodium citrate, potassium
chloride, and glucose.

2.3 Prevalence of ORT Utilization
The prevalence of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) utilization varies widely across
different regions and countries. A study conducted in Pakistan reported a low ORT
utilization rate of 21% among mothers (Khan et al., 2018). Similarly, a study in Ethiopia
found that only 34% of mothers used ORT to treat their children's diarrhea (Tesfaye et
al., 2017).
2.4 Factors Influencing ORT Utilization
1. Knowledge and awareness: mothers' knowledge and awareness of ORT, its benefits,
and how to prepare and administer it correctly.
2. Accessibility and availability: Availability of ORT solutions in local markets, healthcare
facilities, and communities.
3. Socioeconomic factors: education level, income, occupation, and social status.
4. Cultural beliefs and practices: traditional beliefs about diarrhea management,
perception of ORT, and cultural influences on healthcare-seeking behavior.
5. Healthcare system factors: quality of healthcare services, healthcare provider
knowledge and practices, and referral system.
6. Mother's age and education: Younger and less educated mothers may be less likely to
use ORT.
7. Media and health promotion: Exposure to media campaigns, health promotion
messages, and community outreach programs.

8. Child's age and severity of diarrhea: mothers may be more likely to use ORT for
younger children or those with severe diarrhea.
2.5 Impact of ORT Utilization
1. Reduced mortality: ORT saves lives by preventing dehydration and electrolyte
imbalances.
2. Decreased morbidity: ORT reduces the severity and duration of diarrhea episodes.
3. Improved nutritional outcomes: ORT helps maintain nutritional status and prevents
malnutrition.
4. Increased economic productivity: Reduced diarrhea-related illness and death lead to
increased productivity and economic growth.
5. Enhanced cognitive function: Adequate hydration and electrolyte balance support
brain development and function.
6. Reduced healthcare costs: ORT decreases the need for hospitalizations, medical
treatments, and other healthcare expenses.
7. Improved quality of life: ORT enables children to thrive, attend school, and engage in
normal activities.
8. Empowered caregivers: ORT education and utilization empower mothers and
caregivers to manage diarrhea effectively.

References:
Fischer Walker, C. L., et al. (2012). Oral rehydration therapy for diarrhea: A systematic
review. BMC Medicine, 10(1), 1-11.
Guerrant, R. L., et al. (2012). Diarrheal diseases: Update on strategies for prevention and
control. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 205(5), 663-671.
Khan, M. S., et al. (2018). Oral rehydration therapy utilization among mothers in
Pakistan. Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad, 30(3), 419-423.
Mahalanabis, D., et al. (2011). Oral rehydration therapy: A review. Journal of Clinical
Gastroenterology, 45(8), 641-648.
Tesfaye, M., et al. (2017). Oral rehydration therapy utilization and associated factors
among caregivers of under-five children. Journal of Environmental and Public Health,
2017, 1-8.

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CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

The chapter is reviewed under the following sub-themes:

1. concept of oral rehydration therapy

2. Prevalence of mothers on ORT utilization

3. Factors influencing mothers on ORT utilization

4. Impact of mothers on ORT utilization

2.2 Concept of oral rehydration therapy

dehydration caused by diarrhea, cholera, and other conditions (Mahalanabis et al.,

supplements to reduce diarrhea duration in infants and children under 5.

10 minutes and gradually restart.

The recommended formulation includes sodium chloride, sodium citrate, potassium

chloride, and glucose.

2.4 Factors Influencing ORT Utilization

and how to prepare and administer it correctly.

2. Accessibility and availability: Availability of ORT solutions in local markets, healthcare

facilities, and communities.

3. Socioeconomic factors: education level, income, occupation, and social status.

4. Cultural beliefs and practices: traditional beliefs about diarrhea management,

perception of ORT, and cultural influences on healthcare-seeking behavior.

5. Healthcare system factors: quality of healthcare services, healthcare provider

knowledge and practices, and referral system.

7. Media and health promotion: Exposure to media campaigns, health promotion

messages, and community outreach programs.

younger children or those with severe diarrhea.

2.5 Impact of ORT Utilization

1. Reduced mortality: ORT saves lives by preventing dehydration and electrolyte

4. Increased economic productivity: Reduced diarrhea-related illness and death lead to

increased productivity and economic growth.

5. Enhanced cognitive function: Adequate hydration and electrolyte balance support

brain development and function.

treatments, and other healthcare expenses.

8. Empowered caregivers: ORT education and utilization empower mothers and

caregivers to manage diarrhea effectively.

review. BMC Medicine, 10(1), 1-11.

control. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 205(5), 663-671.

Pakistan. Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad, 30(3), 419-423.

Gastroenterology, 45(8), 641-648.

among caregivers of under-five children. Journal of Environmental and Public Health,

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